Late Roman and Byzantine solidi found in Sweden and Denmark / by Joan M. Fagerlie

8/21/2019 Late Roman and Byzantine solidi found in Sweden and Denmark / by Joan M. Fagerlie

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antineSo lidi

enmark

R L I E

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N

o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

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2/275

E S R V E D B Y

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

G R M AN

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T S AN M O NO G R A H S

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NT NTS

i

A H Y AND K E Y T O T H E AB B R E V I AT O NS x iii

R O R S x i

N x x i

G U E A ND C O M M N TA R Y I

CU S S O N AN D A NA Y S S O F TH E M AT R I A

8 3

I E S 112

F CO I NS 13 7

7

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ndD enmarkofmorethaneighthun-

y antineso lididatingf romthef if thandsi th

ca lenigmathathaspu z ledscholarsfor

meeighthundredgoldc oinsisanote-

considersthedistancebetweentheMedi-

alticSeaandthefact thatthiswasa

nddecline.No otherareaontheConti-

oundariesapproachesScandinaviainthe

steverywhereelsethereisa generaldearth

.Moreover thecoinsareconcentrated

eB alt ic—O land GotlandandB ornho lm.

otbean accidentasanumberof scholars

werenot theearliestcoinstoreach

perialdenariifromthe secondcentury

esameareasi nScandinaviaandinthe

oins alsosolidi wereintroduced.1The

f if thandsi thcenturyhoards how ever

tlyinwesternScandinavia.W henthefifth

closew ithJ ustinianI , the importo fco insin

250yearsuntiltheV ikingperiodbegins.2

situationinScandinaviain thefifthcen-

sofEuropeisq uitestrik ing. A few scat-

riodsare occasionallyfoundalso.Theliteratureis

s on s " G u ld e t i no r de n u nd e r se n me d el t id e n P r o i m a

paunderforntidochmedeltid( Stockholm 1962 , 1 2.See

" D eromersk em ntfundf raGudmeH erred " NNÅ

e r o m e rs k e m n t f u nd f r a F y e n ud e nf o r Gu d me H e r r e d "

e r o m e rs k e m n t f u nd f r a de n s æ l l a nd s ke ø g r u p pe "

r g en B a l l i ng " D e r o m e rs k e m n t f u nd f r a J y l l a nd " N N A

asbeenfoundinH å lsinglandinSweden WernerK nap-

d-vork ommenanderSiidk iistederO stsee " A A X I I ,

C r e a



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alhoard offifthcenturysolidioccur in

buttheonlyconcentrationinany way

ernScandinaviais foundatthemouthof

o land. Therethehoardshaveverymuchthe

lt icislandhoards occuringreatnumbers

sameactivitythataccounts fortheScan-

eso lidiinScandinaviaposeanhistorica l

wnw hy theyarethere w hothecarrierswere

heco insreachedtheB alt ic orw hy the

thcentury.Therearenumerousother

allwillhaveimplicationsfor theinterpreta-

politicallifeinthe fifthandsi thcenturies

empireandtheScandinavianregion.

oftheq uestionsposedabovehasbeen

fficultieslieinthe meagernessofthelit-

d theinconclusivenessofthearchaeologi-

ctthatthe basicmaterialsforasolutionof

hemselves havenotbeenfullyutil i ed.

sstudy istoprovidea comprehensiveanal-

lpotentialforinformationhadnotbeenreal-

ningallpertinentdata hasbeenpreparedsince

eDanishf inds thesecoinshaveneverbeen

ullinformationonthehoardshasbeen as-

ingJ anse slistuptodate. 4Thenumismatic

beene aminedwithreferencetodie

randthenatureand distributionofthefinds.

icalsourceshavebeentreatedcursorily for

erstandingofthe phenomenonunder

ve.I tisonlythe coinsthemselvesthat

theContinentwasalso collectedandanaly edforthe

eroute.Theresultsare summari edonpp.166— 6

aterialcanbe publishedseparatelyatalaterdate.

