Lar362 Cultural Geography

8/6/2019 Lar362 Cultural Geography

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WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?

"To write about the earth,"the subject of geography is much

more than describing "foreign" places or memorizing thenames of capitals and countries.

Its human and physical features - through an understanding ofplace and location

"The bridge between the human and physical sciences"and"the mother of all sciences".

Geography looks at the spatial connection between people,places, and the earth.


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HOW IS GEOGRAPHY DIFFERENT FROMGEOLOGY?

Geography is commonly divided into human geography andphysical geography.

Geologists look deeper into the earth than do geographers

and study its rocks, the internal processes of the earth(such as plate tectonics and volcanoes), and studyperiods of earth history many millions and even billionsof years ago.


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WHAT DOES A GEOGRAPHER DO?

Many geographers working asplanners, cartographers(map makers),GIS specialists, analysis, scientists,researchers, and many other positions.

Many geographers working as instructors, professors, andresearchers at schools, colleges, and universities.


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WHY IS GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT?

Being able to view the world geographicallyis afundamental skill for everyone.

Understanding the connection between the environment

and people, geography ties together diverse sciences asgeology, biology, and climatology with economics,history, and politics based on location.


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WHO ARE THE "FATHERS" OF GEOGRAPHY?

The Greek scholar Eratosthenes, who measured thecircumference of the earth and was the first to use theword "geography," is commonly called thefather ofgeography.

Alexander von Humboldtis commonly called the "father ofmodern geography"and William Morris Davis iscommonly called the "father of American geography."


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DIVISIONS OF GEOGRAPHY

Today, geography is commonly divided into two majorbranches :-

1) Cultural geography(also called human geography)

2) Physical geography.


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CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Is the branch of geography dealing with human cultureand its impact on the earth.

Cultural geographers study languages, religion, foods,

building styles, urban areas, agriculture,transportation systems, politics, economies,

population and demographics, and more.


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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Is the branch of geography dealing with the natural features of the earth, thehome of humans.

Physical geography looks at the water, air, animals, and land of the planetearth (i.e. everything that is part of the four spheres - the atmosphere,biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.)

Physical geography is closely related to geography's sister science - geology-butphysical geography focuses more on the landscapes at the surface of

the earth and not what is inside our planet.

Other key areas of geography include regional geography (which involvesthe in-depth study and knowledge of a particular region and its culturalas well as its physical characteristics) andgeographic technologies likeGIS(geographic information systems) and GPS (global positioning system).


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BASIC EARTH FACTS

22 ESSENTIAL FACTS YOUNEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE PLANET EARTH:

Human Population of the Earth : 6,660,000,000 (6.66 billion) as of April 2008

World Population Growth : 1.14% - 2006 estimate (this means at the current rateof growth, the earth's population will double in 61.4 years)

Countries of the World : 195

Earth's Circumference at the Equator : 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km)

Earth's Circumference between the North and South Poles : 24,859.82 miles (40,008 km)

Earth's Diameter at the Equator : 7,926.28 miles (12,756.1 km)

Earth's Diameter at the Poles : 7,899.80 miles (12,713.5 km)

Average Distance from the Earth to the Sun : 93,020,000miles (149,669,180 km)

Average Distance from the Earth to the Moon : 238,857 miles (384,403.1 km)


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Highest Elevation on Earth - Mt. Everest, Asia : 29,035 feet (8850 m)

Tallest Mountain on Earth from Base to Peak - Mauna Kea, Hawaii

- 33,480 feet (rising to 13,796 feet above sea level) (10204 m; 4205 m)

Point Farthest From the Center of the Earth

- The peak of the volcano Chimborazo in Ecuador at 20,561 feet (6267 m) is farthest from the center of theearth due to its location near the equator and the oblateness of the Earth.

Lowest Elevation on Land

- Dead Sea: 1369 feet below sea level (417.27 m)

Deepest Point in the Ocean

- Challenger Deep, MarianaTrench, Western Pacific Ocean: 35,840 feet (10924 m)

HighestTemperature Recorded

- 135.8F Al Aziziyah, Libya, September 13, 1922 (57.7C)

LowestTemperature Recorded : -128.5F - Vostok, Antarctica, July 21, 1983 (-89.2C)

Water vs. Land : 70.8% Water, 29.2% Land


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Age of the Earth : 4.5 to 4.6 billion years

Atmosphere Content

- 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and traces of argon, carbon dioxide and water

Rotation on Axis- 23 hours and 56 minutes and 04.09053 seconds. But, it takes an additional four minutes for the earth to

revolve to the same position as the day before relative to the sun (i.e. 24 hours).

Revolution around Sun : 365.2425 days

Chemical Composition of the Earth

- 34.6% Iron, 29.5% Oxygen, 15.2% Silicon, 12.7% Magnesium, 2.4% Nickel, 1.9% Sulphur, and 0.05%

Titanium


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FIELDS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

CULTURE:

1. Culture was synonym for civilization.

2. A cultured person was someone who had achieved finery in their habits and tastes, such asappreciation of the fine arts of opera, theatre and literature.

3. Can be described way of life.

4. A second common definition is where culture is a synonym for ethnicity or the more

problematic notion of race.

5. Culture by this definition refers to distinct ethnic groups, categories by language, religion,nation of birth, notions of race or indignity.

6. This definition excludes gender, sexuality, class and other ways of life from analysis.


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TIME TO TIME GEOGRAPHY DEFINITION:

1. "The purpose of geography is to provide a view of the whole' earth by mapping the locationof places."- Ptolemy, 150 CE

2. "Synoptic discipline synthesizing findings of other sciences through the concept of Raum (areaor space)." - Immanuel Kant, c. 1780

3. "Synthesizing discipline to connect the general with the special through measurement,mapping, and a regional emphasis."- Alexander von Humboldt, 1845

4. "Man in society and local variations in environment."- Halford Mackinder, 1887

5. "How environment apparently controls human behavior."- Ellen Semple, c. 1911

6. "Study of human ecology; adjustment of man to natural surroundings."- Harland Barrows,1923.

7. "The science concerned with the formulation of the laws governing the spatialdistribution of certain features on the surface of the earth."- Fred Schaefer, 1953


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8. "To provide accurate, orderly, and rational description and interpretation of the variable character of

the earth surface."- Richard Hartshorne, 1959

9. "Geography is both science and art"- H.C. Darby, 1962

10. "To understand the earth as the world of man"- J.O.M. Broek, 1965

11. "Geography is fundamentally the regional or chorological science of the surface of the earth."- Robert

E. Dickinson, 1969

12. "Study of variations in phenomena from place to place."- Holt-Jensen, 1980

13. "...concerned with the locational or spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena atthe

earth's surface"- Martin Kenzer, 1989

14. "Geography is the study of earth as the home of people"-Yi-FuTuan, 1991

15. "Geography is the study of the patterns and processes of human (built) and environmental (natural)

landscapes, where landscapes comprise real (objective) and perceived (subjective) space."- Gregg

Wassmansdorf, 1995


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SPACE:

Human geography focuses on the ways that humans interact witheach other and with the environment, illuminating the complex

processes and nature of our global society.

The main focus of human geography is, of course, the presence andactivi-ties of humans.

Themes within human geography reflect a number of perspec-tives:

culture, population, economic activity, spatial behaviour, politicalactivity, urbanization, perception of place, and the many andvaried ways in which humans interact with one another and withtheir environment.


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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

1) GEOGRAPHY IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

- The first person to use the word geography was the GreekEratosthenes, in the third century

B.C.

- In the one of the first geography books, Eratosthenes described the known areas of the worldand divided the earth into five climate regions

- The culmination of progress in the development of the geographic concepts in the ancientworld is represented by the works ofPtolemy.

