Landscape Urbanism_A Genealogy_Charles Waldheim

8/6/2019 Landscape Urbanism_A Genealogy_Charles Waldheim

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10 PRAXIS 4

ILANDSCAPE UIRBANISM:

A GENEALOGY

CIHARLES W AL 'DHE IM

This edition of PRAX.IS and its focus on landscape point to one of the more

p r e ssln q issu e s facing contemporary designers of the bum environment: the

relationship between natural environments and processes of urbanization

glloba!lly. This essay offers an introduction to recent shifts 'in how architects and

other desiqn professionals conceive of this relationshlp. For many architects,

landscape has become the model and medium through which contemporary

urbanism is best apprehended. Across a ranee of disciplines, landscape is

the' liens throuqh which the contemporary city is representee and the mate-

rial from which it is constructed, Thes@ sentiments are evident in the erner-

gent notion of "landscape urballism."l Landscape urbanism describes a

disciplinary realiqnrnent currently underway,. in which landscape is usurp-

illQ architecture's historical role as the basic buillding block of city makinu

Among the architects currently advocatinq such an approach is Stan Allen:



YiALDHEIIIt LA.NDSCA?E URBANISM 11

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12 PRAXIS 4

I nc " , ~as i ~g l ' {, 1an.~s r a pe is ,emerging as a m od e I

'lor l I r ibanlsm. ' L a n .d s c a p e I il a s tra<!iliona:i1ybe en

de'flunl?d as Ine art 0'1 organliZ'ing hcrtzontal

surfaces" ... By p i J l yi l 1 :genoS€ !at.t€!,nl ion to,these'

surface conditlons-not only configuration. but

also materiality a~d p~rlormance-designers

can activate space and produce urban eIfe't~

witho'ut the weighty apparatus ollraditiomllll

s~a,(:~'I'I akin~.2

Thl is effi, ienq-the' ,abilHy to produce urban

elfects '"<Hi it ionally achieved lhr'o~gh ~h,e

c onstrue tion of buii'dings Ihuo!lgh t he o rQ a n-

iza tion of horizontal surfaces-recommencs

landscape as a medium: tor addlressing the

increasingly common urben conditions of

de-d,ensllication and sprawl. In the context

of t l1e r ap i d l y transforming c ond it ions of

conternporarv urban culture, the "weigMv

,apparatus" or traditional urban des ign

p ro ves c ost I 1 1 . , s r ow , a nd inl t exib ie.

ORIGINS

'l,he formulation of '"landscape as , u rben -

iSllf' was f irst a r t i cu l a t ed by landscape

architect James Corne r in his reseercn in

'the mici-90;s,,3Comer, in partn,ership with

Stan Allen, d ir ec ts F ie l'd Operetlons, ,.,prac-tice directed toward developilng Im;!W

syntheses among the va rtous d esign d isc i-

plines. Corne r argues that only thwugh a

synthe'tic afl,d ~ma.gjnat ive re-ordsrinq 01

cahiq,ories in the bunn enl l i ronmGmt miQ'ht

we escape our present predicament in the

cu l -de -sac ot p ost- rnd ustr ta t rnod ern llv a nd

"tlfle bureaucratic and uninspired failings"

ollhe planniing protesston," corner's W'or 'k

atso offers an expl ici t cr it ique of i 'andsc.ape

arcnltectura's recent erc ressrcnat evolu-

tion. which he claims is rnerked by many

t andscaoe designers ellgaq;ed ii i th ec r ea t i on of scen'lographic. screentna fo r

o tm le r wis e 'h .H ·s hly e ng in ee r ed Sind profiit·

optimized environments .. corner's critique

is corrobcrated by any survey 01 recent

I!andscape projects that have reee;ived

nationall <lwardsfrom the American Society

'01 Landscape Archi'lec:ts" lor exernple, or '

have been published in l.andscepe Archl-

tecturs ma ga ,z in ,e . W i ll ie many of the se

projects are of obvtous interest and great

v elw , tile ' ilverage' work oj contemporary

Ia 11d s c a p e arc hieet ure- t he ubiqu ltou 5

suburban ,office parks. th e uncritlcatly

reproduced publ ic plazas, and the snacnrc-

nistic pastorel parks-reinforces disci ,Pl i-'

nary stere,otypes by engaging in styli .ze,dl

and decorative scenoglraphy. 6

Landscape urbanism benefits from the

long-standing fiflle.:lge of reqlonat environ-

mental plalnninq-from Patrick Gedd,es

throllgh Lewis MumlNd 1 ,0 I a n M cH a r q- ye t

remains distinct from that !~aoition." Corner.

himself a, Qmdllate student and 'faculty

member a t th e' U n iv er sity o f P em I 5y ~v an i,a

at Ihe e nd of MCHaro 's ~enure at 'Penn.

acknowiled!je.s the' histortcal imporlance of

M cHa rg 's book Design w ith N atU lre , Yet

Corner rejects the opposltion of natura <ind

tiily lmplledIn McHarg's regionalliv scaled

environmental planning WOl,c t i ce ,~ Fo r

Corner, the n arr ow e colog h:a i a qe nd a tha t

man,y McHargians subscr ibe 10is nothlnq

more t'han a n"ar guard de/eme (ri a

supposedly autonomous 'nature' c'once'~\led

Given the enormity of the social and envi-

ronmental disasters left ill the wake 01

industrialization ove r the c ourse 0:1 tlhe

t we ntie l:h c e nt ur y. p ost mo de rn ,a rc i'l i te c t.u re

reheated 10 t ihe corntortin{J forms of nostat-

gia and seemingly stable, secure, and more

p erm ane nt form s o~ u rba n a rra nge me nt. II'n

ci t in( j E l! Jr op ,e a n p r e c e d e nt s l or t ra ,d i t~ona.1

urban lo"m. postmodem ercnltects I~rac-

liced a kTno 01 preemptive cut tura l reg res-

ston, deslQruinqlndividual bui ldiUlgs to

invoke a n a bsent : c onte xt, a s if r1e ighbor ly '

architectural character alcneccutrt lurn the'

t i de on a cen tu " y o f u rb a n t ransformat ions.

