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Abstract-- This paper is a synthesis of the work done at Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec for modeling and simulating wind power plants for power system studies. The electromagnetic transient model of a wind generator using a doubly-fed induction generator is presented. Modeling techniques for simulating large wind power plants are described. Model validation using field measurements and simulation study are presented. Real-time simulation of 25 aggregate wind power plants into the series-compensated Hydro-Québec power systems is finally presented and illustrates the feasibility of using large-scale electromagnetic transient simulations for power system studies.
Index Terms—Wind generator, wind power plant,
modeling, model validation, simulation, real-time simulation.
I. NOMENCLATURE
WPP wind power plant WG wind generator IREQ Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec DFIG doubly-fed induction generator POI point of interconnection EMT electromagnetic transients MATLAB/SPS MATLAB/SimPowerSystems HVDC high voltage direct current WFMS wind farm management system
II. INTRODUCTION
YM
2015 Hydro-Québec will be carrying about 4000 W of wind power over its transmission system.
Integrating WPPs generation under optimal conditions requires extensive modeling and simulation. Modern WGs use sophisticated conversion systems including power electronics and advanced control systems. The diversity of actual WG technologies, the rapidity with which these technologies are developing and the difficulties to obtain technical data from WG manufacturers due to intellectual properties have for consequence that there is not any standard WG models for power system studies. Furthermore, WGs are generally grouped together to form WPPs. A typical large WPP may count several tens of WGs connected to a collector system comprising overhead lines and cables. Due to power computation limitations, it remains unrealistic to simulate each WG of each WPP of a
This paper was originally published at the "9th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants."
http://www.windintegrationworkshop.org/previous_workshops.html
Large-Scale Real-Time Simulation of Wind Power Plants into Hydro-Québec Power System
Richard Gagnon, Gilbert Turmel, Christian Larose, Jacques Brochu, Gilbert Sybille, Martin Fecteau
power system. Simplified or aggregate models of WPPs are thus required for power system studies. A major research project on WPP modeling for Hydro-Québec power system studies was therefore undertaken at IREQ.
R. Gagnon , G. Turmel, C. Larose, J. Brochu, G. Sybille, are with IREQ Varennes, QC Canada J3X 1S1 (email: [email protected])
M. Fecteau is with Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, Montréal QC Canada H5B 1H7.
The project objectives were: To develop a model of a type-III WG (DFIG)
for EMT studies To validate the model with field measurements To develop or validate methods to form
aggregate models of WPPs for load flow, stability and EMT studies
To validate the aggregate model of an actual WPP with field measurements
To develop methods for large-scale EMT simulation of WPPs.
This paper is a synthesis of the work done in this project. Most of the topics presented here have already been published or are submitted for publication. Nevertheless, none has been published on the integration of the diverse methods and results issuing from this project for large-scale real-time simulation of WPPs in the EMT domain. This last achievement of the project is presented at the end of the paper.
Knowing that a huge number of simulations would be required to reach the project objectives we chose Hypersim simulator with MATLAB/SPS models of WGs as simulation environment. Hypersim is a fully digital simulator developed by Hydro-Québec for real-time and off-line simulation [1]. Hypersim can import the code generated from a MATLAB/Simulink model through the MATLAB Real Time Workshop (RTW) [2].
The paper is divided into four sections. The MATLAB/SPS models of WGs and the modeling techniques for simulating large WPPs with Hypersim are respectively presented in sections III and IV. Section V presents model validation. This includes validation of type-III WG and WPP models using on-line disturbance monitoring, validation of aggregation techniques for WPP modeling and generic equivalent collector system parameters for large WPPs. The last section presents the real-time simulation of 25 generic WPPs connected to a Hypersim 643-bus (3-phase bus) model of the Hydro-Québec power system. This simulation illustrates the feasibility of using EMT large-scale simulation for integrating wind power and to study possible interactions between series-compensated power system, real HVDC controls, and massive wind power generation.
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III. WIND GENERATOR MODEL
The Matlab/SPS model of the type-III WG is shown in Fig. 1. The AC/DC/AC converter is divided into two components: the rotor-side converter (Crotor) and the grid-side converter (Cgrid). Crotor and Cgrid are Voltage-Sourced Converters that use forced-commutated power electronic devices (IGBTs) to synthesize an AC voltage from a DC voltage source. A capacitor connected on the DC side acts as the DC voltage source. A coupling inductor L is used to connect Cgrid to the grid. The three-phase rotor winding is connected to Crotor by slip rings and brushes and the three-phase stator winding is directly connected to the grid.
The power captured by the wind turbine is transmitted to the drivetrain modeled as a two-mass system. The turbine model is illustrated in Fig. 2. Turbine and drivetrain parameters are given in [3]. The drivetrain mechanical power is converted into electrical power by the induction generator and it is transmitted to the grid by the stator and the rotor windings. The control systems in Fig. 3 to 5 generate the pitch angle command and the voltage command signals Uctrl_rotor and Uctrl_gc for Crotor and Cgrid respectively. These output signals are used to control the speed of the generator, the DC bus voltage and the reactive power at the grid terminals.
TurbineDrive Train
Control System
Cgrid Crotor
DFIG
3
C
2
B
1
A
TurbineSpeed
Pitch_deg
WindSpeed_m/s
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+
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GenSpeed
TurbineSpeed_pu
Tm_Shaf tTorque_pu
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IdealTransformer
[Iabc_grid_conv]
[Vabc_B1]
[Vabc_rotor]
[Pitch_deg]
[Tm_pu]
[Uctrl_rotor_conv]
[Uctrl_grid_conv]
[Vabc_grid_conv]
[Turbine_speed]
[Iabc_stator]
[Tm_pu]
[Turbine_speed]
[Vabc_B1]
[Iabc_grid_conv]
[Pitch_deg]
[Uctrl_rotor_conv]
[wr_pu]
[wr_pu]
[Uctrl_grid_conv]
[angle_rotor_rad]
[Iabc_rotor]
[Vdc_V]
A B C
FilterQ=50
Vabc_stator_pu
Iabc_stator_pu
Iabc_gridconv _pu
Iabc_rotor_pu
Vdc_V
Qref _pu
angle_rotor_rad
wr_pu
Uctrl_gridconv
Uctrl_rotor_conv
Pitch_deg
A B C
A B C
Choke
-K-
C1
c A
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cA
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Qref_pu
1
WindSpeed_m/s
Fig. 1. Matlab/SPS model of the type-III WG
A. Crotor control system
The rotor-side converter controls the generator speed and the reactive power measured at the grid terminals. The speed regulator is illustrated in Fig. 3. The pitch and the pitch compensation control loops are also illustrated in the same figure. See [3] for more details.
The speed is controlled in order to follow a pre-defined power-speed characteristic, named tracking characteristic. The actual power Pmeas is measured at the grid terminals of the WG and the corresponding speed of the tracking characteristic is used as the reference speed for the speed regulator. The output of the regulator is the electromagnetic torque (Tem cmd) that must be generated by the generator.