- Taking advantage ofinformation collected by Roman merchants and soldiers, Ptolemy wrotean eight-volumeGuide toGeography.

- He alsoprepared a number of maps, which were not exceeded in quality for more than athousand years.


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2) GEOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES

- Beginning in the seventh century, Muslim armies controlled much of

northern Africa and southern Europe and eventually reached as fareast as present-day Indonesia in Southeast Asia.

- Muslim writers such as Edrisi, Ibn-Batuta, andIbn-Khaldun gatheredaccurate knowledge about the location of coastlines, rivers, andmountain ranges in the conquered areas.


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3) THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

- Enchanted by tales of abundant silks, spices, and precious metals in Asia, Europeantried to establish trading routes. However, because land routes to Asia were known

to be long and arduous and blocked by hostileMuslim armies, Europeans becomeobsessed with the idea of reaching Asia by sea.

- The Portuguese were the early leaders in the search for sea routes to Asia, and

they explored much of the west coast of Africa during the fifteenth century.- Between 1497 and 1499, the Portuguese navigator Vasco daGama rounded the

Cape ofGood Hope at the southern tip of Africa and become the first European tosail to India.

- The Age ofExploration symbolically ended in 1911, when Roald Amundsen becamethefirst person to stand at the South Pole, two years after Robert Peary had reached

the North Pole.


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THEMES

GEOGRAPHY THREE BASICCONCEPTS

Location, Maps and Distribution


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A) Toponym

- The simplest way to describe a particular location is by referring to its name, because inhabited places on the earths

surface have been named.

- Geographers call the name given to a portion of the earths surface the toponym, or nominal location, of place.

- The toponym of a place maygive us a clue about the communitys founders, physical setting, social customs, or

political changes.

- Some toponyms derive from features of the physical environment.

- Trees, valleys, bodies of water, and other natural features appear in the place names of most languages.

- The community with perhaps the longest name in the world is town in Wales called

LLANFAIRPWLLGWYNGYLLGOGERYCHWYRNDROBWLLLLANTYSILIOGOGOGOCH.

- Someone unfamiliar with foreign languages might have difficulty in identifying the English name for these

European countries: Civitas Helvetia (Switzerland), Osterreich (Austria) and Suomi (Finland).


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B)Site

- Which are itsphysical characteristics include climate, water sources, topography,

soil, and vegetation.

- The combination of physical characteristics gives each location a unique character.

- Historically, site factors have been important in the selection of a location for asettlement, although, depending on cultural values, people disagreed on the

attributes of a good site.

- Some preferred a hilltop site because it could easily be defended from attack.

- Other people located settlements near easy river crossing points to facilitatecommunications with people living in other places.


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C) Situation

- The situation of a place is an important way to indicate location for tworeasons.

- First, situation helps people to identify the location of an unfamiliar place.We give directions to people who are lost by referring to the situation ofa place. We identify important buildings, streets, and other landmarks todirect people to the desired location.

- Second, situation helps us to understand the importance of a particularlocation. Many locations are important because they are accessible to other

places.

- For example, because of its situation, Singapore has become a center forthe trading and distribution of goods for much of Southeast Asia.Singapore is located at the Straits ofMelaka, which is the majorpassageway for ships travelling between the China seas and IndianOcean.


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D)Mathematical location

- The universally accepted numbering system consists of two series ofimaginary lines more precisely, arcs drawn on the globe.These arcs areknown as meridians andparallels.

- A meridian is an arc drawn on the earths surface between the North andSouthPoles. Every meridian has the same length and the samebeginning and end points. We identify the location of each meridian onthe earths surface according to a numbering system known as longitude.One meridian has been designated arbitrarily as 0 degrees (0) longitude.It passes through the Royal Observatory atGreenwich, England, and is

also called the prime meridian.

- The second set of imaginary arcs drawn on the earths surface isparallels.Parallels are circles drawn around the globe parallel to the equator atright angles to the meridians. The numbering system used to indicate thelocation of parallels is called latitude.


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2 - MAPS

- Once the location of a place has been determined, geographers create maps to display information about the

location.

- A map is two-dimensional, or flat, representation of the earths surface or a portion of it. Map can be visually

appealing and intellectually stimulating to both professional geographers and casual users.

- The science of making maps is called cartography.

- Scale is the relationship between the length of an object on map and the length of the same feature on

the earths surface.

- The level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map depends on its scale. Cartographers usually

present scale in one of three ways: a fraction (or ratio), a written statement, or a graphic scale.

- A scale of 1:24,000 means that one inch or one cm on the map represents 24,000 inches or 24,000 cm onthe ground.

- The unit of distance could also be expressed in feet, mm, or some other measure of distance, but the units

of measure on each side of the ratio must always be the same.


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3 - DISTRIBUTION

- The arrangement of a phenomenon across the earths surface is known as the spatialdistribution.

- Spatial distribution has three important properties: density, concentration, andpattern.

- Density is frequency of occurrence of something within a given unit of area.

- Concentration is not the same as density. One study area with relatively high densitycould have a dispersed population, while another study area with the same density

could have a clustered population.

- The third property of distribution is the pattern, which is the geometric arrangementof the objects.


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CULTURAL ECOLOGY APPROACH

The study of the relationship between the physical

environment and human actions is called cultural ecology.

the cultural ecology approach to geographic explanation isthat human activities and the physical environment areassociated with each other.

the cultural ecology approach as the man-landperspectivegenerally known as Possibilism.


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Possibilism

The physical environmentmay limit some humanactions, but people have the ability to adjustto the

physical environment.

However, people can adjust to the capacity of the

physical environmentby adopting new technology,consuming different foods, migrating to new locations, andother actions.

ENGINEERED LANDSCAPES:

PEOPLE-NATURE RELATIONSHIP


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The cultural ecology approach recognizes that

understanding the distribution of human

activities across the earths surface requires. climate,

vegetation,

soil and

geomorphology.


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1) Climate Climate is a long-term average weather condition at

particular location.

Human beings traditionally have limited tolerance of

extreme temperature and precipitation levels and avoid livingin places that are too hot, too cold, too wet, or too dry.

However, modern technology enables people to survive in awider variety of climates.

The modified Koppen system divides the world into five

main climate regions:A TropicalClimates D SnowClimatesB DryClimates E IceClimatesC Warm TemperateClimates


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2) Vegetation

The characteristics of the climate influence a regionsvegetation and soil; vegetation and soil, in turn, influencethe types of agriculture that people practice in a particularregion.

The earths land vegetation includes four major life forms ofplants, calledbiomes.

The four main biomes are forest, savannah, grassland, anddesert.

A- Forest biome C- Grassland biome

B- Savannah biome D- Desert biome


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3) Soil

The materialformed on the earths surface between the air

and the rocks is soil. Two basic problems contribute to the destruction of soil;

erosion and depletion.a) First, soil can wash away in the rain or blow away in the

wind.

b) Secondproblem is depletion (penipisan) of nutrients.


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4) Geomorphology

Geomorphology is the study ofthe earths landforms.

Geomorphology helps to explain human actions.

People tend to prefer living on relativelyflat land, whichgenerally is better suited for agriculture.

High concentrations of people and activities in hilly areas inother words, land with high relief and steeps slopes mayrequire extensive human efforts to modify the landscape.


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To understanding why people and activities are arranged in

a regular pattern across the earths surface.

Groups ofpeople alter the landscape in particular ways atdifference times in different places.

A distinctive cultural landscape results from three types ofdifferences:

1) Differences among groups of people.

2)Differences in the time period when people undertakeactivities.

3) Differences among areas of the earths surface.


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A group of people transforms the landscape in a distinctive

way primarily because of its culture.

