Last Update: 8 October 2019

Last Update: 1 March 2022

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PUBLICATIONS BASED ON THE PANEL STUDY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DYNAMICS

Including the PSED I and II (U.S.) Data Sets, as well as international counterpart studies

Updated by Casey Frid (March 2022)

Updated by Scott Gordon, & Per Davidsson (March 2012) Updated by Diana Hechavarria (July 2007)

Updated by Paul Reynolds (August 2005) Initiated by Per Davidsson (July 2005)

Please send any additions or corrections to: [email protected]

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FORTHCOMING / IN PRESS | PEER REVIEW JOURNAL ARTICLES | BOOKS | BOOK CHAPTERS

DISSERTATIONS | RESEARCH REPORTS | CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS & PROCEEDINGS

NEW! Reynolds, P. D. (2019). Business Creation: Ten Factors for Entrepreneurial Success. Edward Elgar

Publishing. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/business-creation PEER REVIEW JOURNAL ARTICLES “5-COHORT DATA SET—Harmonized US PSED I & II); Australian CAUSEE; Swedish SE-PSED; Chinese CH-PSED Arenius, P., Engel, Y., & Klyver, K. (2017). No particular action needed? A necessary condition analysis of

gestation activities and firm emergence. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 87-92. Shim, J., & Davidsson, P. (2018). Shorter than we thought: The duration of venture creation processes.

Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2017.12.003 AUSTRALIAN CAUSEE Casali, G.L., Perano, M., Tartaglione, A.M., & Zolin, R. (2018) How business idea fit affects sustainability

and creates opportunities for value co-creation in nascent firms. Sustainability, 10(1), Article number-189.

Crawford, G. C., Aguinis, H., Lichtenstein, B., Davidsson, P., & McKelvey, B. (2015). Power law distributions in entrepreneurship: Implications for theory and research. Journal of Business Venturing.

Davidsson, P. & Gordon, S.R. (2016). Much ado about nothing? The surprising persistence of nascent entrepreneurs through macroeconomic crisis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(4), 915–941

Davidsson, P., & Gordon, S. R. (2012). Panel studies of new venture creation: a methods-focused review and suggestions for future research. Small Business Economics, 39(4), 853-876.

Davidsson, P., Baker, T. & Senyard, J. (2017). A measure of entrepreneurial bricolage. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(1), 114 - 135.


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Gruenhagen, J.H., Sawang, S., Gordon, S.R., & Davidsson, P. (2018) International experience, growth aspirations, and the internationalisation of new ventures. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 16, pp. 421-444.

Maritz, A., Zolin, R., De Waal, A., Fisher, R., Perenyi, A., & Eager, B. (2015). Senior entrepreneurship in Australia: active ageing and extending working lives. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 1-39.

Senyard, J., Baker, T., Steffens, P., & Davidsson, P. (2014). Bricolage as a Path to Innovativeness for Resource-Constrained New Firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(2), 211-230.

Zolin, R., & Schlosser, F. (2013). Characteristics of immigrant entrepreneurs and their involvement in international new ventures. Thunderbird International Business Review, 55(3), 271-284.

Zolin, R., Stuetzer, M., & Watson, J. (2013). Challenging the female underperformance hypothesis. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 116-129.

CANADA Diochon, M., Mennzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. (2005). Canadian nascent entrepreneurs' start-up efforts:

outcomes and individual influences on sustainability. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 18(1), 53-73.

Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. (2005). Exploring the relationship between start-up activities and new venture emergence: a longitudinal study of Canadian nascent entrepreneurs. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 2(3), 408-426.

Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. (2007a). Attribution and success in new venture creation among Canadian nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 20(4), 335-350.

Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. (2007b). From becoming to being: Measuring firm creation. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 15(1), 21-42.

Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. (2008). Exploring the nature and impact of gestation-specific human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 151.

Menzies, T. V., Diochon, M., & Gasse, Y. (2004). Examining venturing-related myths about women entrepreneurs with an investigation of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 9(2), 89-107.

Menzies, T. V., Diochon, M., Gasse, Y., & Elgie, S. (2006). A longitudinal study of the characteristics, business creation process and outcome differences of Canadian female vs. male nascent entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2(4), 441-453.

CHINA Li, T., & Gustafsson, V. (2012). Nascent entrepreneurs in China: social class identity, prior experience

affiliation and identification of innovative opportunity: A study based on the Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (CPSED) project. Chinese Management Studies, 6(1), 14-35.

Long, D., Yang, J., & Gao, J. (2010). Anatomy of nascent entrepreneurship in China: A preliminary study from CPSED project. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 129-147.

Long, D., Xia, Z. Y., & Hu, W. B. (2017). How does entrepreneurial opportunity affect the decision-making process of effectuation? Evidence from China. Kybernetes, 46(6).

Yang, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, H., & Niu, F. (2015). Escalation bias among technology entrepreneurs: the moderating effects of motivation and mental budgeting. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, (ahead-of-print), 1-16.

Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Tang, J., Au, K., & Xue, H. (2013). Prior Experience and Social Class as Moderators of the Planning-Performance Relationship in China's Emerging Economy. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7(3), 214-229.


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NETHERLANDS Van Gelderen, M. (2000). Enterprising behaviour of ordinary people. European Journal of Work and

Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 81-88. Van Gelderen, M., Thurik, R., & Bosma, N. (2005). Success and risk factors in the pre-startup phase. Small

Business Economics, 24(4), 365-380. Van Gelderen, M., Thurik, R., & Patel, P. (2011). Encountered problems and outcome status in nascent

entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 71-91. NORWAY Alsos, G. A., & Kolvereid, L. (1998). The business gestation process of novice, serial, and parallel business

founders. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22, 101-114. Alsos, G. A., & Ljunggren, E. (1998). Does the business start-up process differ by gender? A longitudinal

study of nascent entrepreneurs. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 137-151. Rotefoss, B., & Kolvereid, L. (2005). Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the

business start-up process. Entrepreneurship & regional development, 17(2), 109-127. SWEDEN Chandler, G. N., Honig, B., & Wiklund, J. (2005). Antecedents, moderators, and performance

consequences of membership change in new venture teams. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(5), 705-725.

Davidsson, P., & Henrekson, M. (2000). Institutional Determinants of the Prevalence of Start-ups and High-Growth Firms: Evidence from Sweden. Small Business Economics.

Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(3), 301-331.

De Clercq, D., Mennzies, T. V., Diochon, M., & Gasse, Y. (2008). Explaining nascent entrepreneurs' goal commitment: an exploratory study. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 21(4), 123-139.

Delmar, F. (2015). A response to Honig and Samuelsson (2014). Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 3, 1-4.

Delmar, F. (2015). When the dust has settled: A final note on replication. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 4, 20-21.

Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & regional development, 12(1), 1-23.

Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2003). Does business planning facilitate the development of new ventures? Strategic Management Journal, 24(12), 1165-1185.

Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2004). Legitimating first: Organizing activities and the survival of new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(3), 385-410.

Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2006). Does experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and sales of newly founded ventures. Strategic Organization, 4(3), 215-247.

Honig, B., & Samuelsson, M. (2015). Replication in entrepreneurship research: a further response to Delmar. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 3, 30-34.

Honig, B., & Karlsson, T. (2004). Institutional forces and the written business plan. Journal of Management, 30(1), 29-48.

Honig, B. and M. Samuelsson (2012). "Planning and the entrepreneur: A longitudinal examination of nascent entrepreneurs in Sweden." Journal of Small Business Management 50(3): 365-388.

Honig, B., & Samuelsson, M. (2014). Data replication and extension: A study of business planning and venture-level performance. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 1, 18-25.


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Shane, S., & Delmar, F. (2004). Planning for the market: business planning before marketing and the continuation of organizing efforts. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(6), 767-785.

Steffens, P., Terjesen, S., Davidsson, P. (2012) Birds of a feather get lost together: New venture team composition and performance. Small Business Economics, 39, 727–743.

UNITED STATES Adachi, T. and Hisada, T. (2016). "Gender Differences in Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship: An

Empirical Analysis.” Small Business Economics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9793-y Aldrich, H. E. (2012). "The emergence of entrepreneurship as an academic field: A personal essay on

institutional entrepreneurship." Research Policy 41(7): 1240-1248. Aldrich, H. E., & Yang, T. (2012). What did Stinchcombe really mean? Designing research to test the

liability of newness among new ventures. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 2(3). BarNir, A. (2014). Pre-venture managerial experience and new venture innovation: An opportunity costs

perspective. Management Decision, 52(10), 1981-2001. Brannon, D. L., et al. (2013). "The varying effects of family relationships in entrepreneurial teams."

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37(1): 107-132. Brinckmann, J., & Kim, S. M. (2015). Why We Plan: The Impact of Nascent Entrepreneurs' Cognitive

Characteristics and Human Capital on Business Planning. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., & Manolova, T. S. (2008). The Effects of Initial Location, Aspirations, and

Resources on Likelihood of First Sale in Nascent Firms*. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(2), 159-182.

Brush, C. G., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. (2008). Properties of emerging organizations: An empirical test. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(5), 547-566.

Campbell, J. R., & De Nardi, M. (2009). A conversation with 590 nascent entrepreneurs. Annals of Finance, 5(3), 313-340.

Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. (1996). Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3), 151-166.

Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., & Gatewood, E. J. (2003). The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 13-39.

Carter, S., Kuhl, A., Marlow, S., & Mwaura, S. (2017). Households as a site of entrepreneurial activity. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 81-190.

Casey, C. (2014). Critical Connections The Importance of Community-Based Organizations and Social Capital to Credit Access for Low-Wealth Entrepreneurs. Urban Affairs Review, 50(3), 366-390.

Cassar, G. (2006). Entrepreneur opportunity costs and intended venture growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(5), 610-632.

Cassar, G. (2007). Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(1), 89-107.

Cassar, G. (2009). Financial statement and projection preparation in start-up ventures. The Accounting Review, 84(1), 27-51.

Cassar, G. (2010). Are individuals entering self-employment overly optimistic? an empirical test of plans and projections on nascent entrepreneur expectations. Strategic Management Journal, 31(8), 822-840.

Cassar, G., & Craig, J. (2009). An investigation of hindsight bias in nascent venture activity. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2), 149-164.

Cassar, G., & Ittner, C. D. (2009). Initial retention of external accountants in startup ventures. European Accounting Review, 18(2), 313-340.


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Claire, L. (2012). "Re-Storying the Entrepreneurial Ideal: Lifestyle Entrepreneurs as Hero?" Tamara Journal for Critical Organization Inquiry 10(1-2).

Clark, K. D., Newbert, S. L., & Quigley, N. R. (2017). The motivational drivers underlying for-profit venture creation: Comparing social and commercial entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal, 0266242617731139.

Coleman, S., & Kariv, D. (2014). ‘Deconstructing’entrepreneurial self-efficacy: a gendered perspective on the impact of ESE and community entrepreneurial culture on the financial strategies and performance of new firms. Venture Capital, 16(2), 157-181.

Cowden, B. J., & Tang, J. (2017). Gender Differences and Entrepreneurial Munificence: The Pursuit of Innovative New Ventures. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 22(01), 1750002.

Crawford, G. C., Aguinis, H., Lichtenstein, B., Davidsson, P., & McKelvey, B. (2015). Power law distributions in entrepreneurship: Implications for theory and research. Journal of Business Venturing.

Crawford, G. C., McKelvey, B., & Lichtenstein, B. (2014). The empirical reality of entrepreneurship: How power law distributed outcomes call for new theory and method. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 1.

Davidsson, P. and S. R. Gordon (2012). "Panel studies of new venture creation: a methods-focused review and suggestions for future research." Small Business Economics 39(4): 853-876.

Davidsson, P., 2005. Paul D. Reynolds: Entrepreneurship research innovator, coordinator, and disseminator. Small Business Economics, 24(4), 351-358

Davidsson, P., 2006. Nascent Entrepreneurship: Empirical Studies and Developments Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship Research, 2(1), 1-76

Davis, A. E., & Shaver, K. G. (2012). Understanding Gendered Variations in Business Growth Intentions Across the Life Course. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.

Dimov, D. (2010). Nascent entrepreneurs and venture emergence: opportunity confidence, human capital, and early planning. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6), 1123-1153.

Dimov, D., & Dimov, D. (2017). Towards a qualitative understanding of human capital in entrepreneurship research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(2), 210-227.

Eckhardt, J. T., Shane, S., & Delmar, F. (2006). Multistage selection and the financing of new ventures. Management Science, 220-232.

Edelman, L. F., Brush, C. G., Manolova, T. S., & Greene, P. G. (2010). Start-up Motivations and Growth Intentions of Minority Nascent Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(2), 174-196.

Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T. S., & Brush, C. G. (2008). Entrepreneurship education: Correspondence between practices of nascent entrepreneurs and textbook prescriptions for success. The Academy of Management Learning and Education ARCHIVE, 7(1), 56-70.

Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T. S., & Brush, C. G. (2014). Size and Growth Rate of Women-Owned Businesses in the United States1. Entrepreneurial Women: New Management and Leadership Models, 69.

Edelman, L., & Yli-Renko, H. (2010). The Impact of Environment and Entrepreneurial Perceptions on Venture-Creation Efforts: Bridging the Discovery and Creation Views of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(5), 833-856.

Eggers, F., et al. (2012). "Examining the relationship between customer and entrepreneurial orientation on nascent firms’ marketing strategy." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 8(2): 203-222.

Freeland, R. E., & Keister, L. A. (2014). How Does Race and Ethnicity Affect Persistence in Immature Ventures?. Journal of Small Business Management.