Fig. 4 illustrates control of the electromagnetic torque and of the reactive power. The d-axis of the rotating reference frame, used for d-q transformation, is aligned with the positive-sequence of stator voltage using a phase-locked loop. The reference torque (Tem cmd) is divided by a scaled
value of the q-axis flux of the generator in order to obtain the reference rotor current Id_ref that must be injected in the rotor by converter Crotor. The actual Id component is compared to Id_ref and the error is reduced to zero by a current regulator. The output of this current controller is the voltage Vdr that will be generated by Crotor.
As for the reactive power, it is measured at the grid terminals of the WG and it is compared to its reference value (Qref). The error is reduced to zero by an integral regulator (var regulator). Qref is the output of the wind farm management system (WFMS) that regulates the voltage at the POI of the WPP and the power system. The WFMS is not described in this paper. The output of the var regulator is the reference voltage Vref at the grid terminals of the WG. The actual voltage is regulated to its reference value Vref by an integral regulator. The output of this regulator is the rotor current Iq_ref that must be injected in the rotor by converter Crotor. The same current regulator as for the electromagnetic torque control is used to regulate the actual Iq component to its reference value. The output of the current controller is the voltage Vqr that will be generated by Crotor. The 3-phase voltage (Uctrl_rotor) of Crotor is obtained from a d-q to ABC transformation.
turb
Fig. 2. Turbine model
Fig. 3. Speed regulator, pitch control, and pitch compensation control loops
Fig. 4. Control system for rotor-side converter
B. Cgrid control system
The converter Cgrid is used to regulate the voltage of the DC bus capacitor and to keep grid converter reactive current to zero. The control system, illustrated in the Fig. 5 consists of a DC voltage regulator and a current regulator. The rotating reference frame used for d-q transformation is the same as for Crotor control system. The output of the DC
Q ref
Id ref
Id meas
Phi qFlux Estimator
K
+_
Q meas
Kis
V ref
V meas
Kvs
Iq meas
Current Regulator
Vdr
Vqr
dqto
abc
+ _
+ _
+_
Tem cmd
Iq ref
X.. Uctrl_rotor
Pmeas
Pitch
Pitch Compensation
Pitch Control
ref
X 1
s +1 meas PI
meas
+_meas
Tem cmd Porder
PI
PI
+ +
+ _ Porder
1
1s +1
Speed Regulator
X..
Wind Kb Cp(,Pitch)
Pitch K*Cp*Wind^3
Cp X. Power
turb
.X..
Wind
Torque
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voltage regulator is the reference current Id_ref for the current regulator. The current regulator controls the magnitude and phase of the voltage generated by converter Cgrid (Vgc) from the Id_ref produced by the DC voltage regulator and Iq_ref = 0.
Fig. 5 Control system for grid-side converter
IV. MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR SIMULATING LARGE WWPS
A detailed EMT model of WPP, with all WGs represented with the collector system, is required to validate any aggregate model of WPP.
However, using traditional EMT simulation tools, it is unrealistic to simulate each WG of a large WPP since simulation time becomes extremely long as the network size and number of WGs increase. On the other hand, progress in simulator and supercomputer now allow real-time simulation of large networks using EMT models.
IREQ’s real-time simulation expertise has been used to develop efficient modeling techniques for WPPs. As a result, a large WPP can now be simulated in detail, with each WG individually represented, in real-time or close to real-time. The resulting EMT simulation, performed on a parallel supercomputer, is fast enough to fulfill simulation needs in the time frame of EMT and transient-stability for validating aggregate model of WPPs. The next sections present a brief overview of the modeling techniques developed for large WPPs. More details are available in [4].
A. Modeling of power electronics in a wind generator
Modern WGs (type-III and IV) use power electronic converters with PWM switching frequencies in the 1- to 5-kHz range. The simulation of PWM switching is very demanding for EMT simulation, since each switching implies matrix manipulation that is very costly in computation time. Instead of using detailed switch model, two different approaches were implemented. These are identified as the average model and the switching-function model.
In the average model, the converter is represented by a 3-phase controlled voltage source. These sources are driven by the control voltages of the PWM converters. The capacitor voltage variation is also considered in this representation, since the AC power flowing in or out the converter must be kept equal to the DC power. The average converter model implies no switching and no change in circuit topology, offering very fast simulation speed. As harmonics are not represented, time step as large as 20-50 µs can be used to conduct various power system studies. Fig. 6 depicts the implementation of the average model for back-to-back PWM converters of the type-III WG.
Fig. 6. Average modeling of a back-to-back PWM converter
The second approach is the switching-function model. The same techniques of controlled voltage source is used, except that theses sources inject switched output voltages derived from the PWM control signals and PWM generators. Smaller time step is required for precise results and this representation includes harmonics generated by PWM switching.
B. Decoupling of WPP power system equations for parallel processing on a supercomputer
Real-time digital simulators, based on multi-processor system, have been relying on power system equation decoupling for more than a decade. Using this technique, part of the natural propagation delay of a transmission line is absorbed by the communication time between two processors. As a result, the large system impedance matrix can be divided into multiple smaller matrices and can be solved in parallel on many processors without numerical error. The reduced matrix size drastically diminishes the computation effort, thus improving simulation speed.
This technique is only applicable for overhead (O/H) line or underground (U/G) cable that are long enough, in order to have a total propagation delay that is longer than the simulation time step. Unfortunately, WPP collector networks use short lines, so the technique cannot be applied directly.
It is known that the propagation delay (tpropag) of a line involves its length (l) and its propagation speed (v), as in the following equation:
vlt propag and )1(1
LC
In order to decouple WPP collector system, the propagation delay of some selected U/G cables needs to be artificially increased. To do so without affecting the precision of the simulation results, this artificial increase is done by virtually moving and grouping the C from the surrounding power system components. Doing this, the global capacitance of the system is not modified, and only nearby capacitances are grouped to a punctual location.
To minimize the impact on simulation results, the virtual displacement of capacitances should be done in order to preserve the same total positive- and zero-sequence capacitance. Using this technique, the collector system can be decoupled in numerous sub-networks for very fast simulation time. Fig. 7 a) depicts this technique.
Similarly, each WG present on the WPP can be decoupled from the collector system for faster simulation. In
Id ref +_ PI
Id meas Vdc meas
Vdc ref
Iq meas
Iq ref = 0
Current Regulator
Vd gc
Vq gc
dqto
abc
Uctrl_gc+_
+_
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this case, decoupling is done at the U/G cable, or at the equivalent collector system impedance of an aggregate WPP, that interconnects the generator transformer to the collector system. If the total capacitance of surrounding U/G cables is not sufficient for decoupling, part of the transformer leakage inductance can be also moved to the decoupling cable. However this virtual displacement of the leakage inductance can only be done with a transformer with delta connection, to avoid impact on the zero-sequence impedance of the system. Fig. 7 b) depicts this technique.
Fig 7. Moving of L and C from surrounding components to allow decoupling of WPP collector system equations.
V. MODEL VALIDATION
A. Validation of type-III wind generator and WWP models using on-line disturbance monitoring
For the purpose of model validation, on-line monitoring equipment has been installed on a typical WPP connected to the Hydro-Québec power system. This WPP is composed of seventy-three 1.5-MW type-III WGs. Fig. 8 shows the WPP, with the voltages and currents monitored and their locations at the generator, feeder and POI levels. From 2007 to 2009, various disturbances (e.g. faults and frequency deviations) were recorded. Those recordings have been used to validate the type-III WG model in the EMT domain.
