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n MM06 n MM92 MM93 MM35
MM21 MM23
MM37 n MM72
MM32 MM65
MM18 MM30 MM20 MM25 MM41
MM82
n MM61 MM68
n MM78 n MM79 n MM81
MM22
MM28 MM29 MM33 MM45 n MM85
MM62 n MM89 MM91 MM80 MM64 MM70
MM26 MM44 MM90 MM87
n MM100 MM36
MM39 MM63
MM99 n MM05 MM31
MM34 MM40 MM84 MM98 n MM74
MM19 MM27 MM38 n MM42
MM46 n MM76 MM66
n MM43 n MM71 MM73 MM67 n MM88 MM69
100
100 72
100
100
100
100
99
100 0.1
Central Myanmar ( )
Upper Myanmar ( )
Lower Myanmar ( )
Shan state ( )
N
Unknown origin ( n )
Landraces from different geographic origin are grouped together
Fig. NJ tree of Myanmar accessions
Intensive exchange within country by human?
Conclusions
• High gene2c heterozygosity • Distribu2on on PCoA plot is as broad as Florida varie2es
• Broad gene2c background
• No clear correla2on between geographical origin and gene2c background
17
Gene&c Integrity of Germplasm
Photos: Courtesy of Dr. Kawase / NIAS Genebank
Specific ques2on: What is the consequences of gene2c Integrity of germplasm conserved in different genebanks ?
Gene2c integrity of germplasm conserved in different genebanks
Collec2on
Farmer’s field (in situ)
Genebank A (ex situ)
Collec2on
Genebank B (ex situ)
Hypothesis:
Gene2c Diversity of the Germplasm Should be Gene2cally Equivalent
Differences in management are assumed
19
Regenera&on process in genebank management
Ideal: Use as many individual as possible Cost for regenera2on is the biggest constrain
(Horna, 2008)
46.15% of total capital cost
US$ 34.36 per acc.
BUT
Table Total and average cost of genebank (Horna, 2008)
20
Materials and Methods Hirano et al. 2009. Crop Sci. In press.
• Gene bank accessions – Na2onal Ins2tute of
Agrobiological Sciences, Japan (NIAS)
– Plant Gene2c Resources Program, Pakistan (PGRP)
• Original collec2ons • 17 accessions • AFLP (Vos et al. 1995)
Na2onal Ins2tute of Agricultural Sciences (NIAS)
Plant Gene2c Resources Program (PGRP)
Original collec2on
21
Table Basic informa2on of NIAS and PGRP
Loca&on Regenera&
on Frequency
Field loca&on
Geographic posi&on of field
Growing
season Min. / max
(°C) No. of indiv. used for
regenera&on (lat /long) NIAS Tsukuba,
Japan 0 to 1&me. Sapporo 43.00 N /141.40 E Sep.‐
Jun. -6.7 / 22.3 About 15
Iwate 39.73 N / 141.13 E Sep.‐ Jun.
-5.3 / 23.8
Ibaraki 36.02 N / 140.10 E Oct.‐ Jun.
-2.7 / 24.9
Fukuyama 34.50 N / 133.38 E Oct.‐ Jun.
0.5 / 26.9
PGRP Islamabad, Pakistan
Once in 1998.
Islamabad 33.70 N / 73.13 E Nov.‐ Jun.
2.9 / 29.7 Few
Results and Discussion
22
Numbers of individuals for regenera2on are different
Environmental condi2on of regenera2on field are different
23
Varia&on source df SS Variance component
% of varia&on
Among popl. 2 27.59 0.36 6 Within popl. 48 251.88 5.25 94
Total 50 274.47 5.61 100
Table Result of AMOVA
# of Loci P Chi‐sq. value P
O vs P 2.40 0.12 (ns)
O vs N 2.02 0.16 (ns)
Table Result of Chi square test
Varia&on within a genebank was greater than between different genebanks
Exp.: expected number of bands in the accession, that is equivalent to number of bands observed in Original. Obs.: observed number of bands in NIAS accessions, Chi square tests were carried out with df=1. *: Significant with 5% of confident interval
24
Table Comparison of unchanged AFLP Loci between Original vs NIAS and Original vs PGRP
No significant differences of AFLP loci between different genebanks
Fig. Disappearance of bands in wheat landraces at different loci
Disappearance of bands observed in 12 accessions of PGRP
Unintended selec&on might have occurred at PGRP
25
NIAS
PGRP