Language Variations (2)

Language Variations (2)

Todays quotation When we do something that engage us, we will spend a lot of time on it Make the students engage to the material so that they will be able to spend a lot of time concern on it. (Peter Mickan)

Sum1 askd me if i missd u. i didnt answer.. i juzt closed my eyes nd walkd away. then i whisperd "so much (http://www.poems-and-quotes.com/slang/submitted_quotes.html)Variation: Natural PhenomenonLanguage is a form of social behavior and communities tend to split up into groups. Each displaying differences of behavior. Language manifests differences of behavior. Language is the variety of speakers. Speakers vary in their vocabulary and skills to use it. Linguistic variables have both social and style variation, some only social, but none style variation only.

Dialect. No universally accepted criteria for distinguishing language from dialects, although a number of paradigms exist, which render sometimes contradictory results.The exact distinction is a subjective one, dependent on the users frame of reference.Language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages, because: solely they are not, or not recognized as literary languagesthe speakers of the given language do not have a state of their ownthey are not used in the press or literature, or very little, because their language lacks prestige. The example?

Whats the difference between accent and dialect?An accent is the way that particular person or group of people sound. It is the way somebody pronounces words, the musicality of their speech.A dialect describes both a persons accent and grammatical features of the way that person talk.Accent refers to the sounds that are present in a persons language. Pronunciation is basically synonym of accent. Therefore, if you pronounce differently from someone, you have different accent.Dialect is something greater. A dialect is a version of a language that is special to a particular region or group. Dialects of the same language are different from each other, but still understandable to speakers of another dialect f that language. For example, AE and BE are two dialect of English. They have some differences, such as pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, but they are still understandable to each other.

Dialectal Variation"Adialectisvariationin grammar andvocabularyin addition to sound variations. For example, if one person utters the sentence 'John is a farmer' and another says the same thing except pronounces the word farmer as 'fahmuh,' then the difference is one ofaccent. But if one person says something like 'You should not do that' and another says 'Ya hadn't oughta do that,' then this is adialect difference because the variation is greater. The extent of dialect differences is a continuum. Some dialects are extremely different and others less so.

(Donald G. Ellis,From Language to Communication. Routledge, 1999)Idiolect is the language or speech pattern of one individual at a particular period of life. (www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/idiolect)It manifested by patterns of word selection and grammar, or words, or phrases, idioms, or pronunciations that are unique to that individual. Every individual has an idiolect.

Sociolect is the variety of language characteristic of a social background or status. A dialect which evolves from regional speech may also have sociolectical implications. E.g. BEV or AAVE (Black English Vernacular/ African American English Vernacular) and diglossia (a situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side javanese, high low, standard non standard)Register means variations in speech style based on formality. The language that we use in conference will have different level of formality than the one we use in daily conversation.

Jargon: terms that are specific to a certain group that are often very technical in nature and not easily understood by non-member. E.g. medical jargon, photography jargon, legal jargon, computer jargon, etc.

Pidgin: in areas of trade and industrialization often many people who dont speak the same language are brought together to communicate, they develop a shared linguistic system known a pidgin, which is combination of features of all language in contact.Being a new communicative system, pidgins are often very simplified or reduced.

Creole. As speakers of pidgin have children, those children learn the pidgin as a native language. It is at this stage that pidgin becomes creole.Creole tends to be more fully developed linguistic system than pidgin: Because of the innate capacity to develop language, the children then turn the pidgin into a full-pledged new language, known as creole (Language Files, 499).

Slang: The use of informal words or expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers language. Often used by people in a group that are familiar with it like teenagers Slang makes speech more emotionally expressive and shorter.It is usually taboo when speaking to people of higher social status.

What about code-switching and code-mixing?Choose one of many sociolinguistics terms explain it give the examples!