The growth of the urban d e sig n d is cip li ne '

during! th is tim e sought to extend this work

0 1 u rb a n ordering through ttle agq'regatio,riI

01alrchitectUiral 'elements ;i110t'nsemb!es of

ncstalqic urban consumption, What had

been pl,anning albdicated aUogether. seek-

10e'~ista prtorl, oll!siele o! human a 'Q i ency or irng "ef'uge in the inellecbual enclaves of

cuuurai construction. Given the f a ce oj

g lo b al u rb a n uz a li o. nl , current-davenvrron-

mentalism a nd p a sto ra l ideas of !s,ndscape

appear to many as naive or irrelevant.

I 'OSINODERNI 'SMIn many 'll!a,ys. th e or ig ins of l andscape

urbantsm can betraced to-the postrnodern

crtt lques 01 modernist ;; lfchl iledure snd

,p lannino 'in th e lat,e 1(3'70s .lInd ea r l y 8,OS.9

llhese crltlques, championed by cn a r t e s

Jencks a nd o the r proponents of postrnod-

e rn architectural cu t tu rs , te 'l ld e d t o, in dic t

modernism for lts ina bil i ty to p rod uc e a

"meaningful" o r " li va b le ' pub in c rea'im,,'Q fo r

its failure to come to t e rms with the ci tv as

an hlstorlcal construction o'f collective'

consclcusness," and for it's ilnabillitv to

communicate wiith mul t ip l le aucl[eo(es." Inract, ttl!! '''death o r modem architecture." es

proclaimed b,1'Jencks in 1'91(" coincided

almost e~actly with the' greatest: crtsts

01 industrial e conom y in the US , na me ly. the'

shift ;owa,rc. l t he d iv er siI'ic a lio n o f c onsu me r

rnarkets.? Wh,at postmodern archltecturel

scenography did not, and in fad could not"

a d d re ss we re Ihe underlying st ruc tura l

conditions of industrialized modernuty tend-

ingl tow<lrd the decentralization of urban

rorm, [specially i~ Nortlh, Amelrica, th:is

process c ont inue s a pa ce a~d has ~ ro~ec l

r er nar ka bl v l nd lt lar en t to, the supsrflclal

stvnsttc oscijIlations 01architeciliral culture ..

! lo l iey, procedure, and publ iC Ihers,py.'·

Th e ocstrrrodern ra:ppeHe a I'ordre

ind lc te d m od em ism lor the sup pose d loss, ,of

n;ineteenlh-century urban values of p e d e s -

trian scale, street grid cont inu i ty, and ne igh-

b o r! !" e r c hl te c t ur a l character. O f course" a sha s ilieen w eil l d oc um e nte d ', th e p os tm cc sm

moment was prillcipal ly motivated by the

des i r e for communication wit lh mulfipla

eudlences and th e cemmoclrlcetlon 'o t

r na r k e la 0 1e a r ch i ! ed 'u r al images fo r d I~ e rs i·

lying consumer ma rk e ts " T ra d it io na l urban

design's dependence upon a , steady supp~ly

of substa ntia !, sy mp at t le tic ail ly sty 'le d.a nd

spat lal lv seouenced erchitectural objects

could not be sustained given the advent ot

mobi le ma r ke t s. i lI lu tomob fl e c u ll ,u r ,e , antdthe

de·central:izatioFi 01 cultural norms" The very

ind@terminacyandl flu,)!Q~ the contemporarydt)! '" th e b ar n" , ,oflradit~ona~ EurOjle;an (ity

r na kin q, in w hic h building~ provide t tn e b a si c

buiilding b' locks 01 urban orele," throuqh

s,tability and permanence, have come to tl e

pr@c:isely the qualities ev,fidenced ill eme r -

ge,r : l t works of landscape u'f'banism. This

point IS , perhaps best exemplified in

Ba rce lona ' s ~rogmm 0'1 p utl li ic sp ac e a nd

bui ld ing projects in th e 19805 and , e a r l y 90s,

1'1 h lcl lfocused prfm arily Oi l ' the center 01the

tr ad it iona l C a la lla " capital.. Today the push in

~< ! rce~on;ato l r e dev,e lop l ih e a nr , ,)o r~ . I 'Qgn~t i c a l

zone , indt.Jstru,.l i water f ront metr lopolh:n

r i~er1 l l 'ays. and waterireatme,l1t fl ld li t ie s ha s



WAIoDHEIM: LANIlSCAPE URBANISM 13

Among the first pr'ojects to orchestrate

urban p.roglf~m as a lancscape process was

tile competition for Paris'S Pare de 1< 1

Vill'ette. 1111196,2,la V ille tte invite d subm is-

sions for an "Urban Park lo,r Ih,€ 21s1

Century" to desig,r11he125-ane 'r,ormer site

of Paris's largest sl laug l l ler l iOUlse. i'he demo-

Ii l:ion 01 ~hE pefiphelra~ Parisian abattojre

andl it's repllacemeol with inierlsiv,elyprogrammed public spaces is precisely liie

klnd 01projec,[ i lncre,asingl'y found in post-

industrial cit ies around the globe. Anticipat-

in(l more ni:'(en't design competjtlons in

Northl America (see Oownsview and Fresh

Ki!ls be,low). r a Villette propcsed landscape

as t~ e basic framework ' lor an urban trans-

formation o'r what had formerly Ibeen a

WQrl\,ng part of the city. let t d~rEl i'cl by shufts

in scenomles '01productlon and ccnsump-

lion. The competut i (m baqan a trajectory ' of

postrnndern urban pari( ma~ing in which

landscape itseH w6s·,eonceived'as 1 1 complexVILLEHIE: PROGRAM AS PROCESS medium capable 0'1 articulaling re,lations

ls a m~diUIiI, as has Ibeen <Jmongurben infrastructure, public ev~mls.

t> y Corner. Allen. and others, and indeterminate urban futures for lar'g:e,

niQuelycapable ,01temporal change, trans- post-lndustrjal sii les.'6

rmation. adaptation, and successicn, 01 the more than 47Q entries from 70

QUi ! iu t i es recommend landscape a s an countries, the vast majority tencec to

nalog to contemporary processes 01 retrace ramil'iar profiles for public p.arksand

a nd as a medium uniquely typologies lor the recovery of the traditional

iled to the npen-endedness, lndeterml- cily. while two submissjens clearly signaled

ac\" and change demanded by conternpc- a lParadiqm shiUsti l1 underway i ll lhe reeon-