edtoWalterHavernick GertandV eraH at ,

anyotherE uropeancolleagueswhogenerouslyaidedin

al andwhoseinterestinthisstudy hasbeena

me.

e h e t ra v ai l d e l o r e n Su e de d l i p o u e mi r ov i ng i en n e

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olutionofourproblem.O ncethenature

ablished thescantyliteraryandarchaeolo-

significant.

ub ectofmydoctoraldissertationpre-

yofWashingtonin1965. Thete thasbeen

ublication. I shouldlik etoe pressmy

anAssociationofU niversityWomenfor

ceR . SabinF e llowshipfor195 -59w hich

markandSwedenande aminethematerial

secondyeardevotedtoresearchwasmade

teF ellowshipfromtheAmericanNumis-

chI amalsograteful. Theresearchabroad

ten oyableworkingconditionsinthe

enmarkandSwedenwhereeverycourtesy

eorgGalsterinC openhagenandNilsL.

m.Manyindividualshaveaidedmeinthe

esof thisstudyandI shouldlik etoe -

toall ofthem.I amparticularlyindebtedto

f redR . B e ll inger So lomonKat andL eslie

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13/275

A H Y A ND K E Y TO T H E AB B R E V I AT O NS

ca C openhagen.

A delson L ightWeightSo lidiandB y antineTrade

S e ve n th C e nt u ri e s N N M 13 ( N e w Y o r k 1 9 57 .

monetedellenecropolibarbarichediNoceraUmbraedi

eMemoriede ll I st ituto I ta lianodinumismaticaV ,

anNumismaticSociety formerly theco llectionof

mismaticSocietyMuseumNotes.

l idusfyndenpaClandochGotland " F ornvannen14 1919

s de c ou v er t es d e s ol i di e n G ot l an d " A A I I , 1 9 31 1 - 2 .

a l l in g " D e r o m er s ke m en t fu n d fr a J y l la n d " N N A 19 6 2

F o llesde l ate lierdeL yonf rappSsaveclemSmecoin

N o v . 19 6 0 , 7 5 - 77 .

rt D escriptionginira ledesmonnaiesmirov ingiennes

9 2- 95 .

" D iemerow ingischenTrientenvonA ltenw alde " D ie

3 -6 2 .

w ic k W r o th C a ta l og u e of t h e I m p e ri a l B y a n ti n e Co i ns i n

v o l s . L o n do n 1 9 0 ) .

arw ick Wroth C atalogueof theC oinsof theV andals

bardsandof theE mpiresofThessa lonica Nicaeaand

hMuseum( L ondon 1911 .

. — F rieslandtotdee lfdeeeuw . Z i nvddr-env roegegeschiedenis

ve n ha g e 1 9 5 1 .

F yndenav romersk amyntidetf riaGermanien( L und

eLiteraturtiberromischeMun fundeimfre ienGermanien "

onden blattderromisch-germanischenKommissiondes

institutsX V , 1931 267-71.

u d o i a E u d oc i a E u d o i a : D a t ed S o li d i of t h e F i f th

, 1 95 4 1 3 - 42 .

A l tr e a nn o ta i o ni n u mi s ma t ic h e ( P a v ia 1 7 0 .

meH erred — Nie lsB re itenste in " D eromersk ementfund

N N A 19 4 2 6 9 -9 .

en — " D eromersk emontfundf raF yenudenforGudme

4 1 - 20 .

r n h ol m — " D e r o m e rs k e mo n tf u nd f r a B o r nh o lm " N N A

aelland — " D eromersk ementfundf radens ae llandske

6 1 - 34 .

C r e a



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viations

E nbornho lmsk guldskat " F raNationa lmuseetsarbe ds.