Fig. 8. Measurement points of a wind power plant
The model validation process used is based on playback techniques, where the model is fed with recorded voltages from the actual WG, and validation is confirmed when the model produces the same current as those recorded during the disturbance. Following the same approach of waveform playback, the entire WPP model has also been validated, using recorded voltages and currents at the POI level. The WFMS was also modeled and validated in the mean time.
Fig. 9 shows a comparison between simulation results and field measurements for a remote fault. It can be seen
that the conformity of the model with the field measurements is very good for this particular event. Such good correspondence of the model for a number of different operating conditions and recorded disturbances has greatly contributed to increase the confidence in the validity of the model. Fine-tuning the model is a process relatively straight-forward for small disturbance, but it becomes more complex with large and/or unbalanced disturbance due to various non-linearities. Regardless of the disturbance severity, this approach requires a good understanding of internal dynamics and control strategies of the WG to model.
a) Decoupling the WPP collector system
b) Decoupling a WG from the WPP collector system
IG
Fig 9. Comparison of recorded and simulated waveforms at the type-III WG level during a fault on the transmission network
B. Validation of aggregation techniques for WPP modeling
Use of the WPP aggregate models is required for power system studies. However, until recently, precision and validity of such models remained to be evaluated.
In order to validate the precision of aggregate models for EMT simulation, a detailed model of an actual 109.5-MW WPP was developed. Its 73 WGs of 1.5 MW are connected to a 34.5-kV collector system comprising 17 km of overhead lines and 62 km of cables. The detailed EMT model was developed using the modeling techniques presented in section IV.
With the availability of the fast-simulating detailed model of this WPP, an exhaustive simulation study [5] was performed for validating the adequacy of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) equivalencing method [6]-[7] for modeling WPPs. This method, promoted by the Wind Generation Modeling Group (WGMG) of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council is illustrated in Fig. 10. Aggregated WGs of a WPP are represented by an equivalent WPP comprised of only one equivalent WG, one equivalent collector system (ECS) and actual station step-up and grounding transformers.
The simulation study demonstrates that the method proposed by NREL appears to offer precise results for various types of disturbances and operating conditions, for both EMT and stability studies. Fig. 11 shows the performance of the NREL method for WPP modeling. In this figure, a 2-phase fault is applied to 4 different models of WPP: the detailed 73-WG model, and three different
Voltage measurement
POI 230kV
34.5kV Feeder
To other feeders
To other WGs
Grounding transformer
Current measurement
IG
Selected type-III WG
V
I
V I
V I V I
I IV
V
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aggregate WPPs consisting of 1, 2 and 4 equivalent WGs.
Fig. 10. Single-machine equivalent WPP promoted by the WGMG.
Fig. 11. Comparison of a detailed WPP model with a 1-, 2- and 4-WG equivalent WPP models. More than one equivalent WG is not necessary for modeling a WPP when all WGs are exposed to the same wind speed.
C. Generic equivalent collector system parameters for large WPPs
The equivalent collector systems of 17 WPPs rated between 50 and 300 MW were analyzed. Using this sample, a set of generic equivalent collector system parameters were calculated to be used for prospective studies of WPPs for which little or no information is available yet. An exhaustive sensitivity study based on EMT simulations has confirmed the adequacy of the generic equivalent collector system parameters [8].
VI. LARGE-SCALE REAL-TIME SIMULATION OF WPPS
The objective of this section is to integrate the modeling techniques explained in the previous sections in order to simulate in real-time WPPs connected to the Hypersim model of the series-compensated Hydro-Québec power system.
A. Description of the Hypersim model of Hydro-Québec power system
The Hypersim model of the main part of Hydro-Québec power system is illustrated in Fig. 12. The eastern part of this power system, connected at Lévis substation, is illustrated in Fig. 13. In these figures the location of WPPs, including WFMS, is shown by wind turbine pictures. For the main part of the power system, all 735-kV buses are represented, the main 315-kV and 230-kV buses and some 161- and 120-kV buses are also represented. As for the eastern part of the power system, all 315- 230- 161- and 120-kV and some 69-kV buses are represented. The major part of the lower voltage transmission and distribution system, including the loads and generation, are represented by reduced equivalents. The hydroelectric generators models include turbine, automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and stabilizer. The line series compensation is also represented [9]. The simulated power system includes the following main components:
643 three phase buses 34 hydroelectric generators (turbine, AVR,
stabilizer) 1 steam turbine generator 25 WPPs 7 static VAR compensators 6 synchronous condensers 167 three-phase lines More than 150 transformers including magnetic
saturation The total production is 35000 MW including 2700 MW
of wind power. 1800 MW of wind power are produced by 16 WPPs in the eastern power system. The 9 WPPs connected to the main power system produce the remaining 900 MW.
The 25 WPPs are each modeled as single-machine equivalents using the validated NREL method with generic equivalent collector system parameters presented in section V. Although various WG technologies could have been used, all WPPs simulated here use the type-III model presented in section III. In order to achieve real-time simulation performance the modeling techniques presented in section IV are used for decoupling WPP equations. The average model is used to simulate the power electronic converters of WGs.
B. Illustrative example of real-time simulation
The power system of Fig. 12 and 13 is simulated in real-time using a SGI Altix 4700 supercomputer using 72 processors, at a 50 s time step.
In steady-state each WPP is producing its nominal power and zero reactive power. The speed of each WPP is 1.2 pu (synchronous speed is 1 pu).
Simulation results shown in Fig. 14 illustrate the system response to a 6-cycle single-line-to-ground fault. The fault is applied at t = 0.1s at 315-kV Lévis bus and it is eliminated at t = 0.2s.
The first column of Fig. 14 illustrates the three-phase voltage at 315-kV Lévis bus and the positive-sequence
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voltages at 735-kV Boucherville bus close to Montréal and 230-kV Matane bus in the eastern system. The terminal voltage, the speed and the active and reactive powers of the synchronous generator at Manic 5 are illustrated in the second column of this figure. Finally, the two last columns illustrate the active and reactive powers, the DC bus voltages and the speeds of WPP7 and WPP9. WPP7 is located in the far eastern part of the power system and WPP9 is located in the south of Montréal. Speeds and voltages of all synchronous generators and WPPs recover after fault clearing. This particular power system configuration is therefore stable for this particular WPPs location.
VII. CONCLUSION
The WPP modeling project conducted at IREQ has delivered the following models and methods: 1) a type-III WG model, 2) validation of an aggregation method for modeling WPPs and 3) validation of the WG and WPP models of an actual WPP connected to the Hydro-Québec power system. Field measurements have been used for model validation.
The modeling techniques developed in this project for simulating WPPs on a supercomputer allow rapid EMT simulations of WPPs on large-scale power systems. Real-time simulation has been achieved to simulate 25 WPPs on the Hydro-Québec power system.
It is now feasible to study possible interactions between series-compensated power system, real HVDC controls, and massive wind power generation.