I.l'rbanconditions. As Allen puts it: ception of contemporary urbanism ..Bemard

. landscape is no! on~ya lorrnal model lor 'rscnumrs willning scheme represented a

banismloday. b~t ~er,hapsmore impori;)ntly. nuaneum !,eap in the development of land-lor proce55,1~ scape urbanism by formulating landscape as

ssto do,with boildings and plazas and 611o

wlith tarqer-scale ullfrasirucillral l a l r nd -

pss. Of course, many e~amp!es of nine·

enm-centurv urban lalnds~ape arehttec-

Integrate landscape wah i'nlrasln.rcture.

lh Oilmsted's Central P<lrk ilnNew 'York and

Bad Bay fen,~ in Basion prov id inq

nical 'I;:>:arnples.Contra:5'~ing Ihis tradl-

. contemporary practices o'f lands,capere je c t the camouflagillg 0 1 e c o lo e -

alsvstems witll ~asloral imag:es of nature

inle,nid to provide stylistiC: andl s,pali<!1

10 Im le gridded urban fabric.

ther, contemporary lano';ca,pe urbanism

commends the use 01 lnlrestr uctural

am ! Ih.e public taaoscaoes tbev

Qenoet as Ihe very ordering liIechan~sms

,eurban Ireld ilsell!, cOIDa!J,le1 shaping

d shilting! the organization of urban

rather than offering predictable

1 pas tora IIperiection,

the most suitable medium t hm ug l1 ! w hiC h to'

order programmatic and' pol itical ch l ange

over time, ,esp~daiiy complex arrallgements

,of urban actlvltles. This continued Tschuml's

rong"s tand inQ lnterest 'in reccnstttutlnq

event and proCjf i l l ' i I l as legitimate archltec-

lurall concerns in lieu 01the superficial slylls-

'~icissues whkn had!<lIomi~1lledarchitedlurai

d is co ur se in , th e p os tm od e m era:The 70s wltnessed a ps'riOci of r ,enewed

inteNlst in tine iormal~ constltutjcn o r the

City. its typollo,gies and its morphologlies.

While developing anetvses focused onthe

hist,ory 01 the d ty , this aUention wa s largely

devoid ,of proqrammatlc justification. No

anaiysi \> addressed the issue o f th e a c tiv l-

ties thai were to occur in the city. Nor did

am y properly address !he !act thst the

organization of functions and e ve nts w a Sa s

much an architaetural concern as the elabo-

ratio n of ' forms er :,Iyles....

Equally significant " " as the impact of thesecond place entry by the OHice tor Me-tlfo-

polital1 Archilectme (O MA ) a nd Rem Kool·

haas. Koo lhaas ' s unb,uilt second place en t r y

propnsed tile luxtaposition of unplanned

relations among various park p rograms as

its primary ofgarl iz. inQ concept. xcoinaas's

by now ,[[clled org,ani2atuonil~ concelt of

parallel strips of landscape radicailly juxta-

posed irreconcttabte contents. invoking 'Ihe

vert ical juxtaposition of var ious programs

on Oil(!jacentneors of Manhattan skvscrap-

' er s a s described "n De~ir~QusNew Vork.lB As

Kooltnaas conceived it, the infrastructure etthe park, was strategical ly oroglan i .zed 10

F 'A R 'l .E F I! : £S:C:II'~lf.lQ 1 .r l ldn l ioo i l ' l

I"nd',~~eIl"ilcllcc~oj il'ict"~,~ullPpliQul!.l.nasca,pe U'~~"~nllil'l

Ilq' tS the amb[qullleS,OOIw@~n

n a tl Jr tl l a n d l OO n -m : u: l' .e ! lan_~lJ~

M j".,.~nrU[ru"" 1,lnl~al ClolI'C'llp;r.t. a a r c~ to n., J oa n R o t" a n d

E""leaalllc. A~(j31 Phorogra;;r..

tJlDIl L.(: Th o , l i . p io n b ec om ws ~

ueean-sca le tt,em~i!Ee·l9'rI l ln d~ . . a J

er!~cls.l '. r( d. L. Vlti.U<lCOlIIpel

Iron,~1.el'l.l" RomKooIh;!.~Ol'A~,

lEn: Ela1>dl!'dK(j(J.~.,ma!lc lend

' I<:~P<' "rq.nil~ ~~lIvl!l~1n Ihr

Soile~~ a slralified <horeO<lr aphy o

t'PMiM",. 'P'F< deLaVilI~tI~

CQmp ~ ti Lr a Jl ,D " "" r. m 0 1 p " oQ '< ) '

m~lic Strips. Pem KOQlhaa~fOMA



L an d . .. p o U Jl biJ ~. m r .eqt!IPIl~d 19.~d"ess urnan

nl.... pl>a• • 1i

r~lhe.,- (han i3

b uilt p ro du ct . B «n eo o i! ln d

H li fo o r R e d P' ve t op r n fi ;i it ,

Ph~s!nODi'lqt~ms.

Goozw~/esl, a LJnAISCalMl

suppo r t a n ind ete rm ina te a nd unknowa ble

se t of future use s 'O lle r time :

.. "" it ls ~,,~,~o pr'~did that dUrlngllh,e ~ile01

th e park, Ihe IP r ag ~a m w ll l,u nd e r 'g o c o ns ta n t

c !la ng e a l~d adjustment The more the pa,k

werxs , 1M more it willibe in a p e r p e tr uJ lI l s ta t e o f

revision .. ' .. fhe' underlying principle of

p mg ra mm at ic ind ete rm ina cy a s a ba sis o l the

formal c on c e p t allows an I ' shiH. modification"

r ep la c em e nt . o r subsl l t u t lons to occu r wi thOu t

damaging the inilial h'fpothesis}~

The p re fe cts for la V ulle tte by Tsc hum i and,

K oo l~ 'a a s e fle C 'i iv e l'y i nl ro d uc e d postmod-

e rn ideas , of o jl 8J 1- .,m d e d ne s s a n d i nd e t e rr n i-

na cy a ~d s lQ lna le d la nd sc ap e's e me r~e nl

rete a s a p rim ery c onc ep tua l m ed ium of

p cstm cd sr n urb anisr re la ye re d, non-h ie re r-

cl1ic;:I1.flexible, and streteetc. Both entries

o l fe~ed l <1 , Io rm o f n as ce nt la nd sc a ,p e urban-

ism a nd ! a dlfoc ,a te d op er ; works tha t e nd ea v"

ore d to a cc omm od ate a ll m anne r o ltJ rbS ln

ec t iv ' i l ies , p l 'a n l ned ano u np la nn ed , n ma g in edalftd un im ag ine d, ove r lum e.