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Frid, C. J. (2014). Acquiring financial resources to form new ventures: the impact of personal characteristics on organizational emergence. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 27(3), 323-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2015.1082895

Frid, C. J., Wyman, D. M., & Coffey, B. (2016). Effects of wealth inequality on entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9742-9

Frid, C. J., Wyman, D. M., & Gartner, W. B. (In Press). The Influence of Financial ‘Skin in the Game’ On New Venture Creation. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 21(2).

Frid, C. J., Wyman, D. M., Gartner, W. B., & Hechavarria, D. M. (2016). Low-wealth entrepreneurs and access to external financing. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 22(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2015-0173

Gartner, W. and J. Liao (2012). "The effects of perceptions of risk, environmental uncertainty, and growth aspirations on new venture creation success." Small Business Economics 39(3): 703-712.

Gartner, W. B. and K. G. Shaver (2012). "Nascent entrepreneurship panel studies: progress and challenges." Small Business Economics 39(3): 659-665.

Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., & Liao, J. J. (2008). Opportunities as attributions: Categorizing strategic issues from an attributional perspective. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(4), 301-315.

Gartner, W.B., Frid, C.J., & Alexander, J.C. (2012). Financing the emerging firm. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 745-761.

Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. (1995). A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5), 371-391.

Gloss, A., Pollack, J. M., & Ward, M. K. (2017). A risky shift? An exploration of the measurement equivalence of entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial orientation across socioeconomic gradients. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 7, 32-37.

Gras, D. and G. T. Lumpkin (2012). "Strategic Foci in Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 3(1): 6-23.

Haltiwanger, J., & Looney, A. (2011). Comments and discussion: What do small businesses do? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 119-142.

Hechavarria, D. M., et al. (2012). "The nascent entrepreneurship hub: goals, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and start-up outcomes." Small Business Economics 39(3): 685-701.

Hopp, C. (2012). "For Better or for Worse?—Nonprofit Experience and the Performance of Nascent Entrepreneurs." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 41(6): 1251-1268.

Hopp, C. (2015). Does the presence of a formal business plan increase formal financial support? Empirical evidence from the PSED II on the signalling and mimetic nature of formal business planning. Applied Economics Letters, 22(9), 673-678.

Hopp, C. and U. Stephan (2012). "The influence of socio-cultural environments on the performance of nascent entrepreneurs: Community culture, motivation, self-efficacy and start-up success." Entrepreneurship & regional development 24(9-10): 917-945.

Hopp, C., & Sonderegger, R. (2014). Understanding the Dynamics of Nascent Entrepreneurship—Prestart-Up Experience, Intentions, and Entrepreneurial Success. Journal of Small Business Management.

Hurst, E., & Pugsley, B. W. (2011). What do small businesses do? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 73-118.

Johnson, K. L. and C. Wu (2012). "Creating Entrepreneurial Opportunities as a Means to Maintain Entrepreneurial Talent in Corporations." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 25(3): 327-348.


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Johnson, K., Danis, W., & DOLLINGER, M. J. (2008). Are you an innovator or adaptor? The impact of cognitive propensity on venture expectations and outcomes. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship. Fairfield.

Johnson, P. S., Parker, S. C., & Wijbenga, F. (2006). Nascent entrepreneurship research: achievements and opportunities. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 1-4.

Kariv, D., & Coleman, S. (2015). Toward a theory of financial bricolage: the impact of small loans on new businesses. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(2).

Khan, S. A., et al. (2013). "Disengagement of Nascent Entrepreneurs from the Start-Up Process." Journal of Small Business Management.

Kim, P. H., & Longest, K. C. 2014. You can’t leave your work behind: Employment experience and founding collaborations. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(6): 785–806.

Kim, P. H., Aldrich, H. E., & Keister, L. A. (2006). Access (not) denied: The impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entryin the United States. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 5-22.

Kim, P. H., Longest, K. C., & Aldrich, H. E. 2013. Can You Lend Me a Hand? Task-Role Alignment of Social Support for Aspiring Business Owners. Work and Occupations, 40(3): 211–247.

Kim, P. H., Longest, K. C., & Lippmann, S. forthcoming. The tortoise versus the hare: Progress and business viability differences between conventional and leisure-based founders. Journal of Business Venturing.

Köllinger, P., & Minniti, M. (2006). Not for lack of trying: American entrepreneurship in black and white. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 59-79.

Kotha, R. and G. George (2012). "Friends, family, or fools: Entrepreneur experience and its implications for equity distribution and resource mobilization." Journal of Business Venturing 27(5): 525-543.

Kroeck, K. G., Bullough, A. M., & Reynolds, P. D. (2010). Entrepreneurship and differences in locus of control. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 15(1).

Li, T., & Gustafsson, V. (2012). Nascent entrepreneurs in China: social class identity, prior experience affiliation and identification of innovative opportunity: A study based on the Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (CPSED) project. Chinese Management Studies, 6(1), 14-35.

Liao, J. J., & Welsch, H. (2008). Patterns of venture gestation process: Exploring the differences between tech and non-tech nascent entrepreneurs. The Journal of high technology management research, 19(2), 103-113.

Liao, J. J., Gartner, W. В., & Gartner, W. B. (2007). The influence of pre-venture planning on new venture creation. Journal of Small Business Strategy Vol, 18(2), 2008.

Liao, J., & Gartner, W. B. (2006). The effects of pre-venture plan timing and perceived environmental uncertainty on the persistence of emerging firms. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 23-40.

Liao, J., & Welsch, H. (2003). Social capital and entrepreneurial growth aspiration: a comparison of technology-and non-technology-based nascent entrepreneurs. The Journal of high technology management research, 14(1), 149-170.

Liao, J., & Welsch, H. (2005). Roles of Social Capital in Venture Creation: Key Dimensions and Research Implications*. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(4), 345-362.

Liao, J., Murphy, P. J., & Welsch, H. (2005). Developing and validating a construct of entrepreneurial intensity. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 31-38.

Liao, J., Welsch, H., & Moutray, C. (2009). Start-up Resources and Entrepreneurial Discontinuance: the Case of Nascent Entrepreneurs. J. Small Bus. Strateg, 19(2), 1-15.

Liao, J., Welsch, H., & Tan, W. L. (2005). Venture gestation paths of nascent entrepreneurs: Exploring the temporal patterns. The Journal of high technology management research, 16(1), 1-22.

Lichtenstein, B. B., Carter, N. M., Dooley, K. J., & Gartner, W. B. (2007). Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 236-261.


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Liu, C. Y. (2012). "The Causes And Dynamics Of Minority Entrepreneurial Entry." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 17(01).

Mai, Y. and X. Gu (2012). "Is work experience helpful to the success of venture creation?: Based on the on-the-job embeddedness analysis." Nankai Business Review International 3(2): 187-198.

Manolova, T. S., Brush, C. G., & Edelman, L. F. (2008). What do women entrepreneurs want? Strategic Change, 17(3-4), 69-82.