VIII. REFERENCES [1] V.Q. Do, J.C. Soumagne, G. Sybille, G. Turmel, P.Giroux, G.
Cloutier, S. Poulin « Hypersim, an integrated real-time simulator for power network and control systems », Third International Conference on Digital Power System Simulators (ICDS), Vasteras, Sweden, May 25-28, 1999.
[2] MATLAB, Simulink and Real Time Workshop User’s Guides, The Mathworks Inc., 1990-2010.
[3] Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators; Prepared by: Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca; October 27, 2003, Version 3.0; GE-Power Systems Energy Consulting; Copyright 2002 General Electric Company, U.S.A.. Available: http://www.easthavenwindfarm.com/filing/high/modeling.pdf
[4] C. Larose, R. Gagnon, G. Turmel, P. Giroux, J. Brochu, D. McNabb and D. Lefebvre, “Large Wind Power Plant Modeling Techniques for Power System Simulation Studies”, in Proc. 8th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems. Bremen, Germany, Oct 2009, pp. 472-478.
[5] J. Brochu, C. Larose and R. Gagnon, "Validation of single- and multiple-machine equivalents for modeling wind power plants," submitted in April 2010 for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
[6] E. Muljadi, C. P. Butterfield, A. Ellis, J. Mechenbier, J. Hochheimer, R. Young, N. Miller, R. Delmerico, R. Zavadil and J.C. Smith, "Equivalencing the collector system of a large wind power plant," presented at the IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Montreal, Qc, June 2006.
[7] E. Muljadi, S.Pasupulati, A. Ellis and D. Kosterov, "Method of equivalencing for a large wind power plant with multiple turbine representation," presented at the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008.
[8] J. Brochu, C. Larose and R. Gagnon, "Generic equivalent collector system parameters for large wind power plants," submitted in April 2010 for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
[9] D. Paré, G. Turmel, J.-C. Soumagne, V.Q. Do , S. Casoria, M. Bissonnette, B. Marcoux, , D. McNabb; " Validation Tests of The Hypersim Digital Real Time Simulator with a Large AC-DC Network," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Systems Transient IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA.
IX. BIOGRAPHIES Richard Gagnon obtained his B.Sc.degree in physics engineering in
1990, his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in 1992 and his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering in 1997, all from Université Laval (Québec). From 1996 to 2001, he was professor of electrical engineering at Université du Québec à Rimouski. Since 2001, he has been a research engineer at IREQ (Hydro-Québec’s research institute). His professional interests include modeling and simulation of power system devices and wind generators.
Gilbert Turmel obtained is DEC in 1980 in Longueuil, Canada. He
joined the Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) in 1980. He is working in the power system simulation group since 1991. He is a senior operator of the real-time simulator. His work involved the specification, validation and operation of the Hypersim real-time simulator for power system studies and also in giving training session on the use of the Hypersim simulator.
Christian Larose received his B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering
in 1995 and M.Sc. degree in 1998, both from École de Technologie Supérieure (Montréal, Canada). He joined Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) in 1996 as a development engineer in the Power System Simulation Laboratory. His main interest includes modeling and real-time simulation of power systems.
Jacques Brochu obtained his B.A.Sc. and M.A.Sc. degrees in electrical
engineering from Université Laval in Québec City in 1981 and 1986 respectively and his Ph.D. degree from École Polytechnique de Montréal in 1997. From 1981 to 1983, he was production engineer for Canadian General Electric. He is currently a research engineer at IREQ (Hydro-Québec’s research institute) where he has worked since 1985. His main areas of interest include power electronics and power flow control devices for power systems. He has been involved in the development of the Interphase Power Controller (IPC) technology and is the author of a reference book on the subject.
Gilbert Sybille received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
ESEO, Angers, France, in 1970 and M.Sc. degree from Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada, in 1978. In 1978 he joined Hydro-Québec Power System Simulation Department, Institut de Recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ), as a Research Engineer. He has been project leader in many simulation studies where he developed an expertise in real-time testing of FACTS controllers. He has also developed various models and software programs for the IREQ’s real-time simulator. He is the technical leader and one the key developers of the MATLAB SimPowerSystems simulation software.
Martin Fecteau, ing. received a B.SC.A in electrical engineering in
2001 from Laval University in Québec city. Since 2002 he has worked for Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie in the system studies group of the transmission system planning department where he has been involved in several studies concerning wind farm integration, grid code issues, protection and EMTP modelling. Mr. Fecteau is a member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society and is a registered professional engineer in the province of Québec.
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1320 MX
CXC27 CXC28
2
1
2
1
2
1
L7028 L7029
churchill_b2360