CUlTUI~Al CmlVERGENCE

In t he w ak ea fla Vi l leUe's r n '! ru e nc e , p o st mo d ·

e rn a rc l!I'le ctura ! c ulture ne s g row n ln cre as-

in,t;Jly aware of t a n d s c a p e ' s ro le a s a via ble

iramel'lork fo r the contemporary c i ty. Acro'ss

iId ive r~e ' sp ec trum of cul tura l posit ions. ! a n d -

s ca pI' h as em e r g e d a s t he Hm ly mMium with

th e potentlatto cons t ruc t a mean ing fu l an,d

viab le publ ic ~e ' a 'l lT I il 1 lNo rt h Ame f 'i c s, n dtles,

lhe l iH i t inq of Kenlneth Frarnpton attests to

'(his awareness, In Ihe 1980s, Fra r r t p t cn

~arnein!ed th e im possib il ity 01 m aking m ea n-

lnqtu l urba n form in Ih e context: o f s pe c ul a-

t i 'l 'e c a pit al a nd t h e ,au i om ob He :

Modern building is now $Q Yni~ers<!nycondl-

ticnso by optimized t e ch~a l09Y th,l'~tile possl-

bil i ty of c r e a ~i li g s ig nm r: ~n t urban form hes

be come ext rem'ely l imne ,eD.Tlhe rost r i cHon:s

jointly imposed b y automotive di'S,tribution 8 r 1 1 d

the volaWe p,lay01 land specutatlon serve 10

l imi ' ! t h ,~ s cope of'urban des iQn to such a !Iegrel't ha i arl\' in te rvent ion tends to be r edu ced eiither

to the m"nip~ la ' l io rn 01elements p r e d e t e rm i n e d

by the lrnnerstlves 01 p rod uc tion, or to .. kind or '

superficial ma ,s ki n ll w~ ic h modern d.evelopment

req~ I r es f 'o r t he t ac m t a! u on 0 1 r n a rk~li n~ ami I he

m1Iimenance o 'r SO t ri O l l cont rol . !l:)

O ~e r t i le c ourse 01 t ihe lo l lownng d e c a d e ,

Frarnpton's argument for a r ch i t e c tu r e as an

ins t rument 01 local resistance to g loba l l

culture concedesthe unique role of land-

scape i in p r ' O l 'i d i ng 'II mod i cum 01 market-

b a se d ,u rb an o r d e r . In this l a t e r I or r n ut a t to n ,

la nd sc a pe , ra ttr e rtha n a Dje ct forma lism ,a ffo rd s, t ha g re a te st la lb e ul s til l s lim ) p ro s-

p ee l o '! c on s't ruc ti l1Q m ea ll ing lu l re la ![o ns

1/i1rn~inhe detrltuse market production:

The O ystop ia O f the meqalcpotis I s a l re a d y an

irreversible hlstodcal fad: it hes lcnq since

instailled ill new way of IHe, no t to say a Imew

natu re ... Iw ou ld su bm it 1 M! i l ' ls teac l V ie need

10 conceive of ill remedial Rll~dscape that is

c ap ab le of playing a criiicalano tOllipen,illory

ro le if! re la l'io~ 10 th e ongoln,g, ! les ! r~c l ive

oommo~l'Ikaltion ·o f the mllf1·m<ldewor ld l , l1

O f c ourse , framploil'S in lt iO re st t in loc ilI

c u~tura l r esista nc e to g lob aliza tio ll c ou ld no t

De fu rt ll 1 e r alielcl f rom IKo ol l" na a s 's p r o fe s se d

'r::ng~lgemeni wilh the v'erl ' mech,anisms o r

,g lo ba l c a plt at , K oo lh ,a a s'$ pra(lice of spiw

ning a s o- ca t le d nee-evant g,arc l ' is lpos i l fan

trom (j.iooa ll b ra nd s is by now we ll d oc lu-

m ente d. lin :sp il t 'e o 'f th eir d iv erg ent c ultura t

politIcs. by the end of tM last d e ca d e, K oo 'l-

haas ilnolFrampion hO l d concurred that lol l lc l-

sc a pe ha d usurp ed a rc b ite cture 's ro le a s theo nl y r ne d iu rn c a pab l e a " or de ring urb anism .

A s K oolha as p ut il in i19 98 :

Archltecture is no I ionger the primary element

0 1 u rb a n order. imreasnnqly urban ord e r ls

g i ven by a thin ~Qriz.Qflt,al v~ge ta l plane,

inr ; r~~sing~y landscape is the p rlm a rv e le m en t

ot UWb1l1n Qrder.·~

A rg ua bly a th Ird Significant cultural pos i l ion,

a " re a ip o ii 'l ik " o f l sis se z -Ie ir e e c on om ic c 1e ve l-

opme nta nd p ub lflc 'p l iiva te e nga \jeme nl nn

p l ann ing orecesses, is ertlcoleted by Pe t e r

Rowe in Maf.t i l lg iIMidd l e L;lnclseapeP tn te r -est ingly, Rowe'scrmc:lu,sionsa l r e no! d iss im' i ia r ,

advo~aling ,6Cl r ' i t i ca l role io r th e d esj 'g n d Lsc i·

p l une s i n ccnslructinqe me;; ln in l \ , l fu ! publ i<:

r e a lm ou t 01 t h 'e H ~ ~ .· u" tJ a ll " m id d l e " I be t w e e n

traditional urban c ente rs a nd ! g re enfie lld

suburbs, F ra m p 't or n s umm a lr iz e s a n d l nc o rp o -

r a t es R o we 's p o si ti on : "'Two salient factors

ma y be d e r ive d from Rowe 's the s is : first .