To get a manageable grasp on the concept of culture we canexamine more closely the three elements that constituteWebsters definition:

1) customary beliefs,

2) social forms, and3) material traits.


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1) Customary beliefs

Much of cultural landscape results from apeoples

distinctive beliefs.

The cultural landscape is our unwitting biographer,because it reflects in a tangible; visible from our tastes,values, aspirations, and fears.


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2) Social forms

Groups of people create specific organizations and

institutions to transform the landscape in accordance withtheir cultural preferences.

People live and work together and remember the same past

by sharing a common language. English speakers try to find a Chinese name that is similar in

sound but also carries an attractive meaning. Executives ofCoca-Cola, for example, have selected ideograms that sound

like Ke Kou Ke Luo.These ideograms represent asuccessful translation, because they carry the followingmeaning: Good for the mouth and a reason to celebrate.

DIFFERENCES AMONG GROUPS OF

PEOPLE


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3) Material traits

A third important element of culture is the production of a

societys material expressions. The cultural landscape approach assesses the technical

potential of human communities for using and modifying

their landscape. The capability of a society to meet its material needs influences

meanings attached to the landscape. A farmer who possessesa tractor regards a hilly piece of land differently than does a

farmer with the hoe.


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Examines different impacts of culture on the landscape at

different impacts of culture on the landscape at differenttimes.

Geographers try to discover four kinds of facts about theevolution of a landscape over time:

1) The origin in time and place of given cultural features.

2)The routes, times and mannerof their diffusion to other

places.3) The process of acceptance of new ideas by a cultural

group.

4)The impactof imposing new cultural values on existing

landscapes.


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The landscape varies across the earths surface in part

because people with different cultural characteristicslive in different areas.

The third type of cultural landscape study divides theearths surface into areas that have distinctive culturalcharacteristics.

An area distinguished by one or more unique characteristics

is known as a region.


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HOW DO WE MEASURE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT? (Cont....)

We can identify 3 types of characteristics that distinguish a

countrys level of development:1) economic,

2) social, and

3) demographic.

These measures include:1) average income, 4) access to raw materials, and

2) structure of the economy, 5) availability of consumer goods.

3) worker productivity,


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PERCAPITA INCOME

The average individual earns a much higher income in a

relatively developed country than in a developing one. The gross national product (GNP)is the value of the total

output of goods and services produced in a country in a giventime period, normally one year.

Several oil-rich states bordering the Persian Gulf have the

worlds highest per capita GNPs although the levels veryconsiderably from year to another depending on the price ofpetroleum.


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ECONOMICSTRUCTURE

We can classify jobs into 3 categories:

1) Primary sector

Jobs are concerned with the direct extraction of materials fromthe earths surface, generally through agriculture, althoughsometimes by:

I. mining,

II. fishing, and

III. forestry.


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ECONOMICSTRUCTURE

2) Secondary sector

Includes manufacturers that :- process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful

products.Other secondary sector industries:

- take manufactured goods and fabricate them into finishedconsumer goods.


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ECONOMICSTRUCTURE

3) Tertiary sector

Involves theprovision of goods and services to people inexchange for payment.

Examples include:I. offices,

II. shop,III. physicians,

IV. attorneys,

V. entertainment facilities, and

VI. universities.


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PRODUCTIVITY

Workers in relatively developed countries are moreproductive than in developing countries.

Productivity is the value of a particular product compare toamount of labour needed to make it.

Workers in relatively developed countries produce more withless effort because they have access to more machines,

tools, and equipment to perform much of the work. The larger per capita GNP in relatively developed countries -

in turn makes workers more productive and generates more

wealth.


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RAW MATERIALS

Economic development requires access to raw materials,which can be fashioned into useful products and provideenergy to operate the factories.

Developing countries that possess energy resources,

especially petroleum, have been able charge higher pricesand use the additional revenues to finance economic

development. A country with abundant raw material has a good chance

of achieving greater development.


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CONSUMER GOODS

Part of the wealth generated in relatively developedcountries goes to purchasing goods and services in additionto the minimal human needs of food, clothing, and shelter.

The quantity and type of goods and service purchasedin a

society is agood measure of the level of economicdevelopment.

Among the thousands of products consumer buy, three areparticularly good indicators of a societys economicdevelopment: motor vehicles, telephones, and televisions.

In many developing countries, the haves mayconcentrate in urban areas, while the have-nots live in

the countryside.


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FOLKCULTURECHARACTERISTICS OF THE RURAL LANDSCAPE

- A classification system of eleven characteristics has been

developed for reading a rural landscape and forunderstanding the natural and cultural forces that haveshaped it.

- Thefirst four characteristics are processes that have

been instrumental in shaping the land, such as the response offarmers to fertile soils.

- The remaining seven are physical components that arephysical components that are evident on the land, such asbarns or orchards.


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PROCESSES

Land Uses and Activities

- Land uses are the major human forces that shape andorganize rural communities.

- Human activities, such as farming, mining, ranching,

recreation, social events, commerce, or industry, have left animprint on the landscape.

- Topographic variations, availability of transportation, theabundance or scarcity of natural resources (especially water),cultural traditions, and economic factors influenced the ways

people use the land.


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Patterns ofSpatial Organization

- The Organization Of Land On A Large Scale Depends OnThe

Relationship Among Major Physical Components,Predominant Landforms, And Natural Features.

- Politics, Economics, AndTechnology, As Well AsThe Natural

Environment,Have InfluencedThe Organization OfCommunities By Determining Settlement Patterns,ProximityTo Markets, AndThe Availability OfTransportation.

- Large-scale Patterns CharacterizingThe Settlement AndEarly History Of A Rural Area May Remain Constant, WhileIndividual Features, Such AsBuildings, And Vegetation,

Change OverTime.


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Response to Natural Environment

- Major natural features, such as mountains, prairies, rivers,

lakes, forest, and grasslands, influenced both the location andorganization of rural communities.

- Climate, similarly, influenced the sitting of buildings,

construction materials, and the location of clusters of buildingsand structures.

- Mineral or soil deposits, likewise, determined the suitability ofa region for particular activities. Available materials, such asstone or wood, commonly influenced the construction of

houses, barns, fences, bridges, roads, and community

buildings.


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Cultural Traditions

- Religious beliefs, social customs, ethnic identity, and trades

and skills may be evident today in both physical features anduses of the land.

- Cultural traditions determined the structure of communities byinfluencing the diversity of buildings, location of roads and

village centers, and ways the land was worked.- Traditional building forms, methods of construction, stylistic

finishes, and functional solutions evolved in the work of localartisans.


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COMPONENTS

Circulation Networks

- Circulation networks are systems for transporting people,goods, and raw materials from one point to another.

- They range in scale from livestock trails and footpaths, to

roads, canals, major highways, and even airstrips.- Some, such as farm or lumbering roads, internally served a

rural community, while others, such as railroads andwaterways, connected it to the surrounding region.


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BoundaryDemarcations (Batasan)

- Boundary demarcations delineate areas of ownership and land

use, such as an entire farmstead or open range.- They also separate smaller areas having special functions,

such as fenced field or enclosed corral.- Fences, walls, trees lines, hedge rows, drainage or irrigation

ditches, roadways, creeks, and rivers commonly markedhistoric boundaries.


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Vegetation Related to Land Use

- Vegetation includes not only crops, trees, or shrubs planted for

agricultural and ornamental purposes, but also trees that havegrow up incidentally along fences lines, beside roads, or inabandoned fields.

- Vegetation may include indigenous (native), naturalized, and

introduced species.- It grows and changes with time, whether or not people care for

it.


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Buildings, Structures, and Objects

- Their function, materials, date, condition, construction

methods, and location reflect the historic activities, customs,tastes, and skills of the people who built and used them.- Buildings designed to shelter human activity, include

residences, schools, outbuildings, barns, stores, communityhalls, and train depots.