T r ad e B e t w ee n t he R o m a n E m p i re a n d th e F r e e G er m an s "

1 93 6 1 95 -2 22 .

e lasociit if ranfa isedenumisntati ue .

i s t o ry o f t he L a t er R o m a n E m p i re f r om t h e D e at h o f Th e od o si u s

s t i ni a n ( 2 v o l s. L o n do n 1 9 3 1 .

i ev al H i s to r y v o l. I ( C am b ri d ge E n g . N e wY o r k 1 9 24 .

. V . H i l l a n d J . P . C . K e n t — L a t e R o ma n B r o n e C oi n ag e

nd on 1 96 0 .

raphicB ack groundofGreek andR omanHistory ( O x ford

( t r . T ho m as H o d g k in L o n do n 1 8 6 .

Trade-R outesandC ommerceof theR omanE mpire(2nd

26 .

n D escriptionhistori uedesmonnaiesf rappiessous

v o l s. 2 nd . ed . P a r i s L o nd on 1 8 0 - 92 .

sJ ahrbuchf iirNumismatik .

O diumNumismaticum—Tw oUltonianManifestations "

e pt . 1 96 5 1 3 - 4 .

eE conomicandSocia lF oundationsofE uropeanC iv il i a -

7 .

F o r hi s to r is k t gu l d i Me d el p ad s j o r d " F r d n s t ad o c h by g d

96-109.

" C o nt a ct B e t w e en I t a ly a n d th e B a l t ic i n t he F i f th a n d

" Congresso I nterna ionalediNumismatica R oma

R o me 1 96 5 , 4 11 -2 0.

aogueof J. F lorange P aris.

— D i e M i i n e n d er O s t g o th e n ( B e r li n 1 4 4 .

a nd al en ( L e ip i g 1 4 9 .

" H erulernasbosattningiSk andinavien " Studierti l lag-

u nd 1 91 ) , 4 4

omersk ementerfundneiDanmark ogingaedeefter

I I , 1924 1 7- 9.

ark ogNorge1739-17 0 " NNA 1937 39-96.

enmark " Transactionsof the I nternationa lNumis-

do n 1 93 6 ( L o n do n 1 9 3 ) , 2 9 9- 3 04 .

T r e so r d u V I e s i ec l e de H o u d a in - le s -B a v a i ( N o rd , " R N

C ommerce intheDark A ges: A C rit i ueof theEv idence "

alH istoricalSociety9 1959 123-40.

s e t of f ic i ne s a l 6 p o u e d u b a s- e mp i re S M 1 1 ( J u l y

andLascarisC omneno— " L ascopiasSuevasdelos

N u m m us V , n o . 17 ( S e pt . 1 9 5 ) , 1 1 -2 3 .

berg " Sk andinav iensfundaf romersk guld-ogse lvmynt

erfornordisk o ldk yndighedoghistorie1 94 325-76.

C r e a



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viations

M ed a il l es r o ma i ne s d o r e t d a r ge n t d a v an t l e mi l ie u d u V I *

ysscandinaves " Mimoiresdelasociitiroyale des

9 5 3 1 - 40 5 .

C ataloguedescriptifde laco llectiondesmonnaiesanti ues

etby antinesdefeuB aronA . W. St ernstedt( Stockho lm

at a lo g ue o f A . H e s s/ B a n k L e u & C o . L u e r n Z u r ic h .

F r d n a l dr e t id e r ( S t o ck h ol m 1 8 2 .

ogothsf rapp^ senP annonieettrouv6senSuede " C ongres

ti u e B r u e l le s 1 9 1 ( B r u s s el s 1 9 1 , 4 2 1- 2 7.

e a su r e Tr o ve i n L a w a n d P r a c ti c e ( O x f o r d 1 9 36 .

Guldsk attenf ranB ostorp " K a lmarlansfornminnesfdre-

1 9 52 8 1 - 4 .

oyce— " A ThirdCenturyH oardf romSerbiaanditsSigni-

" A NSMN13( inpress .

