Landscape Design Approach

for Storm Water

Management

LAr. Mohd Yusoff Hamzah

1.0 HOW NATURE MANAGE STORM WATER1.1 Forest1.2 Rivers1.3 Flood plain1.4 Natural Wetland1.5 Natural Lakes

2.0 WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF STORM WATER (The needs to identify the problems in order to come out with a better solution)2.1 Floods2.2 Erosion2.3 Pollution2.4 Damaging the ecosystem and environments

3.0 WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF THE STORM WATER PROBLEMS 3.1 Run off due to Jungle clearance3.2 Run off due Impervious surface

4.0 LANDSCAPE DESIGN SOLUTION TO SOLVE STORM WATER PROBLEMS4.1 Retaining water at the site

Landscape Design Approach for Storm Water Management

CONTENTS:-

I) On site detention systemII) Green roofIII) Green wallIV) Pocket GardenV) Urban woodlandVI) Soak wellVII) Usage of super absorbent polymer in the landscapeVIII)Drainage and Swale

4.2 Avoid impervious surface for roads and pavements4.3 Design to solve erosion problems and at the same time environmental

friendly.5.0 LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO REMOVE POLLUTANTS BEFORE IT REACHES WATERBODY6.0 LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO REMOVE POLLUTANTS IN THE LAKES AND RETENTION

POND.7.0 DESIGN TO SOLVE OR AVOID EROSION INFLICTS BY STORM WATER.8.0 ATTEMPTS BY MALAYSIAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS TO INCORPORATE SOLUTIONS TO 9.0 STORM WATER PROBLEMS.

Landscape Design Approach for Storm Water Management

CONTENTS:-

1.0 HOW NATURE MANAGE STORM

WATER

1.1 FOREST AND WOODLAND

1.1.1 THE NATURAL WATER CYCLE

When forests are present, rainwater stays

on site and soaks into the soil, eventually

percolating down to the lower layers of

rock.

This helps stave off drought, and in some

areas provides the only drinking water

available, through wells.

As forest cover is removed, more and

more runoff occurs, with the greatest

amount of runoff coming from

impervious surfaces.

1.2 RIVERS

RIVER FAUNA

SUNGAI LEMBING

RIVER FLORA

Elatostemma

Tacca

Pitcher Plant

1.3 FLOOD PLAIN

SUNGAI KELANTAN

FERTILE FLOOD PLAIN

1.4 NATURAL WETLAND

TASEK CHINI , PAHANG

1.5 NATURAL LAKE

TASEK BERA

2.0 WHAT ARE THE

PROBLEMS OF

STORM WATER

Stormwater RunoffStormwater runoff is rainfall that runs off the ground or

impervious surfaces such as buildings, roads, and parking lots, and

drains into natural or manmade drainage ways.

• In most cases, it drains directly into streams, river, lakes,

sounds or the ocean.

• Stormwater can drain into streets and human made

drainage systems consisting of storm drains and underground

pipes commonly referred to as “storm sewers.”

• It is not sanitary sewers that transport human and industrial

wastewaters to a treatment plant before they discharge to the

river.

• Stormwater entering storm sewers does not usually receive

any treatment before it enters streams, lakes and other surface

waters

2.1 FLOODS/FLASH FLOODS

Damage cause by floods

• Damage to infrastructure

• Eroded Stream banks

• Sediment-clogged waterways, filled lakes,

reservoirs

• Widened Stream Channels

• Impaired Recreational Uses

• Threatened Public Health - Contamination

of drinking water,

• Threatened Public Safety

• Economic Impacts

FLOODS

FLOOD WATER AND ITS DEBRIS CAUSING A LOT OF DAMAGE

FLOOD WATER AND ITS DEBRIS CAUSING A LOT OF DAMAGE

PROPERTIES

2.2 Erosion

2.2 Erosion

Tasek Metropolitan Kepong

2.3 Pollution

Why is Stormwater a Problem?

Pollution• Stormwater is a leading cause

for water pollution.

• It runs off solid surfaces and

collects pollutants such as oil,

pesticides, sediments,

bacteria, and other chemicals,

and then deposits them into

our waterways.