- Structures designed for functions other than shelter, includedams, canals, systems of fencing, and systems of irrigation,tunnels, mining shafts, grain ships, and highways.

- Objects relatively able constructions, include markers andmonuments, small boats, machinery, and equipment.


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Cluster

- Groupings of buildings, fences, and other features, as seen in a

farmstead, ranch, or mining complex, result from function,social tradition, climate, or other influences, cultural ornatural.

- The arrangement of clusters may reveal information about

historical and continuing activities, as well as the impact ofvarying technologies and the preferences of particular

generations.- The repetition is similar clusters throughout a landscape may

indicate organization, and land use.


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ArchaeologicalSites

- The sites of prehistoric or historic activities or occupation may

be marked by foundations, ruins, changes in vegetation, andsurface remains.

- They may provide valuable information about the ways theland has been used, patterns of social history, or the methods

and extent of activities such as shipping, milling, lumbering, orquarrying.

- The ruins of mills, charcoal kilns, canals, outbuildings, piers,quarries, and mines commonly indicate previous uses of theland.


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Small-scale elements

- Small-scale elements, such as a foot bridge or road sign, add to

the historic setting of a rural landscape.- Small-scale elements also include minor remnants, including

canal stones, road traces, mill stones, individual fruit trees,abandoned machinery, or fence posts.

- That mark the location of historic activities, but lacksignificance or integrity as archaeological sites.


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AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR RURALLANDSCAPE

The following areas of significant commonly apply to rurallandscape:-

1) Agriculture

2) Architecture3) Archaeology4) Community Planning and Development

5) Conservation6) Engineering

7) Exploration /Settlement8) Industry

9) Landscape Architecture10)Science


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The Factors Transformation of the Rural Area:

1. Increases percentage of labour in modern economic sector

2. Demography characteristics3. Increases of basic facilities4. Increases properties, savings, and power to buy things5. Increases educational activities6. Increases easy accessibility

7. Increases utilities and social service


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The Factors Influencing the Blooming Of

Rural Area to Become a Town :

1. Potential of existing natural resources2. Development of modern economics

3. Location and strategic sites4. Natural elements attraction

5. Government policy6. Population


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AGRICULTURE SOCIETY

- How farmers deal with the physical environment varies

according to customary beliefs, preferences, technologicalcapabilities, and a number of cultural factors.

- Farmers in a society posses specific knowledge about

environmental conditions and particular technologicalcapabilities for modifying the landscape.

Farmers undertake the most profitable type of agriculture,although economic calculations can be altered by government

programs, which subsidize the production of some products

and discourage others.


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ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE

- Agriculture involves the deliberate effort to modify a portion

of the earths surface by cultivating crops and rearinglivestock for sustenance or for economic gain.- Agriculture thus originated when humans domesticated

plants and animals for their use.- The cultivation of plants may have originated by accident.

- In the process of gathering wild vegetation, members of thegroup may have accidentally cut plants or dropped berries.


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ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE (cont..)

- These hunters would have been surprised to see that, after a

period of time, damaged or destroyed food sourcesproduced new plants.- The earliest form of plant cultivation, according to the

prominent cultural geographer Carl Sauer, consisted of

vegeculture.

- Sauer defined vegeculture as reproduction of plants by directcloning, such as cutting stems and dividing roots.


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LOCATION OF FIRST AGRICULTURE

- Vegeculture probably originated in Southeast Asia,

according to Sauer.- The diversity of climate and topography in the regionprobably encourage the growth of a wide variety of plantssuitable for dividing and transplanting.

- Also, because the people in the region obtained food

primarily by fishing, rather than by hunting and gathering,they may have been more attention to growing plants.


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LOCATION OF FIRST AGRICULTURE (cont..)

- Early hearths of vegeculture may have also emergedindependently in West Africa and North-Western SouthAfrica.

- Vegeculture may have been based on the oil-palm tree and

yam in West Africa and manioc, sweet potato, and arrowrootin South America.

- Vegeculture diffused from the Southeast Asian hearth northand east to China and Japan and west through India toSouthwest Asia,Tropical Africa, and the Mediterranean

lands.- The practices spread from north-western South America to

Central America and eastern portions of South America.


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CHARACTERISTICS OFCOMMERCIALAGRICULTURE

Several important characteristics distinguish commercial

agricultural from subsistence agriculture, which predominates inthe developing countries.The characteristics are:

1) Small percentage of farmers2) Heavy use of machinery

3) Large farm size4) Output sold to processors5) Integration with other business


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1) Small percentage of farmers

- The first distinctive characteristics of commercial agriculture

are the small percentage of farmers in the labour force.- The small percentage of farmers can produce enough food not

only for themselves and the rest of the country but also asurplus to help people elsewhere in the world.

- Both push and pull migration factors have been responsible.

- People have moved away from farms because they were nolonger needed and, at the same time, have been lured tohigher-paying jobs in urban areas.


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2) Heavy use of machinery

- Commercial agriculture is characterized by a high degree of

reliance on technological and scientific improvements.- A small number of farmers are able to feed a large number of

people in relatively developed societies because commercialfarmers rely on machinery rather than people or animals to

supply power.

- Traditionally, the farmer or a local craftsman made theequipment from wood, but beginning in the late eighteenthcentury, factories produced farm machinery.


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3) Large farm size

- The third distinctive characteristic of commercial agriculture

is the relatively large size of the average farm, especially intheUnited States and Canada.

- The average farm in theU.S. Midwest is approximately 100hectares (250 acres).

- As a result of the large size and the high level of

mechanization, commercial agriculture is an expensivebusiness.

- Farmers must spend hundreds of thousands of dollar to buy orrent land and machinery before beginning operations.


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4)Output sold to processors

- Commercial farmers grow crops and raise animal primarily

for sale off the farm rather than for their own consumption.- Agricultural products are sold to food processing companies

rather than directly to consumers.- Large processors typically sign contracts with commercial

farmers to buy their output.


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5) Integration with other business

- The system of commercial farming in the United States andother relatively developed countries has been called agribusiness,

because the family farm is not an isolated activity but is integratedinto a large food production industry.- Some farmers engaged in other activities related to

agribusiness.- These activities include processing, packaging, storing,

distributing, and retailing food.- Agribusiness encompasses such diverse enterprises as tractor

manufacturers, fertilizer producers, and seed distributions, as wellas restaurants, fast-food franchises, and home delivered pizzas.


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THE FACTORS HOW HUMAN GEOGRAPHYINFLUENCING THE AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

1. Economic factors

- Important elements demand and offer, marketing, powerto customer

- Price of agricultural products not stable, lesion to

agricultural activities- Demands from factories manufacture sectors (tyre,

cooking oil, margarine)


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2. Social factors

- Labour and basic facilities expertise labour to producemore products

- Expert labour importance to manage the modern machinery,pest control, R&D

- Problems less expert labour especially in plantation sectors- Agricultural sectors also influencing by telecommunication,

port, warehouse


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3. Government factors

- Government policy and effort to develop the agriculturalsectors

- Government roles: provide the irrigation systems and cleanwater to paddy field, give subsidize to farmers, generate

FAMA,MARDEC and BERNAS control the price of cropsproduction


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4. Technology factors

- Research and development- LGM Lembaga Getah Malaysia successful cloned the

genetics to produced a quality rubber trees- R&D to guarantee the agriculture sectors develops all the

time and competes with other country


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THE PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AGRICULTURAL

ACTIVITIES IN ASIA PACIFICCOUNTRIES

1. Climate

- Temperature elements guaranteed the plants growth- Rain too rainy and less rainy (not to good)

- Sunlight photosynthesis process

2. Irrigation systems- To supplies water to agriculture area

-P

ond, damp, moat, river- Soil factors not suitable for alluvium soil

3. Suitable earth surface

- Not all earth surfaces suitable for agriculture- The earth surface characteristics flatten, sloppy, highland, lowland, fertility


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THE IMPORTANT FACTORS OF THE AGRICULTURALSECTORS IN MALAYSIA

1. Food stocks and main food for inhabitant, economic values,national capital, jobs opportunity, development of industrybased on agriculture products

2. Increased level of national technology, development ofinfrastructure, new town development


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URBANIZATION

WHAT ACTIVITIES ARE FOUND IN THECENTRALCITY?