Manolova, T. S., et al. (2012). "One size does not fit all: Entrepreneurial expectancies and growth intentions of US women and men nascent entrepreneurs." Entrepreneurship & regional development 24(1-2): 7-27.

Mason, J. (2018). Entrepreneurship in knowledge-based services: Opportunity and challenges for new venture, economic, and workforce development. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 10.

Matthews, C., Schenkel, M., Ford, M., & Human, S. (2009). Comparing nascent entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs and expectations of firm growth. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 20(1), 53.

Mattingly, E. S. & Kushev, T. (2016). Most New Businesses Fail, but Mine Won’t …Right? The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 25(1) 70-88.

McCann, B. T. and T. B. Folta (2012). "Entrepreneurial entry thresholds." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization.

McCann, B. T., & McCann, B. T. (2017). Prior exposure to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial beliefs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(3), 591-612.

Muñoz-Bullon, F., Sanchez-Bueno, M. J., & Vos-Saz, A. (2015). Startup team contributions and new firm creation: the role of founding team experience. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 27(1-2), 80-105.

Murphy, P. J., Kickul, J., Barbosa, S. D., & Titus, L. (2007). Expert capital and perceived legitimacy: Female-run entrepreneurial venture signaling and performance. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8(2), 127-138.

Newbert SL, Tornikoski ET, Quigley NR. 2013. Exploring the evolution of supporter networks in the creation of new organizations. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2): 281-298.

Newbert SL, Tornikoski ET. 2013. Resource acquisition in the emergence phase: Considering the effects of embeddedness and dependence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2): 249–280.

Newbert, S. L. (2005). New firm formation: a dynamic capability perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(1), 55-77.

Newbert, S. L. (2012). "Marketing Amid the Uncertainty of the Social Sector: Do Social Entrepreneurs Follow Best Marketing Practices?" Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31(1): 75-90.

Newbert, S. L., & Tornikoski, E. (2012). Supporter networks and network growth: a contingency model of organizational emergence. Small Business Economics, 39(1), 141-159. doi: 10.1007/s11187-010-9300-9

Nuñez, E. (2015). The Differing Impact of Household Income on Firm Emergence by Heterogeneous Startup Configuration, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 18(2):31-46.

Nuñez, E. (2015). The Temporal Dynamics of Firm Emergence by Team Composition – Examining Top-Performing Solo, Family, and Team-Based Startups, Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 20(2):65 - 92.

Parker, S. C. (2011). Intrapreneurship or entrepreneurship? Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1), 19-34. Parker, S. C., & Belghitar, Y. (2006). What happens to nascent entrepreneurs? An econometric analysis of

the PSED. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 81-101. Patel, P. C., & Fiet, J. O. (2009). Systematic search and its relationship to firm founding. Entrepreneurship

Theory and Practice, 33(2), 501-526. Petrova, K. (2010). Part-time entrepreneurship and financial constraints: evidence from the Panel Study of

Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Small Business Economics, 1-21.


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Renko, M. (2012). "Early Challenges of Nascent Social Entrepreneurs." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.

Renko, M., et al. (2012). "Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship." Small Business Economics 39(3): 667-684.

Renko, M., Harris, S. P., & Caldwell, K. (2015). Entrepreneurial entry by people with disabilities. International Small Business Journal, 0266242615579112.

Reynolds, P. D. (1997). Who starts new firms?–Preliminary explorations of firms-in-gestation. Small Business Economics, 9(5), 449-462.

Reynolds, P. D. (2009). Screening item effects in estimating the prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs. Small Business Economics, 33(2), 151-163.

Reynolds, P. D. (2011). Informal and early formal financial support in the business creation process: exploration with PSED II data set. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(1), 27-54.

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Davidsson, P. (2004). Researching entrepreneurship. Boston, MA: Springer. Davidsson, P. (2006). Nascent entrepreneurship: Empirical studies and developments. Foundations and

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BOOK CHAPTERS AUSTRALIAN CAUSEE Davidsson, P., & Reynolds, P. (2009). PSED II and the Comprehensive Australian Study of

Entrepreneurial Emergence [CAUSEE]. In R. T. Curtin & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), New Firm Creation in the United States (Vol. 23, pp. 263-278): Springer New York.

Davidsson, P., & Steffens, P. (2011). Comprehensive Australian Study of Entrepreneurial Emergence (CAUSEE): Project Presentation and Early Results. In P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtin (Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 27-51): Springer New York.

Davidsson, P., Steffens, P., & Gordon, S. (2011). Comprehensive Australian study of entrepreneurial emergence (CAUSEE): design, data collection and descriptive results. Handbook of research on new venture creation, 216-250.

Garonne, C. & Davidsson, P. (2016). An Exploration of the Phenomenon of Business Planning in Nascent and Young Firms. In: Corbett, A. & Katz, J. (Eds.) Models of Start-up Thinking and Action: Theoretical, Empirical and Pedagogical Approaches (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth), Vol. 18, 211-236.

Gordon, S. R. (2012). Action's Place in the Venture Creation Process. Advances in Entrepreneurhsip, Firm Emergence, and Growth (pp. 161-205).

Wicker, Christina & Davidsson, Per (2015) The entrepreneurial break-up : disengaging from the start-up phase. In DeTienne, Dawn & Wennberg, Karl (Eds.) Research Handbook of Entrepreneurial Exit. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, United Kingdom, pp. 197-213.


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CANADA Diochon, M., Gasse, Y., & Menzies, T. (2011). The Canadian Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. In

P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtin (Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 53-93): Springer New York.

CHINA Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Au, K., & Reynolds, P. (2011). Anatomy of Business Creation in China: Initial

Assessment of the Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. In P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtin (Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 95-121): Springer New York.

GERMANY Brixy, U., & Sternberg, R. (2011). German Panel of Nascent Entrepreneurs. In P. D. Reynolds & R. T.

Curtin (Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 123-141): Springer New York. LATVIA Dombrovsky, V., Paalzow, A., & Rastrigina, O. (2011). Latvia: Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics

Overview. In P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtin (Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 143-174): Springer New York.

NETHERLANDS Hessels, J., & Gelderen, M. (2011). New Business Creation in the Netherlands. In P. D. Reynolds & R. T.

Curtin (Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 175-193): Springer New York. NORWAY Alsos, G., & Kolvereid, L. (2011). Business Start-up Processes in Norway. In P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtin

(Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 195-222): Springer New York. SWEDEN * Samuelsson, M. (2011). The Swedish PSED: Performance in the Nascent Venturing Process and Beyond.

In P. D. Reynolds & R. T. Curtin (Eds.), New Business Creation (Vol. 27, pp. 223-253): Springer New York.

UNITED STATES Aldrich, H. E., & Carter, N. M. (2004). Social networks. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P.

Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: the process of business creation (pp. 324-335). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Aldrich, H. E., Carter, N. M., & Ruef, M. (2004). Teams. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: the process of business creation (pp. 299-310). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Allen, K., & Stearns, T. (2004). Technology entrepreneurs. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp.438-448). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Baron, R. A. (2004). Social skills. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 220-234). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.