that priority shoul ld now be accorded 10

l andscap·s ' . r a the r t han t o f re e s ta n d in g builit

fo rm , a nd se cond , tha t Ihe r'e ' is a I'lre ssr fng

nN !d to t ra nsform c e r ta jn mega l l o poman

ty pe s suc h a s s lh QP p~n g m alls, parking to ts ,

a nd c mc e p arks in to la nd sc ap e d built fa rms." " "



WALDHEIr.t: LANDSCAPE IJFlBANISM 15

II.Ii, N D 5 0CAP E U " '8 .,1 1,> U S I.! A .S L E : N S d ri PO ! I· a p \ ~a t er ; be l w ee n m o ssv heal hs a nd a m y l a nd s !: apE!architect k n e ws, the I~ n ~s(a p eAnother d imens i l on of landscape urbanism hot asphall tic surtaces, between ,contn:i lled i tsel f is a medium II1rOl. l~hwhich a~1ec,ological

concerns the use 01 landscape a s ,a 'c ultura l sp ac e s ,a nd vast..wild reserves,.... ,", t,raflsac!h:msm us t p a ss , it is the rnlrastruc!'ure

cahegory or lens for de5c,ribinq the contern-

p o ra r y c j~ y:.,.Seemingly wl thout tntervention

by designers .. and l certainly without the

~enelit of anything that might be thought

0 ,1 as. pla l i1 l ,n inq, contemporary cities ere

seen to, emulate na lmura i systems. A'Q l a i n .

t he li l 'o r~ 0 1 Koolhaas is , notable' 1 1 e r e , bu t

ag'lIill is echoed bv a host of omer authors

I'I'ho d,eploy landscape as a descr ip tive

metaphor tor contemporary urban condi-

tions." An e~amp l l e of this tendency call beIOLJndin Koolhaas's essayon Ailantalrom

S.M.l. xt:

Atlanta (10'15no t have th,ec~as$icalsymptoms

o Ilhe c i l ly; it . is not d en se : i: is a s pa r se , i in

carpet o' r habiil.,tion, a Ikind o' supr emat t s t

Com~Q5"UQnor l iHle f i~ld:o. I ts s . lmmg~s t

contextual! givernsare vegetal aM tntrastruc-

turatferests dod roads, AUa~ta is no! a city; it

i s a t a nds cap e _ : ' 6

This ~endency touse 13nd~scapeas a repre-

sen !a'ti<onaI lens '10describe ttle contempo-

ralry dty rerninds us that landscape first

existed as a genre of paintinq, a way of

see·ing, before· it became activelv engaged

in e t t he r d.~signiU1gbu!U envlronments or

reordering natural ones, The description 01

contemporary metropclltan areas, lin

e·co'log~calterms is . most evident in work

which appropriates the terms. co.m·c'e·ptual

categ'ori ies; and operating methcdoloqiss of

'field ecologv: th·f!sludy 0 1 s psc je se s t lle y

rela' !e to tnetr natural enviwnments,,v One

of' the lmpuctt edvantaqes of landscape'

urbanjsrn over 'Urban design or clvll en,gi-

neering is that it a,v,o:idsthe ideo,logrcal

o.pposilion of environmelfl,tal and infrastruc-

lura~systems. in lieu 01modernist em;J!neer"

i lng"solutions" tilrouglh the cilvi l engineer-

~ng·of natural environments. or nestrrred-

ernist urban de'sign desires for < I mythical

return to Qrigins. landscape urbsntsm advo-

cates Ihe conllation, ~ntegrat :ion. and f' Iuid

exchange 01environmental aM infrastruc-

lural systems. Comer de'scr' ibes the poe'l ie

and imagin,ative potential 0'1this discipli -

nary bre,aKdown as:

.... 1M ly(iC~1 play be~wfl~n nectar and

r: 'hJilfaSII!,eet between birdso.ng and Bea,slie

Boys,between the·.springtim~ flOOdsurqe and

L.ANO$CApE IPROF ESSII',QN

While lendendes to account for urban COM l i -

l ions fn terms o'f landscape fi rst emerged iin

!he r,e'sea,rC'h n d p ro d uc tt on 0 1 < i re n Jt 'e e ls .,

they are quickly i lnli ltrating t.hee roress ion 01

lalld~cape architecture. Although, the aom~-

naiit mainstream culture 01 landscape

archltectura may sH!I mal"ginalize sua"ideas, tMy are hncreas"nql l' recounlzed as a

'liable aspect of the protesston's future. 'fhis

shill is possible in part, dlue totact tMt the

d'iscipUne is.present ly benefi ting from the

ot the l'uture.l!I

CONI IE :M PORARV ,L AN D S e A P E P R AC TIC E :

The \ 'Iork 01many ccnremperarv landscape

pract ices evideness 'I !" Ie ten de,nc\I to u:s€

landscape 1IS a remedial sQl l lve tor t i le

wounds or the lndustrtal age. Pe' ! f ! l r La'!~'s

work tor ebandoned industrial sites. such <15

the nutsburu Nord Sleellvoriks Park in

Germany and' Richar,d! Haag's G<l5Works

Park in Seattle are both p r im a ry e xam p le s.Ma~y landscape architects have taken up

this work in l tne walle of public funding lor

kil1d oJ critical r eassessment Iha! <!rchitec:- browlnl ie ld remedraUQn !I n North America,

tural cutture experien,ced ~n the wake of

modernism's demise. Landscape is enj,oying

renewed and broadened relevance On iIvariety 01 r ronrs through the increased

awa,reness o'f mass audiences wi th regarr'dto

envl ron men tall'snd urbsn problems, as well

as seen in projects by Harglreav,e·s Associ-

ates and .Jul ie Bargman, among others.

