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Large Scale Topographic Mapping in Indonesia
Dr. Ade K. MulyanaAldino Rizaldy
Edwin Hendrayana
Center for Topographic Mapping and ToponymsGeospatial Information Agency
Indonesia
Background
• Law No.4/2011 on Geospatial Information mandates a.o.:– Transformation from BAKOSURTANAL (National
Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping) into BIG (Geospatial Information Agency)
– BIG to provide topographic maps as base maps for all thematic maps at small, medium dan large scales
– Large scale mapping: 1:10,000 1:5,000 1:2,500 and 1:1,000
• Land area of Indonesia: 1.9 million km2
• Prioritization: large scale mapping only for the urban area• At 1:5.000, # sheets for city area (non-district) is more than 15,000.
– Capital of provinces– Other cities in need of Detailed Spatial Planning
No. Scale Total # Sheets
# Sheets available
# Sheets to do
1 1:10.00091,547 780 90767
2 1:5.000283,866 0 283866
3 1:2500880,206 0 880206
4 1:10002,729,319 0 2729319
Large Scale Topographic Mapping Projects
Loan from JICA (Japan) 2011-2014:•4 cities at 1:10,000 (123 sheets ~2600 km2)• Performed by a Japanese company•Part of NSDI project (1:50K and 1:10K)
National Budget, 2012:•6 cities at 1:10,000 (131 sheets)•Performed by 2 Indonesian companies
National Budget, 2013:•4 cities at 1:10,000 (131 sheets)•1 city at 1:5,000 (98 sheets)•Performed by 3 Indonesian companies
20121:10.000
Makassar
Pare Pare
Manado, Tomohon, Bitung
Gorontalo
1:10.000 Digital Photogrammetry
Project Specification• Ground Control Point (GCP):
– 20 cm planimetric accuracy and 15 cm vertical accuracy– GCP must be signalized– GCP distribution: in the center and in the corner of the block, as well as
along the perimeter.– Independent Check Point (ICP) must be distributed for each map sheet.
• Photos:– Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) 20 cm– Overlap/sidelap 60%/30% for flat area, and 70%/40% for mountainous area– Camera must be equipped with GNSS/IMU
• Flight plan: Crossflight is mandatory• Aerial Triangulation (AT):
– sigma naught of 10 micron and GCP Planimetric RMSE 1 m; Vertical RMSE 0.5 m
• Topographic map compilation:– Stereoplotting is conducted to produce masspoint, spotheght and breakline– DEM building from masspoint, spotheight and breakline– Contour will be generated from DEM– Feature collection threshold is 5 m
1:10.000 LIDARProject Specification
• Density of point cloud is ≥ 4 points/m2
• Three return per pulse must be recorded include first return and last return
• ≤ 20 cm of vertical RMSE LIDAR• GSD 12 cm for orthoimage• LIDAR system must be included with GNSS/IMU• Filtering or classification must be performed to
post-processing LIDAR raw data to create Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
20131:5.000
1:5.000Project Specification
• Ground Control Point (GCP):– 20 cm planimetric accuracy and 15 cm vertical accuracy– GCP must be signalized– GCP distribution: in the center and in the corner of the block, as well as along the
perimeter.– Independent Check Point (ICP) must be distributed for each map sheet.
• Photos:– Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) 15 cm– Overlap/sidelap 60%/30% for flat area, and 70%/40% for mountainous area– Camera must be equipped with GNSS/IMU
• Flight plan: Crossflight is mandatory• Aerial Triangulation (AT):
– sigma naught of 10 micron and GCP Planimetric RMSE 0.5 m; Vertical RMSE 0.3 m• Topographic map compilation:
– Stereoplotting is conducted to produce masspoint, spotheght and breakline– DTM building from masspoint, spotheight and breakline– Contour will be generated from DTM– Feature collection threshold is2.5 m
GCP Measurement
GCP Measurement
Signalized GCP / ICP
Flight Result(Camera Exposure)
CROSS LINE
CROSS LINE
Image Result(Makassar, GSD 12 cm)
Orthomosaic Image Result(Manado, GSD 12 cm)
DSM Result(Manado, 16 cm resolution)
Accuracy Test (Manado)12 cm GSD
LIDAR + Medium Format CameraLeica ALS70 + RCD30
32 ICP’s
RMSEx = 0.263 mRMSEy = 0.320 mRMSEz = 0.654 m
Horizontal Accuracy0.717 m
Vertical Accuracy1.283 m
Accuracy Test (Pare Pare)12 cm GSD
Medium Format CameraLeica RCD30
15 ICP’s
RMSEx = 0.079 mRMSEy = 0.090 mRMSEz = 0.412 m
Horizontal Accuracy0.207 m
Vertical Accuracy0.808 m
Accuracy Test (Medan)25 cm GSD
Large Format CameraVexcel Ultracam-X
18 ICP’s
RMSEx = 0.234 mRMSEy = 0.267 mRMSEz = 0.483 m
Horizontal Accuracy0.614 m
Vertical Accuracy0.947 m
Digital Elevation Models of Makassar
Source: Digital Aerial Photographs, June 2012Processing Method: Digital PhotogrammetryPurpose: Topographic Mapping at 1:10,000
Topographic Mapping Process
Challenges
• Human resources• Standards and Project Specification• Data Acquisition– Camera and LIDAR equipment
availability– Aircraft availability:
• Weather (rain and cloud) and terrain condition