390 MW39 Mvar
s140
s138
APD
POW
arnaud_b309
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arnaud_b1609
CXC29
manicouagan_b705
manicougan_b305
s245s244
hauterive_b643
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hauterive_b16431
2
outardes3_T31aT34
12
manic2_T1aT4
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2
outardes2_T21aT23
s251
s252
L3013_L3014L3026
L3021_L3022_L3023_L3024
s257
s166
495 MX
L7008_A
s58
s59
CXC8
2
1
s60
L7008_B
L7023_A
L7023_B
s56
s57
CXC23
2
1
levis_b703
levis_b303
L7035L7005 L7097
appalaches_b790
s189
levis_b2003
B2003_capac
s331
L2375 L2329
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thetford_b2290
B2290_capac
descantons_b755
L3029_L3030
s184
descantons_b2055
L7095
nicolet_b707
L7096
330 MX
Filtres CCHT
165 MX
330 MX
bersimis2_b434
charlevoixA
L3009
bersimis2_b433
micoua_b706
L7011
micoua_b306
L3027_L3028
s114
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manic3_T31aT36
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toulnustouc_b476
1 2
toulnustouc_T1T2
s332
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1
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manic5_T51aT58
manic5_b41
s319
1
2
manic5pa_T41aT44
s328
s321
1
2
outardes4_T41aT44
s327
L7007_A
s61
CXC7
2
1
L7007_B
L7004_A
L7004_B
CXC04
2
1
Périgny
laurentides_b304
L3001_L3002_L3003_L3004L3020_L3012_L3011
charlevoixB
jacquescartier_b717
L7020Load3
L7018
saguenay_b718
L7019
CXC19
2
1
s165
saguenay_b1618
B_jacquescartier_b317
B317_capac
jacquescartier_b317
166 MX
1 2
laforge2_T21T22
1 2
laforge1_T11aT16
1 2
brisay_T1T2
L3170_L3171
L3168_L3169
L3166_L3167
L3172_L3173
s146
laforge1_b365
s145s132laforge2_b366
s167
nikamo_b465
tilly_b724
1
2
lagrande4_T1aT3
s14a
lagrande4_charge
165 MX
lemoyne_b723
330 MX
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L7069_7070
albanel_b782
CXC69
2
1
CXC70
2
1
660 MX
chibougamau_b783
CXC76
2
1
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L7076_7077
CXC77
2
1
s281
chibougamau_b1683
chamouchouane_b7312
CXC84
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L7084_7085
CXC85
2
1
2
1
CXC78
2
1
L7078
990 MX
CXC86
2
1
L7086
660 MX
L7026
L7025
L7024
330 MX
L7057
lagrande2_b749
L7060
radisson_b720
1
2
lagrande3_T1aT3
s13
lagrande3_charge
1
2
lagrande2_T1aT8
s159
L7089 L7088
330 MX
lagrande2a_b349
radisson_b320
radisson_b1020
L3162_L3163
1
2
lagrande2a_T21aT26
SW1L3152_L3153
1
2
lagrande1_T1aT12
1 2
lagrande1_T21T27
lagrande1_b361
L1498
chisasibi_b2799
CXC59
2
1
CXC59_ZnO
L7059
L7063L7062
CXC62
2
1
CXC63
2
1
CXC61
2
1
nemiscau_b780
L7061
BUS4
BUS3
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L3176_3177
1
2
eastman_T1aT3
s335
330 MX
L7082 L7081 L7080
L7079
s14I
laverendrye_b714
CXC94
2
1
abitibi_b713
CXC82
2
1
CXC81
2
1
CXC80
2
1
L7090
L3150L3151
lebel_b528
1
2
abitibi_T61T62
L7094
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L7092_7093
CXC93
2
1
2
1
CXC92
660 MX
grandbrule_b770
L7044
L7045
chenier_b715
L7047
grandbrule_b1170
duvernay_b702L7046
Load1
L7017
1
2
duvernay_T8aT11
B1103_capac
duvernay_b1102_b1103
B302_capacA
12
duvernay_T21T22T23
boucherville_b701
L7014
carignan_b730
s169
carignan_b2030_R
carignan_b2030_C
L3069
mauricie_b488
lanaudiere_b462
s277B1262_capac
lanaudiere_b1262
hertel_b708
Load2
chateauguay_b719
L7042
s383
B2001_capacB B2001_capacA
monteregie_b784
s180
monteregie_b1184
165 MX
radisson_chargePQ_R
laurentides_b304_R
manic5_b41_R
laurentides_SRC
BUS1
1
2
gentilly2_T2
s157
gentilly2_b2100
L2390
L2382
s334
becancour_b2072
B2072_capac
norskhydro_b2074_et_b2073
becancour_b2272
L2383
L2381
nicolet_b2007_A
L2385_A
L2386
1
2
trenche_T1T6
trenche_b2220
s25a
s16a
1 2
beaumont_T1aT6
s386
L2358_A
s18 s373
1 2
rapideblanc_T1aT6
rapideblanc_b2219
s2
L2331_A
1 2
latuque_T11aT13
latuque_T11aT12
L2358_C
s26a
latuque_b2835_et_b3101
s110 L2358_B
L2331_Bs7
1 2
la_gab_T1aT5
lagabelle_b2217
s29a
L2379
troisriviere_b2268_A
L2380
deshetres_b2178
1
2
mauricie_T1T2
mauricie_b2188
L2371_L2378
L2346
L2372
1
2
radisson_T2T3
1
2
nemiscau_T1T2
1
2
tilly_T2T3
L7054 L7056 L7055
1
2
chibougamau_T2T31
2
abitibi_T1aT3
1
2
grandbrule_T2T3
12
chenier_T4aT6
1
2
duvernay_T2T3T5
L3033_L3034
L3035_L3036
L3031_L3032
1
2
micoua_T1aT4
1
2
micoua_T8T9
1
2
saguenay_T1aT3
1
2
arnaud_T3T5
1
2
manicouagan_T1aT4
1
2
hauterive_T1aT3T5aT7
L3010
1 2
levis_T12aT14
1
2
levis_T1aT4
1
2
appalaches_T2T3
1
2
descantons_T2aT4
1
2
nicolet_T2aT4
laurentides_b704
1
2
laurentides_T1T2
L3104
L7010
1
2
jacquescartier_T2
L3102_L3110_L3106_L3107
L3015
12
lanaudiere_T2aT4
1 2
chateauguay_T12
12
chateauguay_T1aT3
1
2
carignan_T2T3
L7002
1
2
boucherville_T5T7T8
1
2
monteregie_T1
L7048
L7006
1
2
lescedres_T3L1131
s91B_langlois_b1275 s19a
1
2
beauharnois_T36
s105
L1472
s38
L1435L1263
1
2
beauharnois_T29aT35
L1256_L1257_B
1
2
beauharnois_T1aT7 s17
L1437_A_L1438_L1439
s3ZC
delery_b1283
12
delery_T2T4
B1283_capac
delery_b483
L3086L3087
s116
L3091_L3092
langlois_b1275
1
2
langlois_T2T3
s3050
s113
12
beauharnois_T15aT22
s43as45a
L1201_L1202
aqueduc_b1232
B1232_capac
L3073
L3044_L3045
B_viger_b463
viger_b463
L3065_L3066
s301
hertel_b308
L1256_L1257_A
B1231_capacA
saraguay_b1231
saraguay_b431
saraguay315_25
L3046_L3047_B
s36
dessources_b7280
L3046_L3047_L3048
duvernay_b302
L3070_L3071
B_notredame_b427
L3057_L3056_L3061
s118
L3019_L3098
s119
notredame_b427
boutdelile_b1228
B1228_capac
B319_capac
R3_bidon
s80
s338a
s78
345.7 MX
L3052_L3053_AL3052_L3053_B
petitenation_b577
vignan_b458
B1277_capac
petitenation_b1277
s333
B1258_capac
vignan_b1256
L3058_L3059
L3058_L3059_tmp
12
vignan_T2aT4
L3054_L3055
s1
chomedey_b430
s3YS
chomedey_b1230
B1230_capac
L1265_L1353_etc
12
carillon_T1aT14
carillion_b1507
L1126s25
lachute_b8210