Muddy water due to erosion, construction site or bare

ground

Water pollution end up in our Lakes

Birds and animal droppings

Bacteria from pet wastes and failing septic systems;

Fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals from gardens and homes

Oil, grease, metals and coolants from vehicles

Soaps from car or equipment washing

Nutrients from excess food and drink due to

littering

Grass clippings, twigs, leaves, branches are washed into the lake

HEAVY GROWTH OF PLANKTONIC ALGAE THAT ARE FLUSHED INTO

THE LAKE

TANNIN (FROM DECAYING ORGANIC MATTER) IN THE

WATER

Accidental spills, leaky storage containers, tobacco spit and whatever else ends up on the

ground

2.4 Damaging the ecosystem and environments

Damaging the ecosystem and environments

RUN-OFF INCREASES TEMPERATURES OF STREAMS

Damaging the ecosystem and environments

• This runoff can kill aquatic life, and make

our waterways an unhealthy place to live,

work, and play.

• Untreated stormwater entering our streams

can result in the contamination of our

drinking water supplies or shell fishing

waters; prohibitions on swimming, fishing

or boating uses; injury to aquatic plants and

animals; dangers to public health; and

increased flood

3.0

WHAT IS THE CAUSE

OF THE STORM WATER

PROBLEMS

MAIN CAUSE OF FLOODS

RUN-OFF FROM CLEARED OR DEVELOPED AREAS

Run-off Impact

• Water Quality

• Water quantity

3.1 Jungle clearance

Impervious surface

3.2 Impervious surfaceRoads and highway

RUN-OFF FROM ROADS

RUN-OFF FROM ROOF

RUN-OFF FROM CARPARKS

4.0 LANDSCAPE DESIGN SOLUTION TO SOLVE

STORM WATER PROBLEMS

The benefits of effective stormwaterrunoff management can include

:

• protection of wetlands and aquatic

ecosystems,

• improved quality of receiving

waterbodies,

• conservation of water resources,

• protection of public health, and

• flood control

• Erosion control.

ON SITE DETENTION (OSD)

ON SITE DETENTION (OSD) OTHER STRUCTURE

GREEN ROOF

GREEN WALL

GREEN WALL

POCKET GARDEN

TO CREATE MORE URBAN WOODLAND

TREE WITH BIG LEAVES MUST BE AVOIDED

• Reduce the amount of runoff

• Absorb Pollutants they don't

add additional pollutants to

the water.

• Improve water quality

POCKET GARDEN AND

URBAN WOODLAND

SOAK WELL

SOAK WELL

SOAK WELL

A soakwell is an innovation whereby,

typically, rain water from a dwelling roof

or impermeable ground area travels via

storm water piping to a soakwell or

undergorund tank, gently seeping into

the surrounding soil.

POLYPROPYLENE SOAKWELL

Usage of super absorbent

polymer in the landscape

Usage of super absorbent polymer in the landscape

Advantages of SAP• Increases water holding

capacity• Increases water use efficiency• Enhances soil permeability and

infiltration rates• Reduces irrigation frequency• Reduces compaction tendency• Stops erosion and water run

off• Increases plant performance

Drainage and Swale

Swale

Cascading Swale

Storm water detention

and bio swales

Storm water detention

Bio swales

Storm water detention

Bio swales

Bio swales

Bio swales

Bio swales

Bio swales

Garden bio-retention

Bio retention

Round about bio swale

Storm water bio retention

Storm water bio retention

4.2 Avoid impervious surface for roads and

pavements

GRASS CRETE- REDUCED IMPERVIOUS SURFACE

POROUS HARD LANDSCAPE SURFACE

POROUS FOOTPATH

5.0LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO

REMOVE POLLUTANTS BEFORE IT REACHES

WATERBODY

TYPES OF WETLAND FILTERS

There are four type of wetland filters:-

1. Surface horizontal flow wetland filter

(e,g. Putrajaya wetlands)

2.Horizontal sub-surface wetland filter

3.Vertical sub-surface wetland filter.