E i n H a n d el s pl a t d e r W i ki n ge r e i t ( N e u mi i ns t er 1 9 56 .

b er t J a n se L e t r av a il d e I ' o r e n Sn i de d I ' i p o u e mi r ov i ng i en n e

Notessurlesso lidiromainsetby antinstrouvesenScandi-

3 3 - 4 .

voormunt-enpenningk unde.

cHistory ( tr. C harlesC hristopherMierow P rinceton

o m a n S tu d ie s .

a lmar Sw eden.

ry " T h e Co i na g es o f W e s te r n E u r o pe : F r o m t he F a l l of

ltheA ccessionofC harlemagne " NC 1 7 , 49-72

G o ld C o in a ge i n t he L a t e R o ma n E m p i r e " i n E s s a ys i n

entedtoHaro ldMattingly eds. R . A . G. C arsonand

O x f o rd 1 9 56 , 1 9 0- 2 04 .

am.. . cumsignocrucis , " NC 1960 129-32.

oran— " TheGantof taF ind. A ScanianGoldHoardf rom

Meddelandenf rdnLundsuniversitetshistorisk a

eK lindt- ensen B ornholmifo lk evandringstiden. Nationa l-

eretninger I I ( C openhagen 1957 .

" A ure i-undSo lidi-vork ommenanderSiidk iistederOst-

1 94 1 7 9- 11 .

vo r ko mm e n am M a re B a l t i ku m A A X I V 1 9 43

i e M i i n e n O d o v ac a rs u n d de s O s t g ot e nr e ic h es i n I t a li e n ( H a l le

— J e an L a f au ri e " L e t re so r de C he cy ( L o ir et , " i n J . G r i-

M . Ma i n o n et J . L a f au r ie T r is o rs m o ni t ai r es e t p la u e s-

ine: B ava i Montbuoy C hicy X I I esupplementa

1 9 5 ) , 2 7 3 -3 45 .

e t re so r d A le si a " B S N 1 4 n o. 1 ( J a n. 1 95 9 , 2 6 6- 6 .

C r e a



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viations

n s o li d us i n ed i t de J u s ti n ie n I a f r ap p 6 en A f ri u e " R N

n gi e n a id e nt i fi e r " R N 1 9 6 2 1 3 - 6 .

nd A . N . Z a d ok s - o s e p hu s J i t ta " L e t r 6s o r de W i e u we r d "

elingenuithetR i k smuseumvanO udhedenteL e iden

7 -1 07 .

u e li n e — " V e d ri n : so u s d o r d e Ma g nu s M a i m u s a A na -

m is m at i u e s 3 1 9 65 1 0 0- 1 44 .

. — " L emonnayageetlacirculationmon6ta iredansles

c i d en t ( V e - V I I I e s i ec l e , " R N 1 9 43 4 5 -1 1 2.

niversitetsHistorisk aMuseum.

R ev iew ofM. Stenberger O landundera ldre j drndldern. in

1 2 4- 2 .

d er ( U p p s a la 1 9 45 .

andsSo lidi " F ornvannen45 1950 160-63.

sB . D enordisk eguldbrak teater. J y sk arkeeo logisk selsk abs

s 1 95 2 .

Organi ationof theC onstantinopleMintfortheF o ll iso f

" NC 1961 131-43.

nt e li u s F r d n j e r n d ld e rn ( S t oc k ho l m 1 6 9 .

O . M o n t el i us " R o m e r sk a oc h b y a n ti s ka m y nt f u nn a i

gl. vitterhetshistorieochanti v itetsak ademiensmdnadsblad

6 8 1 - 4

ennordisk a j arna ldernskrono logi " Svensk afornminnes-

1 95-97.