- The center is the best-known and most visually distinctivearea of most cities.

- It is one of the oldest districts in the city and is often locatedon or near the original site of the settlement.


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1) Importance of theCBD for retailing

- First, a shop may be located in the center if it has a high

threshold, that is, a large minimum number of customersneeded to support the service.

- The second type of shop that tends to be located in the centerhas a high range, that is, great maximum distance customers

are willing to travel to use the service.

- A third type of retail activity located in the center serves thelarge number of people who works in the center and shopduring lunch or working hours.


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3) High land cost in the center

- The accessibility of the citys center produces extremely strongcompetition for the limited sites available.

- As a result, the value of land in the center is very high.- Two distinctive characteristics of the central city follow from

the very high land costs.

- First, the land is used more intensively in the center thanelsewhere in the city.

- Second, some activities are excluded from the centerbecause of the high cost of space.


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4)Intensive land use

- Compared to other parts of the city, the central area makes

more extensive use of space below and above ground level.- The typicalunderground city includes multi-story parking

garages, loading docks for deliveries to offices and shops, andwater and sewer lines.

- Subways run under the streets of large central cities.

- Some cities have built extensive systems of pedestrianpassage and shops beneath the center.


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5) Skyscrapers

- The demand for space in the central city has also made high-

rise structures economically feasible.- Every city has a unique downtown skyline as a result of the

particular arrangement and architectural styles of its high-risebuildings.

- Streets become congested because the skyscrapers generate a

considerable amount of traffic.


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6)EuropeanCBDs

- The most prominent structures may be churches and former

royal palaces squares, at road junctions, or on hilltops.- Many parks in the center ofEuropean cities were first laid out

as private gardens for aristocratic families and only later wereopened to the public.

- European cities have tried to preserve their historic core by

limiting the number of cars and high-rise buildings.


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7) Land uses excluded fromCBDs

- High rents and the shortage of land discourage two principal

types of activities from concentrating in the central area:MANUFACTURING and RESIDENTIAL.

- People have migrated from central cities for a combinationof pull and push factors.

- First,people have been lured to suburbs, which offer larger

homes with private yards and modern schools.- Second,people have sought to escape from the dirt, crime,

congestion, and poverty of the central city.


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8)Commuting

- Because few people live in the center, urban areas are

characterized by high levels of commuting into theCBD in themorning and out in the evening.

- In larger cities, public transportation may carry a substantialnumber of people during peak travel hours.

- Despite the construction of multi-story garages, as much as

one-third of the high-priced central land is devoted to streetsand parking lots.


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THE FACTORS THATCAUSED THEUNBALANCED

DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

1. Physical factors soil and earth surface2. Natural resources distribution3. Colonization impacts

4. Government policy and political5. Different number of industrial zones

6. Different urbanization factors7. Population factors8. Social factors


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THE EFFECTS OF THEURBANIZATION PROCESS TOWARDSTHE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THECITY

1. Air pollution, haze

- Increases number of vehicles- Industrial zones

2. Urban heat island- A lot of buildings, road, pave area- Less of trees in urban area

3. Flash flood- Usually in urban / town area- Road, paves area, lack of vegetation- River, moat too shallow


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THE EFFECTS OF THEURBANIZATION PROCESS TOWARDSTHE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THECITY (cont...)

4. Acid rain- Rain water quality

- Air pollution gases from industrial zones, vehicles,

5. Water pollution- Residue of oil, factory, housing- No water quality

6. Soil erosion- Loose soil, development at hilly area, highland agriculture activities, overpopulation


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THE FACTORS THATCAUSED THEURBANIZATIONPROCESS INURBAN AREA

1. Traffic jam / congested2. Life quality low healthy3. Increase squatter and destitute4. Increase social problems5. Positive effects infrastructure developments6. Variety of economic activities


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THE DEFINITION OF THECITY HIERARCHY

1. Classification of the city based on number of population,

areas, local authority2. Megalopolis, Metropolis, City,Town, medium town and small

town


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RAPIDURBAN GROWTH

- Relatively developed countries have been transformed from

predominantly rural to predominantly urban societies.- The process of urbanization involves 2 changes in

distribution of a countrys population: an increase in thenumber of people living in urban settlements and an increase

in the percentage of people living in urban settlements.

- The increase in the percentage of urban residents is afunction of the societys changing economic structure.


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RAPIDURBAN GROWTH (cont...)

- A high percentage of urban residents reflect the fact that

most of the jobs are in factories offices, and services, ratherthan on farms.

- In relatively developed countries, the majority of peoplework in factories, offices, and service jobs which are

concentrated in urban settlements.

- People are migrating from rural to urban areas because ofvery poor economic conditions in rural settlements ratherthan realistic prospects for jobs in the cities.


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URBAN HEAT ISLAND

- The buildings, concrete, asphalt, and the human and

industrial activity of urban areas have caused cities to

maintain higher temperatures than their surroundingcountryside.

- This increased heat is known as an urban heat island.The airin an urban heat island can be as much as 20F (11C) higher

than rural areas surrounding the city.- Parks and greenbelts reduce temperatures while the CentralBusiness District (CBD), commercial areas, and evensuburban housing tracts are areas of warmer temperatures.


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URBAN HEAT ISLAND (cont...)

- Planting trees not only helps to shade cities from incoming

solar radiation, they also increase evapotranspiration, whichdecreases the air temperature.Trees can reduce energy costsby 10-20%.The concrete and asphalt of our cities increasesrunoff, which decreases the evaporation rate and thus also

increases temperature.


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Popular culture is constituted by whateverpeople do in theirleisure time.

Popular landscape might be conceived as that

which belongs to the peopleand that which iswidely favouredandwell liked, such as

popular music.


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INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

The modern concept of industry manufacturing goods in afactory began in Great Britain in the late eighteenth

century. The process of change, known as industrial revolution,

transformed both the way in which goods are produced for

a society and the way people obtain food, clothing, and

shelter. The industrial revolution has penetrated virtually all

economic, social, and political elements of society.


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HOW IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED

Industry is not distributed uniformly across the earthssurface.

Approximately three-fourths of the worlds industrialproduction is concentrated in four regions:

a) EASTERNNORTHAMERICA,

b) NORTHWEST EUROPE,

c) THEWEST-SENTRAL SOVIET UNION, andd)JAPAN.


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1) NorthAmerica

Manufacturing in North America is concentrated in the northeastportion of theUnited States and in south-eastern Canada.

Good transportation systems facilitated the movement of raw

materials to the factories and manufactured goods to markets.

2) Europe

The principal industrial region of Europe is situated in the northwestand encompasses a portion of several countries.

These four areas become important for industry because of theirproximity both to raw materials, such as coal and iron ore, and to largeconcentrations of wealthy European consumers.


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3) The Soviet Union

The SovietUnion has five major industrial regions, two of which wereestablished in the nineteenth century and three since the 1917revolution that brought the Communist party to power.

The two prerevolutionary regions the central industrial district andUkraine are located in the western portion of the country, relativelyclose to other European states.