s359
12
chomedey_T2T4T5
12
saraguay_T1aT8
1
2
boutdelile_T3T4T8
12
aqueduc_T2T3
L1695
L3039
1
2
normand_T5T6
1
2
hartjaune_T4T5
hartjaune
3 gr
1
2
normand_T2T3
normand_b3170
1
2
montagnais_T2T3
s68
s10
s54
B_saraguay_b1231
L7009
L3005
L3016
L7034
L7016
L7027
L3046_L3047_L3048_1
L1256_L1257_A1
L3091_L3092_1
L3054_L3055_1
L3070_L3071_1
RpNL
150 Mvar
L_CLC_cham
boucherville_b2001_C
boucherville_b2001_R
12
hertel_T2aT4
12
petite_nat_T1T2
1
2
arnaud_T7T8
H
lagrande4_A1aA9
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS19y
H
lagrande3_A1aA12
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS18
y
Efd_Vstaby
H
lescedres_A14aA18
VtEfd
*MS21
y u1 / ZVD21
1
2
TrSVC_chibougamau
U
ISVC_LAU
1
2
TrSVC_laurentides
H
lagrande2_A1aA16
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS16
y u1 / ZVD16
H
lagrande2A_A1aA12
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS17
y u1 / ZVD17
H
manic3_A1aA6
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS24
y u1 / ZVD24
Htoulnustouc_A1A2
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
*MS33
y u1 / Z*VD33
H
outardes4_A1aA4
Vt_w_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS29
y u1 / ZVD29
H
outardes3_A1aA4
Vt_w_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS28
y u1 / Z*VD28
H
outardes2_A1aA3
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS27
y u1 / ZVD27
H
manic2_A21aA28
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS23
y u1 / ZVD23
H
beauharnois_A15aA22
H
beauharnois_A29aA35
H
beauharnois_A36
H
beauharnois_A1aA14
y u1 / ZVD2
H
carillion_A1aA14
VtEfd
*MS10
y u1 / ZVD10
Vt_Pe_wEfd_Vstab
*MS2
Hlatuque_A1aA6
y u1 / ZVD20
Hbeaumont_A1aA6
y u1 / Z*VD6
Hrapideblanc_A1aA6
Vt Efd_Vstab
*MS30
y u1 / Z*VD30
Vt
H
trenche_A1aA6
VtEfd
*MS32
y u1 / ZVD32
Hlagabelle_A1aA5
Vty
1
2
levis_T31T32
s158
H
levis_CS1CS2
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
*CS3
y u1 / Z*VD_CS3
H
nicoletslack
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS22
y
H
duvernay_CS1aCS3
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
*CS2
y u1 / Z*VD_CS2
H
churchill_A1aA11
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS11
y u1 / ZVD11
1
2
T1aT11
H
manic5_A1aA8
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS25
y u1 / ZVD25
H
manic5PA_A1aA4
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS26
y u1 / ZVD26
H
laforge1_A11aA16
y u1 / ZVD12
H
laforge2_A1A2
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS13
y u1 / ZVD13
Vt_Pe_wEfd_Vstab
*MS12
H
lagrande1_A1aA12
y u1 / ZVD15
sgu = 0.164
Vt_Pe_wEfd_Vstab
*MS15
s338
L3115_L3116
s9
1
2
stemarguerite3_T1T2
H
stemarguerite3_A1A2
Vt_Pe_wEfd_Vstab
*MS31y u1 / Z
VD31
H
eastman_A1aA3
y u1 / Z*VD3
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
*MS3
H
brisay_A1A2
y u1 / ZVD9
Vt_Pe_wEfd_Vstab
*MS9
SVCsecLVD7
U
ISVC_LVD7
1
2
TrSVC_laverendrye
Rp16
SVC_CHO_s
U
ISVC_CHO
1
2
TrSVC_chamouchouane
Rp3U
SVC_CHI_s
U
ISVC_CHI
Rp6I
U
ISVC_NEM
SVC_NEM_s
1
2
SVC_nemiscau
RpOY
SVC_ALB_s
U
ISVC_ALB
1
2
SVC_albanel
Rp96
Vt_w_Pe Efd_Vstab
*MS34
y
T
gentilly2
B1280_capac
lafontaine_b1280
12
lafontaine_T2T3
P
DefRAD
P
DefBOUC
1
2
boucherville_T3T4
1
2
H
manicouagan_CS1CS2
L1117_L1132
L3100_L3101
VtEfd
*MS1
y u1 / ZVD1
VtEfd
*MS4
y u1 / ZVD4
VtEfd
*MS5
y u1 / ZVD5
L7038
L3123
s6
1
2
manicouagan_T23T24
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
*MS37
s30Y
y u1 / Z*VD37
s258
1
2
bersimis2_T1aT5
bersimis21
2
bersimis1_T1aT8
s255
H
bersimis1_A1aA8
Vt_PeEfd_Vstab
*MS8
y u1 / ZVD8
rapidedescoeurs_b2071
s59a1 2
rapidedescoeurs_T1T2
Hrapidedescoeurs_A1aA6
y u1 / ZVD35
L2305
s575
Hchuteallard_A1aA6
y u1 / ZVD36
L2304
chuteallard_b2081
1
3
2
chuteallard_T1T2
wemotacie
s503
s7T
CX7U
2
LFLF_Cha
U
ISVC_LEV
1
3
2
T2W
H33
XC35
XC36
Ba3I
Tr433J
F7_3V F5_3W
Vt_Pe_wEfd_Vstab
*MS35
Vt_Pe_wEfd_Vstab
*MS36
s3QO
P
BrLd_BCV2
churchill_b760
330 MX
L7053 L7051
B7051_c
CXC51
2
1
CXC51_ZnO
2
1
CXC52
CXC53
2
1
montagnais_b710
990 MX
arnaud_b709
L7031 L7032 L7033
CXC31
2
1
2
1
CXC32CXC33
2
1
CXC33_ZnO
P
DefCHUR
L7052
1
2
churchill_T71aT76
H
bersimis2_A1aA5
VtEfd_Vstab
*MS7
y u1 / Z*VD7
VtEfd
*MS7a
P
SW7
s374
P
SW5
P
SW6
s3CY
P
BrManic5
WT9_Park
T1
*ZZ_VT
1 2
YgD_VVaa
RVW s1VX1 2
DYgVY
CVZ
s32W0
LF LF_WT9
V_BusHT
T1*WT9
WT10_Park
T1
*ZZ_FQ
1 2
YgD_FS
RFT s1FU1 2
DYgFV
CFW
s32FX
LF LF_WT10
V_BusHT
T1*WT10
WT11_Park
T1
*ZZ_H6
12
YgD_H8
RH9s1HA12
DYgHB
CHC
s32HD
LFLF_WT11
V_BusHT
T1*WT11
WT12_Park
T1
*ZZ_G2
1 2
YgD_G4
RG5 s1G6
1 2
DYgG7
CG8
s32G9
LF LF_WT12
V_BusHT
T1*WT12
WT13_Park
T1
*ZZ_P6
1 2
YgD_P8
RP9 s1PA1 2
DYgPB
CPC
s32PD
LF LF_WT13
V_BusHT
T1*WT13
WT14_Park
T1
*ZZ_93
12
YgD_95
R96s19712
DYg98
C99
s329A
LFLF_WT14
V_BusHT
T1*WT14
WT15_Park
T1
*ZZ_RV
1 2
YgD_VVRX
RRY s1RZ1 2
DYgS0
CS1aa
s32S2
LF LF_WT15
V_BusHT
T1*WT15
WT17_Park
T1
*ZZ_HRaa
1 2
YgD_HT
RHU s1HV
1 2
DYgHW
CHX
s32HY
LF LF_WT17
V_BusHT
T1*WTI7
WT16_Park
T1
*ZZ_1Oas
1 2
YgD_1Q
R1R s11S
1 2
DYg1T
C1U
s321V
LF LF_WT16
V_BusHT
H
abitibi_CS1CS2
Levis315 kV
La Grande
Churchill
Quebec
Montreal
Manic
HydroQuebec IREQ Power System Simulator
EasternNetwork
Hydro−Quebec Network
WPP9
735 kV Boucherville Bus
Fig. 12. Hypersim model of the main part of Hydro-Québec power system
CXC2
s369s363
CXC1
s371s370
CXC4
s387as269
CXC3
s384s59
Levis_315
HydroQuebec
3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
1.1 1.2
L3078_3079_3080_3081_1
3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
1.1 1.2
L3078_3079_3080_308189
Load11_LdQ
s355aaa
Riviere_du_Loup_315
Riviere_du_Loup_230
Riviere_du_Loup_120
Madawaska_315
L1_mada
condoshunt_2_rdl
s167a
s49a
Rimouski_230
s121a
C1_rim
TroisPistoles_230
Rimouski_315
Cascapedia_230
Matapedia_230
Matapedia_315
condoshunt_1_mata
RL25 RL15
EelRiver_230
EelRiver_11
.