Mosser A B ibliographyofB y antineC o inHoards

1 93 5 .

eofL . Nav ille Geneva.

cle.

ard " Guldfundenef radenef terromersk e j arnalder "

ndighedoghistorie1915 173-204.

man D ieV o lk erw anderungs e itGotlands( Stockho lm

svensk ariketsuppk omst( Stockho lm 1925 .

oreningsmedlemsblad.

m Copenhagen.

tiskdrsskrift.

esandMonographsoftheAmericanNumismatic

Guldfyndetfr&n F j arestadiSk ine. E nv ik tigmuseal

v an n en 4 7 1 9 52 2 7 6- 1 .

— T h e R o m an C o in a ge f r om A . D . 3 64 t o 4 23 ( L o n do n 1 9 33 .

o f t he W a r s ( L o e b Cl a ss i ca l L i b r a ry t r . H . B . D e wi n g

91 4- 2 ) .

dv ig— R ev iew ofW. K napke " A ure i-undSo lidi-vor-

derOstsee " A ure i-undSo lidi-vork ommenam

nNordisk numismatisk unionsmedlemsblad A ug. 1944

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viations

M er i t U s e d an d W o r n in A n ti u i ty " A A X V I , 1 9 4 5

ndersenmedeltiden " inP ro imaThule . Sverigeoch

chmedeltid. Hy llningssk riftt i l lH. M. K onungenden

c kh o lm 1 9 62 1 6 7- 3 .

M o nn a ie s b y a n ti n es ( L u g an o 1 9 3 0 .

R e inhart " D ieMiin endesto losanischenR eichesder

N I , 1 9 3 , 1 0 7- 35 .

D i e M i i n e n d es w e st g ot i sc h en R e i c h es v o n To l ed o " D J N

9- 10 1.

esSwebenre iches " Mitteilungenderbayerischennumismati-

1 9 37 1 5 1- 9 .

m p er i al C o in a ge I X . V a l en t in i an I — T h e od o si u s I ( L o n do n

m at i u e .

bert " TresordeC hinon " A nnuairede lasociit if ran-

e t d a r ch i ol o gi e V I , 1 8 2 1 6 4- 7 .

Sa lescata logueofR o ll inandF euardent P aris.

ag u C ol l ec t io n .

r D escriptiongtnira ledesmonnaiesby antines( 2vo ls.

6 2 .

" R omersk aochby antinsk aguldmyntfunna isvensk

terhetshistorieochanti v itetsak ademiensmdnadsblad1 92

orisk aMuseum Stockho lm.

blatter.

s t o ir e d u ba s -e mp i re ( 2 v o ls . P a r is B r u s s el s A m st e rd a m

enberger O landunderdldre j drndldern( Stockho lm 1933 .

ar— V a llhagar: A MigrationPeriodSettlementonGotland

S to ck ho lm 1 95 5 .

e de n ( A n c i en t P e o p l es a n d P l a c es v o l. 3 0 L o n do n n . d . .

SvearochGotarunderfo lk vandringstiden " Svensk aforn-

f t12 1905 339-60.

. — " C o insmon6ta ireseto f f icinesa l epo uedubas-

aire " SM11( A pr. 1962 , 73-75.

TheAthenianAgora I I :CoinsfromtheR omanthrough

P r i nc e to n 1 9 54 .

" Coin- indsinSweden:L egislationandO rgani ation "

rnationalNumismaticCongress L ondon1936( L on-

-2 3.

Monnaiesby antines( 4vols. St.P etersburg 1912-14 .