4.Hybrid of Vertical and hrizontal su-

surface wetlamd filter

ROOT SYSTEM

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND REMOVAL OF POLLUTANT

TSS (Total suspended solid) 91.4%FECCAL COLIFORM 99.4%FECCAL STRETOCCOCUS 98.4%PHOSPHORUS 75.9%ORGANIC NITROGEN 91.4%AMMONIUM NITROGEN 93.6%

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND (COMBINATION OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL FLOW SUB SURFACE

WETLAND)

SURFACE HORIZONTAL FLOW WETLAND FILTER

Horizontal surface wetland cell at Putrajaya Wetlands Park

HORIZONTAL FLOW WETLAND AT PUTRAJAYA

EXAMPLE OF SINGAPOREWe don’t have to look far for an example of the successful

use of wetlands as natural water filters.

Stormwater are channelled to 17 reservoirs for storage. Almost ALL of these 17 reservoirs use constructed wetlands which are also known as floating islands to clean up the reservoirs and improve water quality.

SENGKANG RESERVOIR PANDAN RESERVOIR

6.0LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO REMOVE POLLUTANTS IN

THE LAKES AND RETENTION POND.

• Clear water is aesthetically pleasing and is a sign that

your pond/lake is healthy and balanced.

• Today many countries have turned to a natural wetland

system to filter their lake, waste water, sewerage and

others using chemicals, microbes, aeration and

coagulants.

• Wetland filter is a natural plant filtration to remove

nutrients in the water to prevent eutrophication

(Eutrophication is when excessive nutrients are flushed

into lakes/rivers and cause excessive algae growth)

LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO REMOVE

POLLUTANTS IN THE LAKES AND PONDS.

SUB-SURFACE HORIZONTAL FLOW WETLAND FILTER

SUB-SURFACE VERTICAL FLOW WETLAND FILTER

SUB-SURFACE VERTICAL FLOW WETLAND FILTER

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND (COMBINATION OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL FLOW SUB SURFACE

WETLAND)

Punggol Serangoon Reservoir, Singapore

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER IN SINGAPORE

Constructed wetland in in Flintenbreite near Luebeck, Germany

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER IN GERMANY

SUB-SURFACE VERTICAL FLOW CASCADE WETLAND

FILTER

Constructed cascade wetland at an Industrial Park in Changshu,

China

THAILAND

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER IN THAILAND

.

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER IN AUSTRIA

Constructed cascade wetland Park in China

Lake Bala in North Wales

CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER IN NORTH WALES

BEFORE

AFTER

BEFORE

AFTER

ALTERNATVE ENERGY TO

CIRCULATE THE WATER THROUGH THE CONSTUCTED WETLAND

Muddy due to bottom feeding fish activities stirring and digging the

lake bed

Large catfish at Tasik

Rekreasi Bukit Jalil

Patin

Keli/

Catfish

Baung/ Catfish

Tilapia

Belut/Eel

WHY OUR LAKE WATER IS NOT CLEAR

Tasik Rekreasi Bukit Jalil

Catfish makes the lake muddy

Controlling the numbers of nuisance fish that stir up the

sediment

OTHER METHOD TO CLARIFY LAKE WATER

Organic chemical treatment of the lake water so that all suspended matter settle

to the bottom

Moringa seed powder

Gypsum

Limestone (calcium carbonate)

Organic chemical treatment of the lake water so that all suspended

matter settle to the bottom

Aluminium Sulphate

Chemical treatment of the lake water so that all suspended matter settle to

the bottom

7.0 DESIGN TO SOLVE OR

AVOID EROSION

INFLICTS BY STORM

WATER

Osiers- Salix viminalis

Stone pitching

Gabion wallPlanting

Planting

Prevent erosion of the lake bank

Bacterial treatment using Effective Microorganisms (EM)

MORE TURF AREA

8.0ATTEMPTS BY MALAYSIAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS

TO INCORPORATE SOLUTIONS TO STORM

WATER PROBLEMS

CIK KHAIRINA KAMIL

ON SITE WATER DETENTION

SECTION

SECTION