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Brush, C. G., & Manolova, T. S. (2004). The career and personal background variables in the PSED questionnaire. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 78-93). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Brush, C. G., & Manolova, T. S. (2004). The household structure variables in the PSED questionnaire. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 39-48). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Burton, M. D., Anderson, P., & Aldrich, H. (2009). Owner Founders, Nonowner Founders and Helpers. In R. T. Curtin & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), New Firm Creation in the United States (Vol. 23, pp. 115-133): Springer New York.

Carter, N. M., & Brush, C. G. (2004). Gender. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 12-25). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Davis, A., & Shaver, K. (2009). Social Motives in the PSED II. In R. T. Curtin & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), New Firm Creation in the United States (Vol. 23, pp. 19-34): Springer New York.

Davis, A., Longest, K., Kim, P., & Aldrich, H. (2009). Owner Contributions and Equity. In R. T. Curtin & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), New Firm Creation in the United States (Vol. 23, pp. 71-94): Springer New York.

Dennis, W. J., & Reynolds, P. D. (2004). Knowledge and use of assistance. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 336-351). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.


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Ford, M. W., & Matthews, C. H. (2004). Individual problem solving. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 196-204). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Gartner, W. B., & Carter, N. M. (2003). Entrepreneurial behavior and firm organising processes. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research (pp. 195-221). Dordrecht, NL: Kluwer.

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Gartner, W., Frid, C., Alexander, J., & Carter, N. (2009). Financing the Emerging Firm: Comparisons Between PSED I and PSED II. In R. T. Curtin & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), New Firm Creation in the United States (Vol. 23, pp. 185-216): Springer New York.

Gatewood, E. J. (2004). Entrepreneurial expectancies. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 153-162). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Greene, P. G., Carter, N. M., & Reynolds, P. D. (2003). Minority entrepreneurship: Trends and explanation. In C. Steyaert & D. Hjorth (Eds.), New movements in entrepreneurship (pp. 239-257). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Greene, P. G., & Owen, M. M. (2004). Race and ethnicity. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 26-38). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Hills, G. E., & Singh, R. P. (2004). Opportunity recognition. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 259-272). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Honig, B., Davidsson, P., & Karlsson, T. (2005). Learning strategies of nascent entrepreneurs. In R. Sanchez & A. Heene (Eds.), Research in competence-based management. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

Honig, B., Liao, J., & Gartner, W. (2009). Institutional Isomorphism, Business Planning, and Business Plan Revision: The Differential Impact on Teams Versus Solo Entrepreneurs. In R. T. Curtin & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), New Firm Creation in the United States (Vol. 23, pp. 137-155): Springer New York.

Human, S. E., & Matthews, C. H. (2004). Future expectations for the new business. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 386-400). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Johnson, K. L., Arthaud-Day, M. L., Rode, J. C., & Near, J. P. (2004). Job and life satisfaction. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 163-170). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Katz, J., & Cabezuelo, A. (2004). Measures of financial sophistication. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 372-385). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Kim, P. H., Aldrich, H. E., & Keister, L. A. (2004). Household income and networth. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 49-61). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Liao, J., & Welsch, H. (2004). Entrepreneurial identity. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 186-195). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Matthews, C. H., & Human, S. E. (2004). The economic and community context for entrepreneurship: Perceived environmental uncertainty. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 421-429). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Shaver, K. G. (2004). Overview: The cognitive characteristics of the entrepreneur. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 131-141). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Shaver, K. G. (2012). "Entrepreneurial Action: Conceptual Foundations and Research Challenges." Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth 14: 281-306.

Stearns, T. M., & Carter, N. M. (2004). Competitive strategy. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 430-437). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Stouder, M. D., & Kirchhoff, B. A. (2004). Funding the first year of business. In W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, N. M. Carter & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 352-371). Thousand Oaks, USA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

DISSERTATIONS & THESES Baltrusaityte-Axelson, J. (2006). Opportunity recognition process, new business start-up motivators and

outcomes: The real options approach. (Ph.D. 3233128), University of Illinois at Chicago, United States – Illinois. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Davis, A. E. (2007). More (or less) than the sums of their parts? Status, teams, and entrepreneurial outcomes. (Ph.D. 3257595), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States -- North Carolina. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Dixon, J. E. (2003). Pathways to success: Exploring the personal networks of female and minority entrepreneurs. (Ph.D. 3119668), The University of Texas at Austin, United States -- Texas. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Frid, C. J. (2011). Does money matter? Investigating the financing of emerging firms. (Ph.D. 3469531), Clemson University, United States -- South Carolina. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.


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Garonne, C. (2014). Business planning in emerging firms: uses and effects. Doctoral dissertation. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology

Gordon, S. R. (2012). Dimensions of the venture creation process: amount, dynamics, and sequences of action in nascent entrepreneurship. Doctoral Dissertation. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology

Hechavarria, D. (2013). Nascent Entrepreneur’s Prospecting Profile and Start-up Capital Sources: An Investigation of Start-up Outcomes Over Time. (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/

Kim, P. H. (2006). Organizing activities and founding processes of new ventures. (Ph.D. 3219131), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States -- North Carolina. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Kinghorn, B. H. (2008). Characteristics that lead to entrepreneurial recognition: A capital theory perspective. (Ph.D. 3327533), New Mexico State University, United States -- New Mexico. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Lehmann, F. N. A. (2007). Three essays on entrepreneurship, reassessing puzzles and assumptions. (Ph.D. 3276228), University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Leonard, J. M. (2007). An empirical microeconomic study of the entrepreneur. (Ph.D. 3291422), University of Kansas, United States -- Kansas. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Meeks, M. D. (2004). Antecedents to the entrepreneurial decision: An empirical analysis of three predictive models. (Ph.D. 3153860), University of Colorado at Boulder, United States -- Colorado. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Murphy, P. J. (2004). A logic for entrepreneurial discovery. (Ph.D. 3126461), University of Illinois at Chicago, United States -- Illinois. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Samuelsson, M. (2004). Creating new ventures: A longitudinal investigation of the nascent venturing process. (Ph.D.), Jönköping International Business School, Sweden -- Jönköping.

Schenkel, M. T. (2005). New enterprise opportunity recognition: Toward a theory of entrepreneurial dynamism. (Ph.D. 3176711), University of Cincinnati, United States -- Ohio. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Semasinghe, D. (2011). The role of Idea Novelty and Relatedness on Venture Performance. Doctoral Dissertation. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.

Smith, B. R. (2007). Entrepreneurial team formation: The effects of technological intensity and decision making on organizational emergence. (Ph.D. 3269264), University of Cincinnati, United States -- Ohio. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Stouder, M. D. (2002). The capital structure decisions of nascent entrepreneurs. (Ph.D. 3062451), Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - Newark, United States -- New Jersey. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Stützer, M. (2006). Nascent entrepreneurship and the process of new venture creation. (Master's Thesis), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Germany -- Jena.