.Tomasini TheB arbaricTremissisinSpainand

asiustoL eov igild NNM152( New York 1964 .

a r U l r i c h- B a n s a M o ne t a Me d io l an e ns i s ( V e n ic e 1 9 49 .

isby Gotland.

der— " Graf f itionO rientalC o insinSwedishV ik ingA ge

ddelandenf rdnL undsuniversitetshistorisk amuseum1955-56

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viations

M i in d a ti e rt e a us t ra s is c he G r ab f un d e ( B e r li n L e i p i g

andundGotlandgefundenenby antinischenGoldmiin en "

2 5 7- 6 .

r— R omeB eyondtheI mperia lF rontiers( New York

glery— " A nU nk now nSolidusofA nastasiosI , " Numis-

59 154-55.

theF if thC entury " NumismaticC ircular A pr. 1960

tt a A . N. — " M id lu m ( F r . 1 92 5 " J M 4 7 1 96 0 9 4- 96 .

at ' F r i si a ns F r a nk s a nd S a o n s , " B u l l e ti n v an d e v er e en i -

nnisvande antiekebeschavingte' s-Gravenhage

1 4 1 -5 9.

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R O R S 5

I R E

423( A ugustus

455

ber465

l ed I t a ly A u g us t 4 75

er476

R E

( A u gu s tu s J a n ua r y 3 3

A u g u st u s J a n ua r y 40 2

457

uary474

mn474

r475

476

27

65( Augustus

stSte in Histo iredubas-empire( 2vo ls. Paris B russels

.

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N

and D enmarkcoverthecenturyanda

dosiusI in395downtothe latterpartof

( ca . 550 . Thisroughlycorrespondsw iththe

tionAge.6Themovementofpeoplesbegan

af terJ ustinian butthebruntof the in-

e lossof theWest w asfe lt inthef if thcentury .

thcentury thethronewasoccupiedby

thetw osonsofTheodosiusI . J ustbefore

osiuse pressedhisdesirethatthetw o

ndArcadius alreadyactingasregentin

medcontro lo f theEastandH onoriusbecame

ermanicthreat whichwastoplague

mostof thefollow ingcentury madeitse lf

withinand fromwithout.P ressingon

sesofbarbariantribes whowantedliving

withinweretheGermanicsoldierswho

mperialarmiesandwhohad insomein-

onsofprominence.Theyprovidedenergy

altywhentestedwas asoftenasnotto

nowtheenemiesof R ome.

w hohadbeensettledinL ow erMoesiaby

edandundertheleadershipofAlaric begana

hMacedoniaandThrace.V irtuallyun-

Greecebeforeturningwestward.I ntheearly

aric andhisforcescarriedout twoin-

esultedinthesack ofR omein410. Under

A laric theyenteredGaulin412. Elsew here

period: J . B . B ury Historyof theLaterR omanEmpire

do s iu s I . t o t he D e a t h o f J u s t i ni a n ( 2 v o l s. L o n do n 1 9 31 ;

t or y v o l. I ( C a mb r id g e E n g . N e wY o r k 1 9 24 ;

conomicandSocia lF oundationsofE uropeanC ivil i a t ion

E r n es t S te i n o p . ci t .

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thef rontiers. I n406 theV andals Suevi

hineandbeganmarchingthroughGauland

too hadestablishedak ingdomaround

andineffectualattemptstoregainthe

adebytheR omans buteventuallythe

ttledinA f rica theV isigothsandSuev iin

ansintheR honeva lleyandtheF rank sinGaul.

sthe westernprovinceswerelostandI taly

eyearsbetweenthedeathof TheodosiusI

to fOdovacarin476 I ta ly suf feredinvasions

s V anda ls O strogothsandHuns. I nnone

attempttoestablishcontroloverI talybut

ravagedthecountryside andw ereableto

ssionsofotherterritoriesfromthe R omans.

thebarbariansw eregivenlandgrantsinI ta lyafter

R omulusA ugustus the lastR omanemperor

itia lthreato fGermanicpressurehadbeen

0.Thene tgreatdangercamefromthe

osiusI tobegintributepaymentsin424.

dsoccasionallyfoughtfortheempirebut

rpose andtheyremainedathreatto

til454. I n451 theH unsandthe ira ll ies

of MauricainGaul.W iththedeathof

esub ecttribesbeganrevoltingandthe

.