Micmac_230
Paspebiac_230
P
SW_L2351
s179
s141
L1601_A
s286
Les_Boules_230
s44a
1454_1
Sayabec_120
1455_1
MontJoly_230
P
SW_2388
P
DEF_RIM
2.1 2.2
1.1 1.2
L3082_3083
condoshunt_3_rdl B1272_capac
s187
s130
1 2
YgD_7
s154
1
2
YgD_13
J_A_Brilland_230
s147
1
2
YgD_12
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L3084_3085
F24_3F12_3F24_2F12_2F24_1F12_1
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L3089_3090
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L3089_3090_1
L1_rim
2.1
2.2
1.1
1.2
L3089_3090_2
s360
L2101 L2102
B2174_capac
65 Mvar @ 230kV65 Mvar @ 230kV 66 Mvar @ 239kV 66 Mvar @ 239kV
1
32
YgDD_np1
EelRiver_37
s301a
s271
s510
s150
Amqui_120
s260
1 2
DYg_8
s242
12
DYg_6
1450
s259
1
2
DYg_7
Causapscal_120
s138a
s129
s116a
1
2
YgD_8
2.1 2.2
1.1 1.2
L2351_2352B
Micmac_161
s158a
C2_mic C15_mic
23.1 Mvar @ 167.3kV 21 Mvar @ 167.3kV
s244a
s165a
Goemon_161
Goemon_230
RiviereSteAnne_161
L1601_B
L1602
Copper_161
s127s157a
1
2
cop_mount_T3aT5
TLM_1 L2396
s281a
s19aaa
s178
Matane_230
s174
LesMechins_230
MontLouis_230
Grosse_Morne_230
s202
s155
1 2
YgD_14
s205
1 2
YgD_15
s21 s156 s42a WT4_Park1 2
YgD_3
1 2
YgD_17
1 2
DYg_15
1 2
DYg_16
s126
s72
Gaspe_161
s194
1 2
YgD_10
L1605_1
s139
s142
1
2
YgD_11
L1605_D1
Anse_A_Valleau_161
TLM_15
MontagneSeche_161
s287
12
DYg_22
charge_19_Lcharge_19_R
T1
*ZZ_4
T1
*ZZ_5Cp24
RL24
Π
Π1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2
L1604_1605
Riv_au_Renard_161
Π
2 1
L1605_2
s1WM
s1XA
ΠΠ
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
L1454_1455_2
ΠΠ
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
L1454_1455_3
s1DT Uniboard_120
s1D6 s1DI
ΠΠ
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
L1454_1455_4
Π
2
1
L1454_5 Π
2
1
L1455_5
s1R0
2.1 2.2
1.1 1.2
L2313_2314_12.1 2.2
1.1 1.2
L2313_2314_22.1 2.2
1.1
L3113_2
s2BZ
Π 21
L3113_1
ΠΠ
1.1
1.2
ΠΠ
3.1
2.1
2.2 3.2
4.1
4.2
L2101_2102_2397_2398A1
F_NB1 F_NB2F_NB7
F_N88
Π 21
L715D1
s26N
s26Z
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
L715D2_2397_2398_714C2
s3DF
s2DR
s2E3
s2EFaa Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
L715D3_2397_2398_714C3
s3TI
s2TU
Π 21
L715BA1
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2397_2398_714A2
s3VQ12
T2T3
Cascapedia_69
Π 21
L714C1
Nouvelle_69
1
2
YgYgD_np1
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2351_2352_717A1 s3B8
s2BK
s2BW
PortDaniel_69
L717C2
Π
Π1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2
L2351_2352A2
Π Π
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
L2351_2352C
2.1 2.2
1.1 1.2
L1604_1607
Perce_161
s2Y6
1 2
micmac_T1aT3
Π
Π1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2
L1602_1607
s3UM
s2UY
L1607
L1603s2IL
L1604
1 2
rimouski_T3
1 2
rimouski_T4
1 2
riv_d_lou_T2
1 2
riv_d_lou_T5
1 2
riv_d_lou_T3
1 2
rimouski_T7
1 2
rimouski_T8
1 2
matapedia_T3_T4
1 2
YgYgD_np3
1 2
micmac_T12aT14
1
2
cop_mount_T1T2
12
goemon_T2_T3
1
2
goemon_T12
1
2
YgYGD_np2
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
L2388_2387_2392_2393A1
Π 21
L2388A2
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2387_2392_2393A2
s2A6
s2AI
s2AUx
s2B6
s2CV
s2DV Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2387_2392_2393B1
Π
21L2388B1
s2T2
s2TE
s2TQ
s2U2
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
L2388_2387_2392_2393B2
Π
Π1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2
L2388_2387B3s2LJ
s2LV
Π
Π1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2
L2392_2393B3s2FM
s2FY
Π 21
L2388C1
s2MD
s2MP
s2N1
s2ND
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
L2388_2387_2392_2393C2
Π 21
L2387C1
ΠΠ
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
L2388_2387D1
s2DM
Π
2
1
L2387D2
s3G5
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
4.1 4.2
L2340_2341_2392_2393A1
BaieDesSables_230
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2340_2341_2392A2
s2AU
s2BI
s299
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2340_2341_2392A3
s2B7
s2BJ
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2340_2341_2392A4
Nordais1_230
Π
2
1
L2341D
ΠΠ
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
L2340_2341E
Π
Π1.1 1.2
Π3.1
2.1 2.2
3.2
L2340_2341_2392B
L2341C
2.12.2
1.11.2
L2349_2350A
2.1 2.2
1.1 1.2
L2397_2398A
ΠΠ
1.1
1.2
Π
3.1
2.1
2.2
3.2
L2397_2398_7142A2
s34O
s250
s25C