Arlother by now wlO.[l-es.tabJishedIlandscape

practice is the untegration of transportation

Intrastructurs with public space. Thns is

ex'emplili:ed by Ba r ' c e i ona "s program of

es a critical reexamlnattcn of the lieldl's public space and pefipllieral road improve-

n,ist,oricai and "theoreticall construction" T h , e

protesslon of landscape architecture has

benel ttedtrorn 'Hhls crit ical r ecove r y and

'rom a newloundre!evance for t ile problems

facing cities today. Manlilandscape· arcr.i-

teets in ·theUnited! Stales have inilerited the

prolesstenal activities that were once the

domain 01 ptanners.as planning has largely

optad out of physical deslqn. For elamp!e,

I 'andscape architects nave become mcreas-

unglyactuve inth·~ rsctamatton 0 1 post-indus"

trial sites il nd in the design 01mtrastructurst

sites. Wh,ilesuch act ivllies were once Ih e

work of civtl enQiJieers and ISlnd planners,

the unique training and nli llerdiisdpl inary

se,!l i! .mvities of randlscape arcnttects natu-

rally position them 10 address the most

prass i ,ng urban issues laciing the design

olsclpllnes. Aust r a l i an tandscepe architect

Richard WeJl.er describes the landscepa

p r o fe s s ion 's n ew found rele~ance:

P o sl m o d e r ~ l a ndS · !; <l p earchitecture h a s d o ne iIboom trade im Clean ing up,atter modern I i ' l i fra-

structure as socleltes- In the 'Iirs!' wor~d at

leasl~5tl l1t from primary industry 10 oost-

industrial, intorm~t"OI) scctettes, lin common

! i l ndsc .ape practice, work ts mo,re onen than

no! cgnd'w:led in ihe shaoow ollhe inlrastwc'

tural object. which is given lP,r iQrl i ly over tnelier~ lnte wh i ch i t is !0 Ib e rnser te d . H ow e ve r. a s

ments in th~ lat,e BOsand earliy 90s. tnclud-

inglhe Tr inita t Clovetl,~a f Park by Enric

Batlleanll Joel) R'oi'g,and Pa r I <Poblenoll by

Xavi'er Vendreli and Mam~ e l Ruiisanchez.

While rhls geme oi work-the use or land-

scape in the stitching 01 inf rastrudure into

urban tabrlca-hes we~l-estabHsih.ed precs-

nsms, the 8arcel'ona perlpheral roadworll is

distinct. It oflers publiC par,ksconc,ei~ed and

constructed slmuttaneoustv wllh the !pub~lrc

convev anee ot the highw,ay, SylD!ly irnllecling

i ts desi( jn away~rom an opt imized art, ii lact

o f c iv il engineering toward a more co rnp t ex

s.ynlhesiS o~ requirements dcrmnated

neither I b · Y civil engineering nor landscape.

One of th.e mor 'e outspoken proponents

lor the rene'wee! importance 01 landscape

as a modet tor contemporary urbanism is;

the DutCh t a n c s c a p e architect Adriaan

GeLlze. principal 01 Wes t a . LandscapeArchitects. West 8's work ert iculetes mutt i-

pie roles ior lands·cape in the shaping ,01

contern porary urb.anism,·a imagunaliv,ely

reorclering relationships between ecology

and ril fra'~rtructuroe. Their ,ol lice proposes a

practice of tanoscspe urbanism in wtnkh

the middle-scate 01decorat ive or arcnttec-

tural work Js ebendoned in favor of the

I'arge-scale inlra.truc;lural diagram and the

smaJ!'scale material condition.



10 PRA.XIS 4'

W est S '$ S fte l~ P ro je clor lj i ln ize s d ark ana

li(Jht mussel shells, and Ine cOHespolldinQ

f locks of sim~'Ol,ly s ha o e' cI c la rk a01d tjght

birds na lura Hy a da pte d to fe ed from t hem.

Thesesurtaces term p a ra lle l s tr ip s 01sM~I'

der alorrlg lhe hi9hway t~at COClI1e[ls Ih'8

c onstruc te d isla :nd s 01 t lhe Easl Scheid!

storm-t lde bsni·er. Thls work o f l an ds ca p e

urbanism oruanizes an !!coloOY ·of natura , l

sel:eclion a nd re nd ers it tor publ ic lPercep-

no n ~I ,a t he 1 IutomobJ Ie , B y CO il!rSlS!, histori-

cal p r e c e d en t s lot ~rb"npa r~1Nays , lyp i ca , l1y

reproduce a paste ral ima geof "nature" with'

ou t I nl le r venh lg I nl l' h! ? ir e co , l·ogi c a l su r round -i Ul gS ,i n mw 5ubWInliaj way . Li~ewise, Westt

8':5 arnbilious5cl'1eme for Ihe 'Sch'iphol

Amsterdam Af rpor t t.andscepe abandons

ttne profe~siom:a! t rad i t ion of specifica!ly

de ta , j lle d l p !1 l r ll i ng plans in fa vo r 01 a ge ne , al

botan~C<l1st rate\) II Q I S' U nllowe rs, c ~o~eJ',and

be eh ive s. 81 ' avoiding d eta ile d c om po st-

tiona,l des~gns and p!antrng. diag~ams; !hre

p roje (;1 u s < lb le ~o respond to Schiphol's

programma! ! , < m e l p ol it ~c a l I~ tu re s: !aml-

scape i s c o nc e iv e d a s a strategic pa r tne r ' im

tihe complex r pn ) < c e s s o r a i rpor t l l i i3Jnnin(j

rather I h : a m , (<lsislJsuall:y tlie Cl lse) simply al1uD i ! or ~Urn i! t, ev lc t im 01 itAnot l l e r e)(gl'l1p re of

ls nd sc a pa u rb an lsr n a s a pra less iona.1 frame-

work iisWesl S':sredevelopment p~al1 lor !h~

Bo rneo and Spoirenburg H a rb or, T his I~ .r ge -

scale r e d ev e l o pmen t fs conce ived a s an

enormous [andscepe urbanism project

orchestrated by W e st 8.,into w~ich Itn'ilwork

01 rJumerous o the r a:rchit'ecl'$ and des igne rs

i s o if ga ·l 1i ze c :l . T h e projec! slmu!t:am:ously

maximizes diversity ol ldern t i ty thml l~h the'

in:ser! :fon oj cou ntilass ~a nclsc,ap e d ' co uris

and ya rds and It leo;lmmissioni'ng 01numer -

QU o auc;hilects a mi d -e sig Ulsrs. Taken

t oge the r , the diversity of West 8 's re ce nt

p~oducUon i l! us Ha t e s t he p o t~ !'l tl a ~ lc r l and -

s c a p e ar·chitedure to overhke plai'ni'tingas

I~e discipline responsiole lo r reordering

post - ino IJ slffa ~U rb<mism.