Sullivan, D. M. (2006). Dynamic entrepreneurial networks: An investigation of entrepreneurs, new ventures and their networks. (Ph.D. 3233678), University of Central Florida, United States -- Florida. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

Thrane-Jensen, C. (2006). Capital forms and the entrepreneur - a contingency approach on new venture creation. (Ph.D.), University of Århus, Denmark -- Århus.

Williams Middleton, K. (2010). Developing Entrepreneurial Behavior: Facilitating Nascent Entrepreneurship at the University. [ISBN 978-91-7385-455-9] (PhD.) Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden - Gothenburg.


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Yusuf, J.-E. (2007). The effectiveness of entrepreneurial start-up assistance programs: Evidence from the U.S. panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics. (Ph.D. 3298887), University of Kentucky, United States -- Kentucky. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) database.

RESEARCH REPORTS AUSTRALIAN CAUSEE Davidsson, P., et al. (2012). "Early stage start-ups: evidence from the Comprehensive Australian Study of

Entrepreneurial Emergence (CAUSEE)." Australian Small Business: Key Statistics and Analysis [2012 ed.]: 4-17.

Davidsson, P., Steffens, P. R., Gordon, S. R., & Reynolds, P. D. (2008). Anatomy of new business activity in Australia: Some early observations from the CAUSEE project School of Management Technical Report. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland University of Technology.

Davidsson, P., Steffens, P. R., Gordon, S. R., & Senyard, J. M. (2008). Characteristics of high-potential start-ups: Some early observations from the CAUSEE project School of Management Technical Report. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland University of Technology.

Davidsson, P., Steffens, P. R., Gordon, S. R., Garonne, C., & Senyard, J. M. (2009). Business creation processes in Australia: What start-up attempts get up and running, and why? A preliminary assessment School of Management Technical Report. Brisbane, Australia: Queensland University of Technology.

NETHERLANDS Van Gelderen, M., Thurik, A. R., & Bosma, N. (2003). Success and risk factors in the pre-startup phase

SCALES paper N200314. Zoetermeer, Netherlands: EIM. SWEDEN * Honig, B., & Karlsson, T. (2001). Business planning and the nascent entrepreneur: An empirical study of

normative behavior. Jönköping, Sweden: Jönköping International Business School. UNITED STATES de Rearte, A. G., Lanari, E., & Autucha, P. A. A. J. (1998). El proceso de creaction de empresas; Abordaje

methodologico y primeros resultados de un studio regional. Mar del Plata, Argentina: Universidade Nacional de Mar del Plata.

Gartner, W. B., & Liao, J. (2007). Pre-venture planning. In C. Moutray (Ed.), The small business economy for data year 2006: Report to the President (pp. 212-264). Washington, DC: U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy.

Reynolds, P. D., & Curtin, R. T. (2009). Business creation in the United States: Entry, startup activities, and the launch of new ventures. In C. Moutray (Ed.), The small business economy for data year 2008: Report to the President (pp. 165-240). Washington, DC: U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy.

Reynolds, P. D., & Curtin, R. T. (2011). Panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics (I, II): A harmonized data set of transitions and outcomes. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. http://www.psed.isr.umich.edu

Reynolds, P. D., & White, S. B. (1993). Wisconsin's entrepreneurial climate study. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University for the Study of Entrepreneurship.


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PEER REVIEW CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS, PROCEEDINGS Aldrich, H. E., Carter, N. M., Ruef, M., & Kim, P. H. (2003). Hampered by homophily? The effects of team

composition on the success of nascent entrepreneurs' organizing efforts. Paper presented at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Babson Park, MA.

Alsos, G. A., & Ljunggren, E. (1998). Does the business start-up process differ by gender? A longitudinal study of nascent entrepreneurs. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 137-151.

Baltrusaityte-Axelson, J. (2008). Proactive vs. reactive opportunity recognition and start-up outcomes. Paper presented at the ICSB 2008 World Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Baltrusaityte-Axelson, J. (2007). Examining the NBV motivators: Is reactive vs. proactive opportunity recognition a personality trait? Paper presented at the ICSB 2007 World Conference, Turku, Finland.

Baltrusaityte-Axelson, J. (2007). The opportunity recognition process and new venture start-up motivators: The real options approach. Paper presented at the 4th AGSE International Entrepreneurship Research Exchange, Brisbane, Australia.

Baltrusaityte, J., Acs, Z. J., & Hills, G. E. (2005). Opportunity Recognition Processes and New Venture Failure: Examination of the PSED Data. Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Wellesley, MA.

Baltrusaityte, J. & Aldrich, H. (2005). “The Effects of Team Composition on the Opportunity Recognition Process." Presented at Babson College - Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BKERC), Babson College, USA.

Bi-Fei, T., et al. (2012). The Effects of Entrepreneurial Personality Traits on Opportunity Identification: An Empirical Study Based on PSED II. Proceedings of the 2012 3rd International Conference on E-Business and E-Government-Volume 05, IEEE Computer Society.

Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., and Manolova, T. (2003). Home or away: The impact of initial location decisions on resource assembly in nascent firms, at Academy of Management Research Conference, Seattle, WA.

Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., and Manolova, T. (2003). Home or away: The impact of initial location decisions on resource assembly in nascent firms, at Babson College-Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Wellesley, MA.

Brush, C. G., Edelman, L. F., and Manolova, T. (2004). Properties of emerging organizations: An empirical test, at Academy of Management Research Conference, New Orleans, LA, Academy Highlighted Show Program Session.

Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., and Greene, P. G. (2002). The career reasons of minority nascent entrepreneurs. In Nagao, Dennis H. (Ed.), Academy of Management Best Papers Proceeding: 2002 (pp. ENT D1-D6). Academy of Management National Meeting, Denver, CO.

Cassar, G. (2004). Entrepreneur motivation, growth preferences and intended venture growth (Summary). Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Strathclyde, Scotland.

Cassar, Gavin. (2006). Information acquisition and the rationality of entrepreneur expectations. In ed. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 93-105.

Crosa, B., Aldrich, H. A., & Keister, L. A. (2002). Is there a wealth effect? Financial and human capital determinants of business start-ups. In W. D. Bygrave et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2002. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (1999). Firm size expectations of nascent entrepreneurs. In P. D. Reynolds, W. D. Bygrave, S. Manigart, C. Mason, G. D. Meyer, H. J. Sapienza & K. G. Shaver (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1999 (Vol. 19, pp. 90-104). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.


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Delmar, F., & Gunnarsson, J. (2000). How do self-employed parents of nascent entrepreneurs contribute? In P. D. Reynolds et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2000. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2002). What founders do: A longitudinal study of the start-up process. In W. D. Bygrave et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2002 (pp. 632-645). Wellesley, MA.

Delmar, F., & Shane, S. (2003b). Does the order of organizing activities matter for new venture performance? In P. D. Reynolds et al (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship 2003. Wellesley, MA.: Babson College.