F_N7D
L714D3
Π
2
1
L7143D11 2
T2WD
s2WP
s307
s20J
s20V Π21
L714A1
Π
Π1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2
L2397_2398A1
s2SZ
2.12.2
1.11.2
L2349_235C3
Nordais2_230
Π
Π1.1 1.2
2.1 2.2
L2388_2387HK
1 2
T243
s3IR
LRB
LDR
LK7
LKJ
L6D
LNV
LJI
LJU
LK6
LWM
L32
LFY
Causapscal_LdP
Amqui_LdP
Uniboard_LdP
Uniboard_LdQ
Sayabec_LdP
Riviere_du_Loup_LdPRiviere_du_Loup_LdQ
TroisPistoles_LdP
Rim_69kV_LdP Rim_69kV_LdQ
J_A_Brilland_LdP J_A_Brilland_LdQ
Mont_Joly_LdP Mont_Joly_LdQ
Matane_LdP Matane_LdQ
Goemeon_69_LdP Goemon_69_LdQ
Perce_LdP
Copper_69_kV_LdP Copper_69_kV_LdQ
Riv_au_Renard_LdP
Gaspe_LdP
Micmac_LdP
Paspebiac_LdP
PortDaniel_69_LdPCascapedia_LdP Cascapedia_LdQ
Nouvelle_LdP
Copper_12_LdP
Load12_Ldp Load12_LdQ
Load1_LdP Load1_LdQ Load11_LdP Load10_LdQ
V_BusHT
T1
*WT4
LF LF_WT4
s7a1 2
YgYGD_np7
RL5A
1 2
DYg_5Bs25Cc
WT6_Park
Cp5E
T1
*ZZDI
LF LF_WT6
Lp5N
C1_RSA
L3_lissage_rsa s161aaa
s280
C2_RSA
R_filtre_RSA
L_filtre_RSAC_filtre_RSA
charge_193Acharge_193K
1
2
YgD_OG
RLOH
12
DYg_OI
s2OJ
WT1_Park
CpOL
LFLF_WT1
sOS
T1
*ZZT5
1
2
YgD_VV
T1
*ZZT0
RLNN
12
DYg_NO
s2NP
WT3_Park
CpNR
LFLF_WT3
s9Q
T1
*ZZ_MX
s28G
Wt8_Park
1 2
DYg_94
Cp9E
LF LF_WT8
T1
*ZZ_1O
s21Q
1 2
DYg_1S
Cp1T
1 2
YgYgD_np1V
V_BusHT
T1
*WT8a
LF LF_Wt8a
Π
2
1
L239QM
s1RA
V_BusHT
T1
*WT3
V_BusHT
T1
*WT6
V_BusHT
T1
*WT8
V_BusHT
T1
*WT1
1 2
YgYgD_npVR
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
*CVE
y u1 / Z*VD_CVF
H
Eel_River_CS
1
2
YgD_6
s190
H
Copper_CS
Efd_Vstab Vt_w_Pe
*C5S
y u1 / Z*VVD_CPN
s302
s8
s214
WT3b_Park
1
2
DYg_11
StLeandre_230
s111
s134
WT2_Park
1
2
YgD_2
1
2
YgD_1
1
2
DYg_14
1
2
DYg_13
T1
*ZZ_1
T1
*ZZ_2
CpDH
RHQ
Π
2
1
2
YgYgD_np10
RDQ
CpUCaa
841
s28G11
1
2
DYg_94aa
Cp9Eaa
R9Q11
1
2
YgYgD_npx
Π
2
1
TLM8
LFLF_WT2
LFLF_WT3b
LFLF_WT3c
WT3c_Park
V_BusHT T1
*WT3b
V_BusHT T1
*WT3c
V_BusHT T1
*WT2
s349
TLM_101 2
YgD_4
WT1b_Park
12
YgD_9
s294
12
YgD_5
s95
RL9
miller_34
12
DYg_3
WT6a_Park
RL8
copper_34
12
DYg_4
WT6b_Park s55
T1
*ZZ_3
T1
*ZZ_10
Cp8
Π2 1
L1613A
Π2 1
L1613B
Π2 1
L1613CsDL
sDX
12
RDCs1DD12
DYgDE
CDF
s3ZB
s10R
WT1a_Park
T1
*ZZ_8
REM s1EN
CEP
1
LFLF_WT6b
LFLF_WT6a
LFLF_WT1b
LF LF_WT1a
T1
*ZZCD
CGP
V_BusHT
T1
*WT6b
V_BusHT
T1
*WT6a
V_BusHT
T1
*WT1b
V_BusHT
T1
*WT1a
WT1c_Park
T1
*ZZ_13a
12
YgD_19aa
RJ6aas1J7aa12
DYgJ8a
CJaa
s3FBaa
LFLF_WT1c
V_BusHT
T1
*WT1c
V6
1 2
YgYGD_nV7
RLV8
1 2
DYg_V9s25VA
WT7_Park
CpVC
T1
*ZZVE
V_BusHT
T1
*WT7
LF LF_WT7
WT5_Park
T1
*ZZ_13
V_BusHT
T1
*WT5
LF LF_WT5
P
SW_2
Donohue_230
s697
1
2
YgD_LJ
s10V Donohue_LdP Donohue_LdQ
RL12 s200
1 2
DYg_10
s213
RL26
Cp12Cp26
1 2
NEW−BRUNSWICK
ST−LAWRENCE RIVER
Levis315−kV bus
IREQ Power System Simulator
Eastern Network
MAINE
WPP7
230 kV Matane Bus
Fig. 13. The eastern part of Hydro-Québec power system
7 of 8
Sco
peV
iew
Va L
evis
315
kVV
b Le
vis
315k
VV
c Le
vis
315k
V
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
s
−2−1012
V
Va L
evis
315
kVV
b Le
vis
315k
VV
c Le
vis
315k
V
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
s
−2−1012
Pos
Seq
Bou
cher
ville
735
kV
01
23
4s
0.9
0.951
1.051.
1
pu
Pos
Seq
Bou
cher
ville
735
kV
01
23
4s
0.9
0.951
1.051.
1
pu
Pos
Seq
Mat
ane
230k
V
01
23
4s
0.8
0.91
1.1
pu
Pos
Seq
Mat
ane
230k
V
01
23
4s
0.8
0.91
1.1
pu
Vte
rmin
al M
anic
5
01
23
4s
0.981
1.02
1.04
1.06
pu
Vte
rmin
al M
anic
5
01
23
4s
0.981
1.02
1.04
1.06
pu
Spe
ed M
anic
5
01
23
4s
0.99
9
0.99
951
1.00
05
1.00
1
pu
Spe
ed M
anic
5
01
23
4s
0.99
9
0.99
951
1.00
05
1.00
1
pu
P M
anic
5Q
Man
ic5
02
4s
0
500
1000
1500
2000
MVA
P M
anic
5Q
Man
ic5
02
4s
0
500
1000
1500
2000
MVA
P W
PP
7Q
WP
P7
01
23
4s
−0.50
0.51
1.5
pu / 100MVA
P W
PP
7Q
WP
P7
01
23
4s
−0.50
0.51
1.5
pu / 100MVA
Vdc
WP
P7
01
23
4s
1060
1080
1100
1120
1140
V
Vdc
WP
P7
01
23
4s
1060
1080
1100
1120
1140
V
Spe
ed W
PP
7
01
23
4s
1.19
1.19
5
1.2
1.20
5
1.21
pu
Spe
ed W
PP
7
01
23
4s
1.19
1.19
5
1.2
1.20
5
1.21
pu
P W
PP
9Q
WP
P9
01
23
4s
−0.50
0.51
1.5
pu / 100MVA
P W
PP
9Q
WP
P9
01
23
4s
−0.50
0.51
1.5
pu / 100MVA
Vdc
WP
P9
01
23
4s
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
V
Vdc
WP
P9
01
23
4s
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
V
Spe
ed W
PP
9
01
23
4s
1.19
1.19
5
1.2
1.20
5
1.21
pu
Spe
ed W
PP
9
01
23
4s
1.19
1.19
5
1.2
1.20
5
1.21
pu
1/1
Fig
. 14.
Sys
tem
res
pons
e to
a 6
-cyc
le s
ingl
e-li
ne-t
o-gr
ound
fau
lt
pu
8 of 8