ub ecttotheHunsw eretheOstrogoths

ndencein454andwere thensettledas

thapromiseofannualpaymentsfrom

withconditionsthere theyharriedthe

8 w henZ enopersuadedTheodoric k ingof

o leadhisforcesw estw ardandreplaceOdovacaras

sw asaccomplishedby493andI ta ly remained

gothsuntiltherecon uestbyB elisariusand

ustinianI .

ovementofpeoplesbutit wasacostly

suf ferednotonly the lossof theWest in-

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lsoaf inancia ldepletionasthousandsofpoundsof

perialtreasurytopacifythebarbarians.

beganpay ing350poundsofgo ldannually to

uns. WhenA ttilaandB ledasucceededR ugila

ntw asdoubledto700pounds buteventhis

mperialprovincesagainst attack.After

erialarmieswhowere decisivelydefeated

nimmediatepaymentof6000poundsof gold

2100pounds.The paymentscamefrom

ofromV alentinianI I I intheW est.

ontinuedthroughthereignof Theodosius

efusedto meetthedemands.Thecollapse

454 how ever resultedinthe independence

w ereabletoe actannua lpaymentsof100

n.L eowasmorereluctanttomakethese

theOstrogothsrevo ltedin461 forcingL eoto

dandto makeupthepaymentsinarrears.

dby thethreebrothers Walamir Theode-

esentedonebranchof thetribe asecond

nthe imperialarmiesafter454.Thislatter

mandofStrabo revo ltedaf terthedeathof

era lo fGermanicorigin andforcedf romLeoan

ndsof goldinadditiontoterritorial con-

Mastero fSo ldiersandKingof theO strogoths

efor thethronebetweenB asiliscusand

edeathofLeo StrabosupportedB asil iscus

. WhenZ enow asrestoredtopower thea ll iances

asterof SoldierswaspassedfromoneGoth

trnw asrecogni edasK ingof theOstro -

bin4 1le f tTheodoric sGothsastheso le

4 w henZ eno inducedthemtoattack

hemselvesinI taly.Althoughotherbarbaric

theywerelessformidableandweredealt

nerby playingonetribeagainstanother

bythebarbarianswerepresumablymade

presentedintheScandinavianhoardsand

C r e a



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fthandsi thcenturies.7Coinswerestruck

periodbutthebron ewasdebasedand

theburdenoftheeconomyrestedupon

w asthesolidusof1/ 72ndofapound w eighing

dbyConstantineI wholoweredtheweight

eenmintedat60to thepoundsincethe

additiontothesolidus asemisorhalf -

11/2scripulumpieceof 1.70gramswere

noteasilye changedforthesolidus

acedin3 3underTheodosiusI by thetriens

w eighing1. 51grams. Thus atthebeginning

dcurrencyconsistedofthesolidus the

olidus wasbyfarthemost commoncoin

ticularthesemiswereq uiterare.

currencyissuedbytheemperorsin the

stherew erebarbariccoinages a lsorepresen-

ds whichreplacedtheimperialcoinage

beforethefallo f I ta ly in476thevariousGermanic

entwithcoinage.Thefirstattemptstook

andcata logues: R . A . G. C arson P . V . H il landJ . P .

m an B r o n e C oi na ge A . D . 3 24 -4 9 ( L o nd on 1 96 0 ; H e n ry .

istori uedesmonnaiesf rappiessousI ' empireromain( 8

s L o nd on 1 8 0 - 9 2 ; J . W . E . e ar ce T he R o m an C oi na ge f ro m

nd on 1 93 3 ; R I C I X V a l e nt in ia n I — T h e od os iu s I ( L o n-

a tt o M on na ie s by a nt in es ( L u ga no 1 93 0 ; J . S ab at ie r D e s -

ai e s by a n ti n es ( P a r is L o n do n 1 6 2 ; J e a n To l st o i

S t . P e t er s bu r g 1 9 12 - 14 O . U l r ic h -B a n s a M on e ta

ce 1949 ; Warw ick Wroth C ata logueof the I mperia l

e B r i t i sh M u se u m ( L o n do n 1 9 0 ) .

