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Language Development:
Preschoolers &Early School Age
EDU 280Fall 2014
CharacteristicsYoung preschoolers:
2-3 years oldOlder preschoolers:
4-5 year olds
Characteristics
Young Preschoolers Vocabularies
range from between 250 to over 1,000 words.
An average of 50 new words enter the child’s vocabulary each month.
CharacteristicsVerb forms
regularization: a child’s speech behavior that indicates the formation and internalization of a language rule (regularity)
Sequence in formed rules for past tense verb usage:
Uses irregular tense endings correctly: ran, came, drank
Forms an internal rule when discovering that “ed” expressed past events: danced, called, played
Overregularizes: adds “ed” to all regular and irregular verbs that were formerly spoken correctly: “camed,” “dided,” “wented,” “breaked”
Learns that both regular and irregular verbs express past tense and uses both
Plurals In using plural noun forms the following sequence
is common: Remembers and uses singular forms of nouns
correctly: ball, dog, mouse, bird Uses irregular noun plurals correctly: men feet,
mice Forms an internal rule that plurals have “s” or “z”
sounds Applies rule to all nouns: balls, mens, dogs, feets,
birds, mices, or ballsez, dogzes, feetsez Achieves flexible internal rules for plurals,
memorizes irregular plural forms, and uses plurals correctly.
Characteristics
Key Word Sentences Sentences are about 4 words long
Pronouns often used incorrectly Me finish all milk
Questions“Wh” questions appear
Overlapping concepts Overextension Underextension
Characteristics
Running Commentaries Repetition Lack of clarity
About one in every 4 words of the young preschooler is not readily understandable
Young preschoolers are only 40-80% correct in articulation
Characteristics
Typically articulation of all English speech sounds is not accomplished until age 7 or 8
Vocabulary of over 1500-2000 words Sentences of 5 or 6 (or more) words Exploring the Conventions of
Conversation Relational Words Impact Words Sound Words Reality and Nonsense
Older Preschoolers
Articulation of letter sounds still developing About 75% of the English letter sounds
are made correctly Omissions and substitutions are still
present
Older Preschoolers
Myths Concerning Speech and Intelligence
A large and mature vocabulary at this age is not necessarily an indicator of intelligence.
5 Year Olds Can use many descriptive words spontaneously-
both adjectives and adverbs
Knows common opposites: big-little, hard-soft, heavy-light, etc
Has number concepts of 4 or more
Can count to ten Speech should be completely intelligible, in spite
of articulation problems
Should have all vowels and the consonants, m,p,b,h,w,k,g,t,d,n,ng,y (yellow)
5 Year Olds Should be able to repeat sentences as long as nine
words
Should be able to define common objects in terms of use (hat, shoe, chair)
Should be able to follow three commands given without interruptions
Should know his/her age
Should have simple time concepts: morning, afternoon, night, day, later, after while tomorrow, yesterday, today
Should be using fairly long sentences and should use some compound and some complex sentences
Speech on the whole should be grammatically correct
6 Year Olds In addition to the above consonants these should
be mastered: f, v, sh, zh, th, l
Speech should be completely intelligible and socially useful
Should be able to tell one a rather connected story about a picture, seeing relationships between objects and happenings
By this age a child understands 13,000 words
7 Year Olds Should have mastered the consonants s-z, r,
voiceless th, ch, wh, and the soft g as in George
Should handle opposite analogies easily: girl-boy, man-woman, flies-swims, blunt-sharp short-long, sweet-sour, etc
Understands such terms as: alike, different, beginning, end, etc
Should be able to do simple reading and to write or print many words
can now understand 20,000-26,000 words,
8 Year Olds Can relate rather involved accounts of events,
many of which occurred at some time in the past
Complex and compound sentences should be used easily
Should be few lapses in grammatical constructions-tense, pronouns, plurals
All speech sounds, including consonant blends should be established
Should be reading with considerable ease and now writing simple compositions
8 Year Olds Social amenities should be present in his speech
in appropriate situations
Control of rate, pitch, and volume are generally well and appropriately established
Can carry on conversation at rather adult level
Follows fairly complex directions with little repetition
Has well developed time and number concepts