Diochon, M., Menzies, M., & Gasse, Y. (2003). Insights into the dynamics of Canadian nascent entrepreneurs' start-up efforts and the role individual factors play in the process. Paper presented at the 20th Annual CCSBE Conference, Victoria.

λDing, Z.J., and Au, K. 2012. Past Experience of Entrepreneurs, Strategic Legitimation Activities, and New Venture Performance. Accepted for 2012 International Association for Chinese Management Research conference (IACMR), Hong Kong, China, June.

Edelman, L.F., C.G. Brush, and T. Manolova. 2005. Entrepreneurial education: Do they practice what we teach? Paper presented at Academy of Management Research Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Edelman, L.F., C.G. Brush, and T. Manolova. 2006. One size doesn’t fit all: Growth expectancies of U.S women and men nascent entrepreneurs, Paper presented at Academy of Management Research Conference, Atlanta, Georgia. 11-16 August.

Frid, C. J. (2009). Acquiring financial resources to form new ventures: Pecking order theory and the emerging firm. Frontiers of Entrepreneurhsip Research, 29(1), 1.

Gartner, W. B., Frid, C. J., & Alexander, J. C. (2008). Financing the emerging business through monitored and unmonitored sources of funding. Paper presented at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Chapel Hill, NC.

Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., & Gatewood, E. J. (2000). Doing it for yourself: Career attributions of nascent entrepreneurs. In P. D. Reynolds et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2000. Wellesley, MA.: Babson College.

Gartner, William B. and J. Liao. 2005. Making sense and cents making in pre-venture business planning: Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics. Foundations of Entrepreneurship Research 2005, Wellesley, MA, Babson College, www.babson.edu/ entrep/ fer/2005FER/chapter_xii.

Gartner, William B. and Kelly G. Shaver. 2002. The attributional characteristics of opportunities and problems described by nascent entrepreneurs in the PSED. Foundations of Entrepreneurship Research 2002, Wellesley, MA, Babson College.

Gartner, William B. and N. M. Carter. 2002. The demography of opportunity: Some preliminary analyses and results. In Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface. Chicago, IL: The University of Illinois at Chicago, pp 2-10.

Gartner, William B. and Nancy M. Carter. 2001. The demography of opportunity: Some preliminary analyses and results. Paper presented at the 15th Annual UIC Research Symposium on Marketing and Entrepreneurship, Washington, D.C., August.

Gartner, William B., Carter, Nancy M. and Gerald R. Hills. 2001. Opportunities are enacted! Paper presented at the “Movements in Entrepreneurship” Workshop. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, June.

Gartner, William B., N. M. Carter, B. M. B. Lichtenstein, and K. Dooley. 2003. When are new firms founded? Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meetings, Seattle, WA 1-6 August.


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Germak, A. J. (2015, January). For Love or Money? Achievement Orientation, Non-Monetary Focus and the Nascent Social Entrepreneur. In Society for Social Work and Research 19th Annual Conference: The Social and Behavioral Importance of Increased Longevity. Sswr.

Hills, G. E., Lumpkin, G. T., & Baltrusaityte, J. (2004). Opportunity recognition: Examining search formality, search processes and the impact on firm founding (Summary). Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Strathclyde, Scotland.

Honig, Benson and Tomas Karlsson. 2002. Institutional forces and the written business plan. Paper presented at Academy of Management Conference, Denver, CO 9-14 August.

Honig, Benson and Tomas Karlsson. 2003. The institutional context of business planning for nascent organizations in two countries. Paper presented at Academy of Management Conference, Seattle, WA 1-6 August.

Honig, Benson and Tomas Karlsson. 2004. Business planning in nascent organizations: Institutional and social identity determinants of planning behaviour. Paper presented at Academy of Management Conference, New Orleans, LA, 6-11 August.

Honig, Benson and Tomas Karlsson. 2005. Representation and realization: A theoretical perspective on entrepreneurship. Paper presented at Academy of Management Conference, Honolulu, HI 5-10 August..

Johnson, Kevin L; Danis, Wade M; Dollinger, Marc J. 2004. Are innovators better entrepreneurs? An examination of the relationship between cognitive style and entrepreneurship. Paper presented at First Annual Clemson/Kauffman Symposium on the PSED. Clemson, SC.

Kim, P. H., & Aldrich, H. E. (2004). Teams that work together, stay together: Resiliency of entrepreneurial teams (Summary). Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Strathclyde, Scotland.

Kim, P. H., Aldrich, H. A., & Keister, L. A. (2003). If I were rich? The impact of financial and human capital on becoming a nascent entrepreneur. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta.

Kim, Phillip H., Howard E. Aldrich and Martin Ruef. 2005. “Fruits of co-laboring: Effects of entrepreneurial team stability on the organizational founding process.” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2005. Wellesley, MA

λKwan, H. K., Au, K., & Liu, D. 2012. Work-family conflict in new venture creation. Accepted for 2012 International Association for Chinese Management Research Conference (IACMR), Hong Kong,China, June.

Liao, J. & Welsch, H. (2002). Exploring the venture creation process: Evidence from tech and non-tech nascent entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2002. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Liao, J., & Welsch, H. (2002). The temporal patterns of venture creation process: An exploratory study. In W. D. Bygrave et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2002. Wellesley, MA.: Babson College.

Liao, J., & Welsch, H. (2003a). Exploring the venture creation process: Evidence from tech and non-tech nascent entrepreneurs. In W. D. Bygrave et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2003. Wellesley, MA.: Babson College.

Liao, J., & Welsch, H. (2004). Start-up resources and entrepreneurial discontinuance: An empirical Investigation of nascent entrepreneurs (Summary). Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Strathclyde, Scotland.

Lichtenstein, B. B., Carter, N. M., Dooley, K., & Gartner, W. B. (2004). Exploring the temporal dynamics of organizational emergence (Summary). Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Strathclyde, Scotland.


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Manolova, T, C. G. Brush and L.F. Edelman. 2002. Nascence to newness: The influence of internal and external factors on the likelihood of first sales. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Research Conference, Denver, CO. 9-14 August.

Manolova, Tatiana S, Brush, Candida G, Edelman, Linda F. "What do women (and men) want? Entrepreneurial expectancies of women and men nascent entrepreneurs," in Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 2007.

Matthews, C. H., & Human, S. E. (2000). The little engine that could: Uncertainty and growth expectations of nascent entrepreneurs. In P. D. Reynolds et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2000. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Matthews, C. H., Ford, M. W., & Human, S. E. (2001). The context of new venture initiation: Comparing growth expectations of nascent entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs. In W. D. Bygrave et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship 2001. Wellesley, MA.: Babson College.