The 3 more recently established regions the Volga, theUrals, andKuznetsk are closer to the center of the country.


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4) Japan

Because it lacks many natural resources, the country must importnearly all of its energy and raw materials.

Japan became an industrial power, initially by producing goods that

could be sold in large quantity at cut-rate prices to consumers in othercountries.

Japanese planners, aware that other countries were buildingindustries based on even lower-cost labour, began to train workers forhighly skilled job.

Japan gained a reputation for high-quality electronics, precisioninstruments, and other products that required well-trained workers.


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THE PURPOSES HOW THE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

DISSEMINATED FROM DEVELOPED AREAS TO RETREATEDAREAS

1. Quick-up the economical development at retreated area and to balancedthe level of economical development between areas.

2. Generate huge jobs opportunity at retreated area / rural area.3. Increase population at retreated area or to balance up the population

distribution between areas.

4. Quick up social development and basic facilities at retreated areas.5. Decrease the crowded population and traffic at develop area.6. Decrease environmental pollution.7. Decrease a pressure towards compacted soil at urban area.


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THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS OF THE INDUSTRIALSECTOR IN MALAYSIA AND ITS CONTRIBUTIONSTOWARDS THECOUNTRY

1. Generate jobs opportunity

2. Generate income to country3. Increase technologies and expertise4. Make huge markets5. Thrive the correlate industry6. Generate infrastructure development


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URBAN LANDSCAPE

URBAN GENERATORS

The principle factors shape the form and substance of townsand cities:

A)Movement Systems

B) Natural FeaturesC) Development Process

D)Urban Types

E) Social andCultural Meaning


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A) Movement Systems Movements and urban form:

i) Walking / pulling by horse: winding back alleys of medievaltowns that are passable by foot or animal creating 3 to 4

storey height medieval lane.ii) Pedestrians, carriages boulevards ofParis creating 7 / 8

storey Parisian apartment.iii) Motorway creating multi-storey American skyscraper.


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A) Movement Systems (cont...)

Type of movement system radial (London), concentric (Vienna),grids (American cities).

Movement systems and urban generation encourage newdevelopment at the peripheral settlements: edge cities and insertionof new transport system / retrofitting of new transport and movementsystem lead the generation.

Sustainability principle of reducing car use through urban designintervention at all scales of development (Urban Renaissance / NewUrbanism).


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B) Natural Features

Town and cities often formed around natural features ports, rivercrossing

Natural features played a part in a citys evolution

Open spaces are vulnerable to development pressures


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C)Development Process

Places are form through the development of buildings and otherstructures influenced by relationships of ownership, control, political

and cultural practices. Cities of developing countries the starkest exposition of the

relationships between land values, land owner, political control andurban form: the semi-private spaces of building are highly controlled andpoliced.

Urban designer can influence the shape and use, through design controlsand guidelines that can regulate and shape development.

Economic what is built (purpose), who owns it and who manages it. Development process influences / influences by division of private /

public spaces, its management and local and central governmentintervention.


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D) Urban Types

Building types (modern time) high-rise tower, can

accommodate many activities: lookalike (Old days) buildingswere closely related to locality, custom and culture.

Urban types /Urban Fabric formal properties: streetwidths, plots widths, building heights, shapes or footprints

and degree of repetition of these units Urban Morphology.

NewUrban types result of technological and social change,evolution, invention, adaptation and combination.


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E)Social andCultural Meaning

Space and building typologies: as physical and functional

entities shaped by ritual relationship between numbers ofsociety, imbued with meanings that are emblematic of theregion / strata of society.

Meaning (the associations) is not always clear and

transparent, but may be various, fragmented and

contradictory, change over time. Urban designers should aware of the range and depth of

the meanings.

Design intervention can change perceptions.


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2 SET OFURBAN ELEMENT

1) Principle Element significant influence on form, structure

and use of the city2) Detailed configurations not influence the overall pattern /

use of the city


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1) Principle Element significant influence on form,structure and use of the city

i- Main open spacesii- The squareiii- Main roads and other transport arteriesiv- Religious / Community buildingsv- Shopping and recreational areas

vi- Monuments and landmarksvii- Cultural institutions


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2)Detailed configurations not influence the overallpattern / use of the city

i- Broad mass of the city district

ii- Building typology and Morphology help to under standthe town in a generic way

iii-The nature of the buildings, spaces and streets have a high

degree of consistency


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IMPACT OF POPULARCUSTOMS ON THELANDSCAPE

- The distribution of popular customs across the earthssurface produces a somewhat uniform landscape.

- In fact, the promoters of various popular customs want a

uniform impact on the landscape to generate higherconsumption.


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1) Fast-food restaurants- Such restaurants are usually organized as franchises and owned by

local operators who have contracts to use a national companys

methods, symbols, trademarks, and architectural styles.- Much of the attraction of fast-food restaurants comes from theconvenience of the product and the use of the building as asocializing location for teenagers or families with young children.

- Fast-food restaurant originally developed to attract people whoarrive by car.


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2) Global diffusion- With more rapid communications and transportation, customs from anyplace on the earths surface can rapidly diffuseelsewhere.

- Japanese cars and electronics, for example, have diffused in recentyears to the rest of the world, including NorthAmerica.- American-owned companies such as GeneralMotors andFord now

manufacture similar models in North andSouthAmerica, Europe,andAsia, instead of separately designed models for each

continent.


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THREAT TO FOLK CUSTOMS

- Many developing countries fear the loss of folk customs for

two reasons.- First, the disappearance of folk customs may be symbolic of

the loss of traditional values in society.- Second, the diffusion of popular customs from relatively

developed countries can lead to dominance ofWesternperspectives in their countries.


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1) Loss of traditional values

- One example of the symbolic importance of folk customs is clothing.

- In African and Asian countries today, there is a contrast between theclothes of rural farm workers and the clothes of urban business andgovernment leaders.

- Leaders of African and Asian countries have travelled to the West andexperienced the sense of social status attached to Western clothes,especially mens business suits.

- TheWestern suit has been accepted as the uniform for businessexecutives and bureaucrats around the world.


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2) Threat of domination

- The threat is posed primarily by the media, especially news-gatheringorganizations and television.

- ManyAfrican andAsian government officials criticize theWesternconcept of freedom of the press.- They argue that theAmerican news organizations reflectAmerican

values and do not provide a balanced, accurate view of other countries.


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TYPES OF SERVICES SECTOR IN MALAYSIA

1. Tourism sector- Highest generate national economy

2. Transportation and communication sector- Land transportation, water transportation, air transportation,- ICT, internet, intranet information and business occur faster

3. Finance, insurance, estate and business services sector

- Bank and correlate company

- Insurance service to protection and recover people from accidents,treatment, educational, nature disaster

- Consultancy, educational, security, attorney


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TYPES OF SERVICES SECTOR IN MALAYSIA (cont..)

4. Electric utilities, water and gas sector- Basic utilities use in home, industry, commercial, business

5. Government services

- State government, federal government, local authority


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TOURISM

Definition

1. Tourism is deemed to include any activity concerned with the temporary short

term movement of people to destinations outside the places where theynormally live and work, and their activities during their stay at these

destinations.

2. The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usualenvironment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and

other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from withinthe place visited.


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TOURISM PRODUCTS IN MALAYSIA

1. Eco-tourism

- based on natural resources (Taman Negara, Hutan Simpan,Mountain)

2. Agro-tourism- based on agriculture resources (orchard, homestay)

3. Health tourism

- Tourist comes to have treatments (private hospital, traditional)

4. Edu-tourism- Encourage people to have course, site visit, and academic trip


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TOURISM PRODUCTS IN MALAYSIA (cont...)