rRO'" L.AVIL.L.EHE fODQ'WNSviEW

A NO F 'RE.S " KILLS

S e v e ra l lr 'e c e n t i nt 'e r n, a ii on a ,1 design ccmpeli-

tio ns 'lor the re us e ol € I n ormou s ~ y s c a le d

imlljshial sites in Nodh Am'8,ricilll dli ..s,

have u5e'd ~llnds,cape as t lie ir p r ima ry

m e diu m. O O \lln s~ ie w Park . IQc a te d on the

slie , 01 a.I i , abandoned m ilit ar y a ir ba se in

Tor on to , a n d F ,r e sh K i ll s, s it e d OC i h e world's

la rge st la nd l:i lL on S la te n Isla lld i, New York,

ol fe r perhaps two '01tne most l uH y -f orm e d

e x a r n 1 p i e s 01 cQ r l t empo~a ry Ia n d s e a p e IJ r o a 1)-

ism as a p ll 'l ie C!lo th e detrltus 0 '1 Il le indus·

trial city.11 \I V h i I e sigl1i l i cant t distincHons exis t

bl; twe·e n th e Iw,o c omm ts sio n s, e s C lodoub ts

a s to th eir e ve ntIJa i r eaUza t i on . the bod y of

work pr.oduced lor them reprssents an

emerging consensus tnat designers of '~he

b'ui!t t env i ronment , across dJsc ip ! ines. ' Ii IO I .! ! t :I

t io we .l! t o ~ ~a m ~n e lan.d5c~pe<l$t he m ed ju rn

tnrouch \!Ihkh to conceive the rertovatlon o r

t~w p osl- ln(i\lstr ia ~ eH v. S c heme s rc rD own s . . i e \\ ! and' F~esli Kil ls by Corner and

AHein!Field Op.eraliolls,!or exarnpte.

p ro po se Ih e a cc u,m Uila llo n a :n d orchest ra t ion,

0 1 absoluh~~y diverse all d l l o l e W i H a l l I I in COil"

g ru ou s c on te nt s. T vp le a I ' of'tb is w or k, and by

now standard lafe lo r projects 01 t his ty pe ,

at e de ' t t aHed :d i i aQrams 01 phas ing. an ima l l

habHals , successlon p lant ing,. hydrol'ogicali

~ystem5, and procremmatlc anc;!plarlningl

regimes ..W hile th ese d ia :g ra ms m ay init ia lly

ove rwhe lm with inj.ormation,tthey present

an und 'ers . tand i , t iq 01 i ii e s no rr no u s c or np ts x-

ilies c o nl r o n ti ng any 'wo rk a t this sealie.PerUcu' !a r ! y c o r n p e II !In g i s t h e complex Tnte r -

weavi'ng 0] nalu ' r< l l ~.wloqie~ w ilh th e soc ia l,

CUltural, ar id infrastructurel t layers 01 the

con'ltemporary dtv.

W h ile o olh K oo lh aa s/O M A (in par~ners~ i~

with gra.p l1 ic deslcner Snuce Maul ancl

Tschumi submitted entries as finalists at

Downsview,lhls time lihey f O lin d t he lr h is lo ri ·

rc aI l or t une s more or less prec ise~y reverseo ,

T he ic onic and sound Ibite r rie m ~lIy K oo !-

h,aas/OMA and M a u sc'heme "T ree Ci i ty" ' wa s

awan:h?d IJrst prize and the commission,

w hile t i le more ~ ul Jl im e , i a ye r e L fi , a w noimtellet;<

tual:ly cha' l Iernqing scheme of th.e' of l~ce o r

B er na rd T s.c hu m I will doubl ll l! ss . e n jo 'Y g r e a t e r

i~fluen(;ewilh' in <lr(hiiecturil~ cu j ture , Ipartk-

u la"Iy a s the int~r mal ion age tra nsform s our

1,lfldersta.fld~ng O In d IJ se Q f t l i :e nalUf<l1.

Tschu m 1 "s " Th ,e [l ig Ha I aM !he CoyoleH pro j ·

ed lor OO\\ lns '~ ie \ ! l tpre5ented ane lec l ronic

a fl fl io g! t o h is l on gi <s ta m :J il 1q i nt er e st u n mo an

events, wah (fen!" delailed d i a ,g rams of

succ ,ess~onp l an t ing a I ' \ d 111se e.d In g 01a :mb~ ·

en! urbalnitv ~nthe mid st 01 seemim;llydeso·

late p ra i r i es . Tschumi's, positiollS at

Downsvi'e w a nd Is VH le H e a~e slr ik inqly

c o ns is '! e n! i n li'leir indi~!ment5 of tM l l i ine,·

i ee nih ·o en tu Fjl O l ms te d ia n model end I :he

i;i,clvoca!on o ,f l a n d sc a p e 1n fo rmed by <llibiq

ultous, \. I niversa I ·u rba n ism:

N~ilh~r t ih~me p<I.rk nor wildHie preserve,

[)Ol'lnS~ieill does 1'101s,eelt 10 r·eMW US1l1~ll

CQnvenl ions of I fad II Iona:! c~rk coroposlno ~

such as those ,0·1~e VauJ{ or Olmsted. 'TM

com bi m a i iO m 0 1 adva n,e~ mi ll [ awy I.~thnologjes

\lIit~ w ate r c ou rs es a nd IIOil'S a nd ! lownstr~a m

suqqasts enotner fMd. Uq:uid,digital sensibU

Ity. Airs! rips, in I orrnatlo n ce rn te r s, p~bli( ~er

lo(m~nce spaceS , internet <Inti\l!or~dwidewe

a c ce ss a IIIp a i l' ll t ow a rc a ~~eri nii ion o! re(ei\le

ideas about POloks, na ture , and reereatjon, in

twen t y- Ii r r shc ; en turvseWn9 whe re ,~~e ry· t t~~g'urbs n,' eVH~ i n t he midd Ie o f the wilderness.32