Matthews, C. H., M. W. Ford, and S. E. Human. 2002. From credit cards to venture capital: Financial complexity and planning sophistication in nascent ventures. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship 2002. Wellesley, MA: Babson College

Menzies, T., Gasse, Y., Diochon, M., & Garand, D. (2002). Nacent entrepreneurs in Canada: An empirical study. Paper presented at the ICSB 47th World Conference, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Palit, C. & Reynolds, P.D. (1993) A network sampling procedure for estimating the prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs. Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Internatinal Conference on Establishment Surveys, Pp. 657-661.

Parker, Simon C. 2005. What happens to nascent entrepreneurs? An econometric analysis of the PSED. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship 2005. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Perry, John, Yao, Xin, and Wolff, Jim. (2008). Exploring the relationship between financial bootstrapping and organizational emergence among new ventures: Are some bootstrapping techniques more successful than others? Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Chapel Hill, NC.

Renko, M., Baltrusaityte-Axelson, J. (2008).“When do Entrepreneurial Intentions Lead to Entrepreneurial Actions." Presented at the 22nd Annual UIC Research Symposium on Marketing and Entrepreneurship, Stockholm, Sweden.

Reynolds, P. D., & White, S. B. (1992). Finding the nascent entrepreneur: Network sampling. In N. C. Churchill, S. Birley, W. D. Bygrave, C. Wahlbin & W. E. J. Wetzel (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1992 (pp. 199-208). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Reynolds, P.D. 2003. Entrepreneurship over time: Measures of activity and recent changes in the U.S." 1993-2002.Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy (#4404). Jena, Germany. Max Planck Institute for Research into Economic Systems.

Samuelsson, M. (2001). Modeling the nascent venture opportunity exploitation process across time. In W. D. Bygrave, E. Autio, C. G. Brush, P. Davidsson, P. G. Greene, P. D. Reynolds & H. J. Sapienza (Eds.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2001 (pp. 66-79). Wellesley, MA.

Samuelsson, M. and J. Dahlqvist. 2005. Which Schumpeter is right? Comparing nascent exploitation processes a la Schumpeter Mark I and Schumpeter Mark II. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2005, Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Schenkel, Mark T., Cornwall, Jeffrey R. & Matthews, Charles H. (2009). Examining the impact of experiential entrepreneurship education on perceived environmental uncertainty among nascent entrepreneurs. Presented at the Annual Conference of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Anaheim, California.

Schenkel, Mark T., & Baltrušaitytė – Axelson, Jurgita. (2008). Same Information, Different Conclusion?: A Comparison of Reactive and Proactive Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Information Resources and Expectation Formation. 15th Nordic Conference on Small Business Research, Tallinn, Estonia.


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Schenkel, Mark T., Cornwall, Jeffrey R. & Matthews, Charles H. (2008). Crossing the Great Sample Divide: Comparing Perceptions of Environmental Uncertainty among Entrepreneurship Students and Nascent Entrepreneurs. 53rd Annual World Conference of the ICSB, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Schenkel, Mark T. & Matthews, Charles H. (2006, November). Antecedents of Planning in Small and Entrepreneurial Ventures. 51st Annual World Conference of the ICSB, 1-9: Melbourne, Austrailia.

Schenkel, Mark T., Matthews, Charles H., & Maslyn, John (2006, June). The Role of Human and SocialCapital in New Venture Creation. Presented at Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BCERC), Bloomington, Indiana, 354.

Schenkel, Mark T., Matthews, Charles H., & Ford, Matthew W. (2006, January). The Entrepreneurial Journey Begins: The Role of Cognitive Styles Among Nascent Entrepreneurs. Presented at the Annual Conference of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship / Small Business Institute®, Tuscon, Arizona.

Schenkel, Mark T. & Matthews, Charles H. (2004, June). Recognizing Entrepreneurial Opportunity: The Need for Closure. Presented at Babson Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Glasgow, Scotland.

Schjoedt, Leon and Shaver, Kelly G. 2004. Does the potential for increased work and life satisfaction affect the decision to pursue an entrepreneurial career? - An examination of the PSED data. First Annual Clemson/Kauffman Symposium on the PSED. Clemson, SC.

Schjoedt, L. & Shaver, K. G. (2005). Deciding on an Entrepreneurial Career: A Test of the Push and Pull Hypotheses using the PSED Data. In K. Mark Weaver (Ed.), Best Paper Proceedings of the Sixty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management.

Schjoedt, L. & Shaver, K. G. (2005). "I'll Happily Tell You What I Think (Now): A Methodological Issue in Entrepreneurship Research. Proceedings for the 2005 50th World Conference of International Council for Small Businesses (ICSB), Washington, D.C. (Full paper is printed in proceedings).

Shaver, K.G., Carter, N. M., Gartner, W.B., & Reynolds, P.D. (2001) Who is a nascent entrepreneur? Decision Rules for Identifying and Selecting Entrepreneurs in the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. Babson-Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference.

Shaver, Kelly G., Gatewood, Elizabeth J. and William B. Gartner. 2001. Differing expectations: comparing nnascent entrepreneurs to non-entrepreneurs. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management Meetings. Washington, D.C., 3-8 August.

Sinclair, R. F. (January, 2008). The First Step toward a Theory of the Entrepreneurial Career. United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) Conference. San Antonio, Texas.

Smith, B., Matthews, Charles H., & Schenkel, Mark T. (2005). The search for and discovery of different types of entrepreneurial opportunities: The effects of tacitness and codification. Paper presented at the Babson College/Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Wellesley, MA.

Steffens, P., S. Terjesen, and Davidsson, P. 2007. "Birds of a feather get lost together? Homogeneity and New Venture Persistence and Performance." Paper presented at Academy of Management Conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 3-8 August.

Stephan, U. (2012). The Influence of Socio-Cultural Environments on the Performance of Nascent Entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Proceedings, Academy of Management.

λTian Li, “Corruption, Legitimacy, and Nascent Ventures’ Resource Acquisitions in a Transition Economy”, AOM, 2012.

Van Gelderen, M., Bosma, N., & Thurik, A. R. (2001). Setting up a business in the Netherlands: Who starts, who gives up, who is still trying? In W. D. Bygrave et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2001. Wellesley, MA.: Babson College.

Wagner, J. (2004). Nascent Entrepreneurs. IZA DP No. 1293. Bonn, Germany: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.


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Welter, F. (2001). Who wants to grow? Growth Intentions and growth profiles of (nascent) entrepreneurs in Germany. In W. B. Bygrave et al. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2001. Wellesley: Babson College.

Welter, F. (2001). Would-be entrepreneurs in Germany. Paper presented at the RENT XV Conference, Turku, Finland.

Young, Nicholas Maurice and Yi-Nung Peng. 2004.The social basis of entrepreneurial ideas. First Annual Clemson/Kauffman Symposium on the PSED. Clemson, SC.

Yusuf, J. 2006. An empirical analysis of assistance/support programs based on the nascent entrepreneurs’ contact with the programs. Paper presented at the US Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference.

Yusuf, W. (2005) Succeeding in the start-up game: What matters more? Organizing and planning behavior or individual characteristics? Paper presented at the US Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference.

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