5. Cultural andHeritage tourism

- visit historical places, archaeological site, museum

6. MICE tourism- Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition

7. Sport and Recreational tourism

- based on sport and recreational (F1, Commonwealths Games, SEA Games)


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SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

THE DEFINITION

A method of analyzing what impact a government action may have on social

aspects of the environment.

A tool for impact assessment, including social, economic or environmental.

SIA is focused on human environment problems and their resolution.

SIA process brings local knowledge to the decision process. SIA provides information to agencies and communities about social and cultural

factors that need to be considered; SIA incorporating local knowledge and values into the decision;

SIA will help decision-makers to identify the most socially beneficial course ofaction for local, regional, and national interests.


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PEOPLE AS NATIONS MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

The term cultural landscape embraces a diversity of manifestations of the

interactions between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land use,

considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they areestablished in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature.

Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques ofsustainable land use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the

landscape. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in

maintaining biological diversity.


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PEOPLE AS NATIONS MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY

Cultures have been meeting and mixing in Malaysia since the very beginning of

its history. More than fifteen hundred years ago a Malay kingdom in Bujang Valley

welcomed traders from China and India. With the arrival of gold and silks, Buddhism and Hinduism also came to Malaysia.

A thousand years later, Arab traders arrived in Malacca and brought with themthe principles and practices ofIslam.

By the time the Portuguese arrived in Malaysia, the empire that theyencountered was more cosmopolitan than their own.

One example of the complexity with which Malaysia's immigrant populationshave contributed to the nation's culture as a whole is the history of Chinese

immigrants.


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PEOPLE AS NATIONS MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY (cont...)

The first Chinese to settle in the straits, primarily in and around Malacca,gradually adopted elements ofMalaysian culture and intermarried with the

Malaysian community.

Known as babas and nyonyas, they eventually produced a synthetic set ofpractices, beliefs, and arts, combiningMalay and Chinese traditions in such a wayas to create a new culture.

Muslims have adapted the Chinese custom of giving little red packets of money(ang pau) at festivals to their own needs; the packets given on Muslim holidays

are green and have Arab writing on them.

You can go from aMalaysian kampung to a rubber plantation worked by Indiansto Penang's Chinese kongsi and feel you've traveled through three nations


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POPULATION

To study problems such as increasing the food supply, reducing pollution, and

encouraging economic growth, geographers must know the size and distribution ofa regions population.

The scientific study of population characteristics is known as demography. The study of population is critically important because of three facts:

More people are alive at this time than at any point in the past.

The worlds population has been increasing at more rapid rate since the end of

World WarII than ever before in history. Virtually all of the global population growth in concentrated in the poor, developing

countries.


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POPULATION DISTRIBUTED

Human beings are not distributed uniformly across the earths surface. We can understand how population is distributed by using two basic

properties of spatial distribution: concentration and density.


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1)POPULATIONCONCENTRATIONS

We can divide the world into regions occupied by large numbers ofpeople and regions that are sparsely inhabited.

The portion of the earths surface occupied by permanent humansettlement is called the acumen.

The worlds population is clustered in five regions: East Asia, South Asia,Southeast Asia, Western Europe, Western Europe, and Eastern North.

Most people live near an ocean or river with easy access to an ocean

rather than near the interior of major land masses. In fact, approximately two thirds of the worlds population lives within

500 km (300 miles), and 80% within 800 km (500 miles), of an ocean.


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SPARSECONCENTRATIONS (jarang)

- Human beings avoid clustering in certain physical environments.- In general, people prefer not to live in regions that are TOO DRY, TOO

WET, TOOCOLD, OR TOO MOUNTAINS for activities such as agriculture.


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2) DENSITY

The concept of density helps geographers measure the relationshipbetween population and available resources.

a) Arithmetic density Geographers most frequently use the arithmetic density (or population

density), which is the total number of people divided by total land area.

b) Physiological density

Physiological density and agricultural density provide insights into the

relationship between the size of a population and the availability of

resources to support life in a region.c) Agricultural density

Two countries with similar physiological densities may producesignificantly different amounts of good because of different

economic conditions.


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POPULATION INCREASE

- We can estimate that for most of human history the size of thepopulation was virtually unchanged, at perhaps one-half million.

- The species multiplied in some regions and declined in others, whileremaining sparse throughout the world.

- During the period people lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers.- The global rate of population growth sharply increased during three

periods around 8000B.C., A.D. 1750, and A.D. 1950.- Each population spurt was accompanied by technological advances that

gave people greater control over their physical and social environments.- In turn, these technological improvements increased the capacity of the

earth to support human population.


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1) First period of population increase

For several hundred thousand years prior to approximately 8000 B.C.,global population had increased very modestly, at an average of only a

couple of dozen people per year. Then, around the year 8000 B.C., the annual growth rate surged to 50

times higher than in the past, and world population grew by severalthousand per year.

Between 8000B.C. and A.D. 1750, global population increased fromapproximately 5 million to 800 million.

By growing plants and raising animals, human beings created larger andmore predictable sources of food, and more people could survive.


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b) Second period of population increase

For nearly 10,000 years after the agricultural revolution, the worldpopulation grew at a fairly steady pace.

After around 1750, the worlds population suddenly began to grow tentimes faster than in the past.

Global population rose from approximately 800 million in 1750 to 2.5billion in 1950, an average annual increase of 0.6% per year.

The industrial revolution involved a series of improvements in industrialtechnology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.


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c) Third period of population increase

The third dramatic increase in global population began in the late 1940safter World War II.

The average annual population increase jumped from approximatelyone-half of 1% early in the twentieth century to nearly 2% by the middleof the twentieth century.

Instead of adding a few million people per year since the late 1940s. By the end of the twentieth century, world population will be increasing

by more than 100 million people per year. The recent era of population growth has been caused by the medical

revolution.


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THECONCEPT OF QUANTITY INHABITANT AND QUALITY

INHABITANT AS HUMAN RESOURCES

QUANTITYCONCEPT

can be measured by:

1) Number of inhabitant / total of inhabitant

2) Sizes of inhabitant 3) Inhabitant distribution

4) Ages / sex structures


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THECONCEPT OF QUANTITY INHABITANT AND QUALITY INHABITANTAS HUMAN RESOURCES

QUALITYCONCEPT can be measured by:

1) Physical character 2) Healthy character 3) Education and expertise 4) Open minded 5) Mobility 6) Attitude 7) Productive


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SOILS

1. Types and quality if soil is very important economic activities, distribution of

population2. Volcanos mountain / good soil loess soil, chernozzem soil3. podzol soil, seirozem soil and hardpan not suitable for agriculture

IRRIGATIONS

1. Surface irrigation and river systems soil influenced the irrigation

2. Fertile soil need good irrigation3. Irrigation for agriculture, settlement and economic


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MALAY WORLD

The concept of the Malay World is based on the idea of a Malay race, andrefers to a cultural and linguistic sphere of influence, covering the

archipelago of modern-day Indonesia,Malaysia, Singapore, thesouthernmost part ofThailand, the Philippines, Brunei, EastTimor andoccasionally New Guinea, with an outlier of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

The equivalent term in Malay is AlamMelayu and in Indonesian,Nusantara although the term Nusantara is now widely used in Malaysia

as well. In the Philippines, the term Dunia Melayu Nusantara is used, butis often shortened to Nusantara just like in Malaysia and Indonesia.


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DEFINITION OF MALAY

Malays (Malay: Melayu) are an ethnic group of Austronesianpeoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and

parts of Sumatra and Borneo. The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of aMalay race, which encompasses a wider group of people,including most ofIndonesia and the Philippines.

The Malay language is a member of the Austronesia familyof languages.


