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Large-Scale Temperature Changes During the Past
Millennium
Michael E. Mann, Department of Environmental Sciences
University of Virginia
Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewater Maryland
March 15, 2000
OVERVIEW
•Climate Change
OVERVIEW
•Climate Change
•Reconstructing the climate in previous centuries with “proxy” climate records
OVERVIEW
•Climate Change
•Reconstructing the climate in previous centuries with “proxy” climate records
•Diagnosing the factors influencing climate variations
OVERVIEW
•Climate Change
•Reconstructing the climate in previous centuries with “proxy” climate records
•Diagnosing the factors influencing climate variations
•Conclusions
GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GLOBAL RADIATION BALANCE
ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
CO2 Concentration
Measurements of CO2 in parts per million (ppm) at Mauna Loa Observatory.
GLOBAL TEMPERATURE TREND SINCE MID 19th CENTURY
Greenhouse Gases and Warming
CO2
Related?
MANTRA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY
ASTRONOMICAL CLIMATE FORCING
Eccentricity
Obliquity
Precession
ASTRONOMICAL CYCLES AND ICE AGESASTRONOMICAL CLIMATE FORCING
ICE CORES
CORALS
TREE RINGS
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
VARVED LAKE SEDIMENTS
Map showing global proxy climate network. All of the records date back to at least 1820, most to the early 18th century, and many back to 1600. Before 1400, the network is too sparse to constrain large-scale patterns of variability without greatly expanded uncertainties.
INSTRUMENTAL TEMPERATURE
RECORD
GLOBAL PROXY
CLIMATE RECORDS
Five leading patterns of global temperature variation during the 20th century.
Calibration (1902-1980)
Verification (1854-1901)
Reconstructions of time histories of 5 leading temperature patterns. Note that fewer eigenvectors are reconstructed further back in time.
1791
RECONSTRUCTED GLOBAL
TEMPERATURE PATTERNS
RECONSTRUCTED GLOBAL
TEMPERATURE PATTERNS
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE MEAN ANNUAL DURING THE PAST MILLENNIUM
El Niño and La Niña
1791
El Niño
“Niño3”
CLIMATE FORCINGS
CLIMATE FORCINGS
Relationship of variations in Northern Hemisphere mean temperature reconstruction to estimates of three candidate forcings
Volcanism
Greenhouse Gases
Solar Irradiance
Temperature
CONCLUSIONS
•1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years
CONCLUSIONS
•1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years
•Recent El Ninos among the largest of the past few centuries
CONCLUSIONS
•1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years
•Recent El Ninos among the largest of the past few centuries
•Natural (volcanic and solar) forcings have detectable influence during past several centuries
CONCLUSIONS
•1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years
•Recent El Ninos among the largest of the past few centuries
•Natural (volcanic and solar) forcings have detectable influence during past several centuries
•Anthropogenic likely the dominant forcing during the late 20th century