Ea c h o! the D ow rn sv ie w a nd Fresll Kil ls proj

acts lis notabls for tile presence oflamd-

scape src tu tecrs oni ro terd isc ip lJnary t e am

Q f c on sut ta nts, w he re a s t l1e J s V HH e i

c om j) eii~ ion na m ed a sin ql(;' j·(;'a d a rc nltsc t

to orchestrate the entire project. Sinking

e nd consis tent in this r eg ar d a re th e cen t r · a

invo!~ement of e corc c lsts a s we ll a s urnfo

mation or communlcanon .~esigners o

vir tu !! l ly ~:U teams. This is c l ea r ! y etsnoct

Irom the ove ra rc r .inq ro le of a ,rc l1i1e c!s fp re via us re gim e!'. or urba n d eslqn and tp lan

ninq, where sucn 'peripheral' concerns WEI'!

e i ther a't}senl altogether ~e co loC jY } o r s imply

subsumec I '1lt:hin th e professlonel practice

of the arc hite d (in lorm ation !le si9n.).

Wl1 i Ie it r e rna iins unclear if 'E U he :r 0 f th8

w i, nn in g s c heme s by K oolh .a a s/O M A < md M a

lor D o v l I l . : > v r e w or Comer <lnd A~ie~/r[eld

Operations for Fresll KNIIsis aclua'llyimple'

mentec. ! should o e u nce rs tood ' .a S < I IiI!J rcf po lH i c il J l ime t Jg i r1 < lt io ~ and cutturalleader-

ship rat he r Ihan of the compel~Ii om processe

or th e pro jec t : ; V,ey gene ra t ed . T a ke n c on ec

I~v.ely"the se p ro le cts a Old tt le \ 'Io fk 01 bhe

t :ompel i to rs attest to the proloun ~ ITa nst or

mat ions 01 Ih e lliSGiplir1J<lfY OInd Pfolessl,ooa!

ass~mpl[ons I h , a t : ·cur rent ly di r ive I l1 e d e s. 1 .Q

oll~e btJi~terwironmenl, P a rtk ula rly e vh 1e n

is 'Ih~ra,ct t~al proj..d5 of this &~aie i lUl

5i q nilicance d em a nd prol,eSSiona I e~~e r t i s ' e 'a

t h , e in te r se c l i on s o,recot :ogy a rid @ ~ginee~ in

a nd so cia l p olic y a Cid p o mic ai process, fhe

synlnesis ollh~s, rang,eof Imow~edge and li

embOdiment a m I.HJbH( de.sign p rocesses

r emmmen .d fa M sc ap e u .ir ba nism a s a d ijsc ip li

n ar'y fr am ew or k 1'0 " r eC :O llc eiv ~ng where w

l ive < lnd h ow we live there+ @



[oinl! !d Lh~ lenm " l i 3 l i 1 . d s t . a l P i 1 ! m'bani~m" in l'9.!lJ6ba~~d Oril

1,lcm. wml l JiimiYs CorlJ1iii! r Om ~'h(! n ot i. on J o . f !1~nd-

urt ianivm." TIl I~sneoroqtsm fu~rfIoo tht!- ba~~:5.O f iI

e",n •• 01:III. Gr~h.", r ",u ro d.I;" . 1 m,QI'ico~o'1991 ) and

1Mcaeemtc Ili'eqf,arns in s['fiIool~. I~rr.:ife:hit~ Lljr~ ..:d~.tle

or llilnol; ~IChl<~~~ ~r.d Ih~ IIrchll.(lut~1 As_i-

irllQI'II;I~ The I~m hils since be-er l u se d f ur l! lu aI f. e.m k

l C ! :i a L iI l I . i u t . c , 1 y [ II i n: st lt u tkm :s ; i n. ~ r' n a iUD n !! II " . n uma re u s

' fl '" IPM " I2 I. a nd e r tu r es , a n d a ~ ~ ilIl?~trlpLitJn,or.:til ~.m.e'~ii"l~

.1 dor j , j~pr"I . .. .' io •• IIlr.ti t1 ' looo~1~I'>I!;c~l>t>r(hi11>clurc

, " M o n. "Uo! U,toani,m: 1 1 1 "T~ kk 2-D." i~ CA , SE , LA !

lrusiE'li"s ventre rHG'S~.I~al,;d. Hashim Sdni~, (Mufli~ 11:

2Mlii. i:;4.

formLil II.j ]ted rnLJ[f,.of lIi!i,thlnl'Linq ali ri l nelStGape~nd

t n ! : !1 99 0 ~ [ hr o li l~ h t W C i oonli l !r~noe-:o_; " ' C o . n $ l r u c t ·

Ullwlt<lpi!" .!Lhii~I'~ 01 ~M~~I'iMI~, 1 9' .1 31 ~ M · ·T M

01La"d"~n""<l\Jchit ec!".~1A5~C'lalio"" 1~94~

of tlite papers '~rom.1\tI-5e I(rnlr~ren[e5. i l p i l e t l r oi~,~Ilo!ip'

in Jilim~:s; .comC!il" ' :s. r !l !!l :~'nt a,lll,hadiJIl;I ' l-" or ~~:io!U ml

~aods~.:it.II~' i ' th i te[ ture, RE !~o" 'i l !t ~nQ ,L : i P lC ! -

d.. .i~m~'Connor ~tl,e,ylre,'; I'rl,,,,,lo" Archil.c·l ..r~1

James , C. : :r oo_ r. . iLiI~SCiJo;pI! l as ' !Jr t i i !inls l1l : Tl! ' r, ri! i nUlU~! !

; Ie ll " p resented a~ th I! Uml!l5.Capeo tn-nantsrn (onf-el"i !oriC!?i

'ound.I.lon. C~I~~( I . U. A I I I , 1 im I.

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