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The concept of culture at several levelsThe concept of nation
An imagined community repetera tre paradoxer – definitionen:This is Swden
Film screening: This is Sweden
• Full of predictable pictures, scenes, gallery of personalities.
• Landscapes• Traditional folk-art, music and clothing• Technique, science, industry• High culture• Popular culture• Not serious people, active, snow and moose
• How are imagined communities created and how do they survive over time and space?
• How is the social and geopolitical space of the nation turned into a cultural room where people share experiences and references?
How Sweden became swedish
1. We will look at the period of modern nationalism -1800 –
The making of states – heritage from French revolution - new organisation of society –
Assamblé national – people representation - parlementarism – election
1809 (regeringsformen) Instrument of the government. Power divided – government, Riksdag and high court
• An interest in creating loyalty and assimilation – cohesion among the citizens –
• Rich and poor, different stratas, unite despite heritage, family,property as citizens equal rights and duties.
• An political interest in making the borders of the political state and the cultural nation match.
• Create possibilities for imagined community.
• 2. A break social and economically• Industrialization – new technique for
communication and consumtion.
Changing labor market, access to property new social classes – bourgeoisie and working class
And for Scandinavia
• Finland lost 1809• Norway in union 1815-1905• Denmark 1658
• Borders where settled
3. These aspects of modern nationalism during 19th and 20th century
• Nation state building and industrialization – the cause for nation building.
• A) An active process – rhetoric and politic ”defining things as national”
In the early 19th century: National gallery, national bank, national mentality, national park, national cuisine, national army etc.
… military service, compulsory school , state church
• B) An inherent, hidden process taking place in everyday practice – things we do as members of a nation- lots of things prescribes our daily life – labour market, education system, family insurance public service, train communication etc.
• The nation building a paradox
• International standards - a make-it-yourself –kit
• We ”the nations” do it the same way to create difference.
• A conservative nationalism during the 19th century
• The great period of national heroes, monuments – the Swedish kings Gustav II Adolf.
• Patriotic subjects conserving the old traditional divisions of property, power, influence the superior and the subordinate
On thing was the creation of a national monument
• The monument Greece and the ancient history – the cradle of democracy – impact aesthetically.
• 1820(1821) independent from Ottoman empire 1828 Monarchy
Another part during 19th century• Liberal nationalism – conscious citizens• A fight about power and influence
• A growing bourgoisie – a ”quiet” nationalism beyond class barriers.
• The cult of the nature.
• Finding the national landscape – the mountains and the silence and Norden in the national Anthem
• Jfr Rousseu – liberal ideas of the effect of the alps – open mind, air, sky
Dalecarlia
• The region Dalecarlia – the geniune Swedishness – in folklore and also the nature.
• Rättviksdräkt – intellectuals and Bourgoisie from Stockholm spent hollidays in Dalecarlia, dressed in folkclothing
• National romanticism Carl Larsson/Anders Zorn/ Arthur Hazelius
• Painters, writers etc praising the landscape and nature – pilgrimage
• Stereotyping
• Access to nature – the peasants (like an extra in a film) the working class not morally ready for understanding the sublimit of nature.
The international competition
• World Exhibition in London 1851
• Technique, future – but it was the traditional folklore that was appreciated and won golden medals
• The unique nature of Scandinavia – a concept
• Around 1900 – nationalism an arena of conflict in values between conservatives and liberals.
• Liberal ideas stronger – ”quiet” nationalism based in the idea of the genuine ”people” and the nature. The moral impact of mountains – the liberated, self-confident peasant.
• Kleens competition – secretary of a legation placed in southern France
• The sleeping mother Svea
• Placed in the entrance hall of the parliament as an obstacle for people coming in or out.
• The lack of patriotism – critique against an old unequal society – migration -
• Willhelm Moberg
• August Strindberg
• Ellen Key
• Instead 9 national parks – love for nature beyond class struggles
The growing working class a threat
• Social democrats where internationalists
• Only one native country: Socialism• Only one war of glory: The class struggle• Only one flag: Internationalen
• Modernisation – get rid of the old build up a new society
• not celebrating despotism and kings
• Ideological movements• Anti alcoholism• Women's liberation• Working class movement• Independent churches• Ung socialists – against war
Modernity
• Equal rights and duties
• Access to place and competences not bound by social heritage - liberation
Interwar time
• The idea of a welfare state• Taxes and resources – distribution policy
• Universal suffrage
• Equity
• 1931 The Social Democrat Party becomes the leading party –
• Create a new modern society – ”Sweden for all Swedes”
• Within politics ideas of better standard for living, avoid over crowded homes
• Per Albin Hansson ” beloved monarch” leader of the social democrat party
• 1932 - 46
• Political vision – create the modern rational man – not stucked in old unfair society looking forwards
• ”Folkhemmet” ”Peoples home” ”Citizens home”
• Social justice, democracy, citizenship and modernity find new heroes in history
• The national flag day 6 of june (Gustav Wasa) parlamenatrism
• Engelbrekt the first Riksdag 1435 - 1935
• August Andrée Engineer, scientist, explorer the north pole expedition in ballon
• Functionalism
• 1810 Albert Loos
• Ornament und Verbrechen
• The design should reveal the function
• The Stockholm Exhibition 1930
• New lifestyle – functionalist in every sense – planning kitchens wardrobe's etc.
• standardization
• The ”sitting room” use all areas of the house
• No classes, conformism and Average Svensson• Equality – conformity • Admiration international because of the sameness – can´t tell if the home is rich
or poor – same aesthetic style
• Still strong – antiques old furniture does not sell in Sweden.