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HISTORY OF MALAY PEOPLE

TheMalay people are believed to have originated in Borneo and thenexpanded outwards into Sumatra and later into the MalayPeninsula.These people were descendants of Austronesian-speakers who migrated

from the Philippines and originally fromTaiwan. The main foundation of this school of thought lies in the fact that the

oldestMalay settlements have been discovered in Sumatra and not intheMalay Peninsula.This suggests an upward - south to north -migratory route.

Malay culture reached its golden age during Srivijayan times. MalayspracticedBuddhism, Hinduism, and their native Animism beforeconverting to Islam in the 15th century.


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MALAY WORD ETYMOLOGY

According to theHistory of Jambi, the word Melayu originated from ariver with name Melayu near to BatangHari River of today's Muara

Jambi, Jambi province of Sumatra, Indonesia.The founder ofMalacca,Parameswara was a prince ofPalembang which was once owned by anation called "Malayu" back in the seventh century.

Yi Jing (635-713) clearly recorded in his journal book a nation of name'Ma-La-Yu' existed. According to archaeological research of Jambi, large

numbers of ancient artifacts and ancient architectures ofMelayu havebeen found with photo evidence.


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MALAY WORD ETYMOLOGY

The word "Malay" was adopted into English via the Dutch word "Malayo",itself from Portuguese "Malaio", which originates from theMalay word"Melayu".

According to one popular theory, the word Melayu means "migrating" or"fleeing", which might refer to the high mobility of these people acrossthe region (cf. Javanese verb 'mlayu' means "to run", cognate with Malayverb 'melaju', means "to accelerate") or perhaps the original meaning is"distant, far away" (cf.Tagalog 'malayo')

Another theory holds that the name refers to theTamil wordMalai Yur

which means "Land ofMountains" (malai means mountain and yurmeans land), a reference to the hilly nature of theMalay Archipelago.


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CHINESE MALAYSIAN The Chinese inMalaysia maintain a distinct communal identity and rarely

intermarry with nativeMuslimMalays for religious and cultural reasons.MostMalaysian Chinese consider their being "Chinese" at once an ethnic,

cultural and political identity.

TheMalaysian Chinese have traditionally dominated the Malaysianeconomy, but with the advent of affirmative action policies by theMalaysian government to protect the interests of ethnic Malays, theirshare has eroded somewhat. On most counts, however, they still make

up the majority of the middle and upper income classes. As 2004, theybecame the richest ethnic in Malaysia with owned 40.9 percent ofMalaysia's total equity.

As of 2007, they constitute about a quarter of the Malaysian population.


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DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNICCHINESE POPULATION INMALAYSIA

Most Chinese immigrants ofMalaya came from southern China, mostly

from the province of Fujian and Guangdong. In the nineteenth century,many came as indentured labourers, known as coolies.

Others came freely to work, and were supported by Clan Associations.By1911, the Chinese population inMalaya had reached 269,854, and around

a million circa 1949.

Today the majority of Chinese people are found in cities; even formingthe majority group in cities such as Georgetown, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur,Kuching,Petaling Jaya and Klang.


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INDIAN MALAYSIAN

Malaysian Indians are a group ofMalaysians largely descended fromthose who migrated from southern India during theBritish colonizationofMalaya.

Prior to British colonization,Tamils had been conspicuous in thearchipelago much earlier, especially since the period of the powerfulSouth India kingdom of the Cholas in the 11th century.By that time,Tamils were among the most important trading peoples of maritime

Asia.


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INDIAN MALAYSIAN

Some malays call Indians "keling' which is malayanised name for Kalinga-ancient andra kingdom.

In SejarahMelayu, annals of malay history, India is called "benua keling".It is said that, a malay warrior,HangTuah, visited india, presumablyKingdom of Vijayanagar,aTelugu kingdom which was ruling entire southindia in 15th century.

SejarahM

elayu also traces the ancestry of their sultans to "B

ENU

AKELING".The word "Keling" is highly pejorative and extremely offensiveto Indians, but this is because of status ofIndians inMalaysia today,being a poorer community (compared to malays and Chinese) with highcrime rate.


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PERANAKAN

Peranakan,Baba-Nyonya) and Straits Chinese are terms used for thedescendants of the very early Chinese immigrants to the Nusantara

region, including both theB

ritish Straits Settlements ofM

alaya and theDutch-controlled island of Java among other places, who have partiallyadoptedMalay customs in an effort (chronological adaptation) to beassimilated into the local communities.

The word Peranakan is also used to describe Chinese Indonesians. In both

Malay and Indonesian, 'Peranakan' means 'descendants'. Babas refer to the male descendants and the Nyonyas the female.The

word nyonya (also commonly spelled nonya) may originate from thePortuguese word dona, which means 'lady'.


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PERANAKAN LANGUAGE

The language of the Peranakans,BabaMalay (BahasaMelayu Baba) , is adialect of the Malay language (BahasaMelayu), which contains many

Hokkien words.

It is a dying language, and its contemporary use is mainly limited tomembers of the older generation; this is indicative also of the Peranakanculture at large.


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HISTORY OF PERANAKAN

In the 15th century, the city states of the Malay Peninsula often paidtribute to various kingdoms such as the kingdoms of China and Siam.

Close relations with China were established in the early 15th century,during the reign ofParameswara, when Admiral ZhengHe (ChengHo), aMuslim Chinese, visitedMalacca.

According to traditional accounts, in 1459 CE, the Emperor of China sent

a princess,Hang Li Po, to the Sultan ofMalacca as a token ofappreciation for his tribute.


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KADAZAN-DUSUN

Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of theclassification of two indigenous tribes in Sabah,Malaysiathe ethnicgroups Kadazan and Dusun

HISTORY OF KADAZAN DUSUN

Kadazans and Dusuns share the same language and culture, albeit withdifferences in dialect.Many consider the major difference between thetwo ethnic groups to be their traditional geographical influences.


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CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY IN THE LANDSCAPE

Definition of State or an independent country. An independent State:

1) Has space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary

disputes are OK).2) Has people who live there on an ongoing basis.

3) Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign anddomestic trade and issues money.

4) Has the power of social engineering, such as education.5) Has a transportation system for moving goods and people.

6) Has a government which provides public services and police power.7) Has sovereignty. No otherState should have power over the country's territory.

8) Has external recognition. A country has been "voted into the club" by othercountries.


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CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY IN THE LANDSCAPE

There are currently 195 independent countries or States around theworld.Territories of countries or individual parts of a country are not

countries in their own right.

Examples of entities that are not countries include: Hong Kong,Bermuda, Greenland, Puerto Rico, and most notably the constituentparts of theUnited Kingdom. (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, andEngland are not countries.)

A "state" (with a lower-case "s") is usually a division of a federal State(such as the states of theUnited States of America).


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NATIONS AND NATION-STATES

Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people, larger than a single tribeor community, which shares a common language, institutions, religion, andhistorical experience.

When nations of people have a State or country of their own, it is called anation-state. Places like France, Egypt, Germany, Japan, and NewZealand are excellent examples of nation-states.There are some Stateswhich have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. Even with its

multicultural society, theUnited States is also referred to as a nation-state because of the shared American "culture."

There are nations without States. For example, the Kurds are statelesspeople.


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LANDLOCKEDCOUNTRIES

1. No Adjacent (bordering)Access to the Ocean

Approximately one-fifth of the world's countries is landlocked and has noaccess to the oceans.There are 43 landlocked countries that do not havedirect access to an ocean or ocean-accessible sea (such as theMediterranean Sea).They have the disadvantageous situation of needingto rely upon neighbouring countries for access to seaports. For example,Ethiopia relies on Eritrea for access to the Red Sea and recent conflicts

have made that access difficult.

The most recent addition to the list of landlocked countries was Serbia,which forme

Documents

Lar362 Cultural Geography