a nd e r D i e M i i n e n d er O s t g o th e n ( B e r li n 1 4 4 ; D i e M un -

e i p i g 1 4 9 ; C . F . K e a ry " T h e Co in ag es o f W es te rn

llo f theWesternEmpiretil ltheA ccessionofC harle-

, 4 9 -7 2 1 3 2- 6 5 2 1 6 - 5 ; W a r w ic k W r o th C at a lo g ue o f t he

OstrogothsandL ombardsandof theEmpiresofThessa lo -

o n d in t h e B r i ti s h Mu s eu m ( L o n do n 1 9 11 ; F . F . K r a us

a rs u n d de s O s t g ot e nr e ic h es i n I t a li e n ( H a l le 1 9 2 ) ; P . L e

emonnayageetlacirculationmon̂ ta iredanslesroyaumes

V e - V I I I e s i ec l e , " R N 1 9 43 4 5 - 1 12 W i l he l m R e i nh a rt

lo s an i sc h en R e i c h es d e r W e st g ot e n " D J N I , 1 9 3 , 1 0 7 — 3 5

e st g ot i sc h en R e i c h es v o n To l ed o " D J N I I I , 1 9 4 0 6 9 - 1 01

webenre iches Mitteilungenderbayerischennumismati-

1 9 37 1 5 1- 9 .

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cesas theyslippedfromimperialhands

piredbytheneedto fillthegapleft bythe

s.Theseearliest coinageswereimitations

ewissuingauthority.Theirlegendswere

detailsofthe typesomisrenderedasto

somesilverandbron eissueswerestruck

of theGermanicchiefandit isonlythese

edw ithcerta inty . F ortherest andthisis

therearenumerousproblemsinvolved.

terminewhethertheyareofficialorbarbaric

towhatparticulartribetheyshould beassign-

attributedtotheSuev i V anda ls V isigoths

ndiansandF rank s butnota lw aysonfirmgrounds.

ficationarestyle provenanceandthe

ronthelaterissues.Stylealone isoftenan

echeck edagainstotherevidence. F ore -

f " V andalic bron e isnow consideredtobe

idedistributionoutside ofV andalicterri-

ti twasnotV andalicinorigin.9

endsandtypesareanindicationof bar-

a lsotruethatthe I ta lianmintsof thef if th

issuedco inagethatischaracteri edbya

onallegendirregularities.F urthermore

reof crudeworkmanship.TheO strogothic

emonogramofTheodoric areof tene tremely

reto befoundinthecatalogue.Some

ues are identif iableseries othersarepublish-

ic attributionisstilluncertain.Thereare

slybarbaricbut whichbearnocomparison

iththreee ceptionsthesevarietieshave

nScandinavia.

TheA thenianA gora I I : C o insf romtheR omanthrough

P r i nc e to n 1 9 54 , 3 1 o 1f .

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27/275

C O M M N TA R Y

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F T H E C AT A O G U E

omanandB y antineso lidiarek nowntohave

enmark.1Of these726arecurrently

ncollectionsandcompletedescriptionsof

therecords mak ingatota lo f759co ins

hecatalogue.Theremaining124 coins

positedinthe collectionsatanearlydate

egardingthefindplace.2Thusthe material

the8 8 3co insrecordedasf indsinthear-

utthecatalogueisrestricted tothe759coins for

nsareavailablewhilethestudyof thedies

oinsarefurtherlimitedto those726coins

s arrangedbyemperors:first western

omulusA ugustus fo llow edbyeastern

ustinianI . U ndereachemperortheco ins

easternmintsprecedewesternmints.Noat-

stwerecompiledon thebasisofmaterialavailable

7so lidio f theL il lonhoardw ere incorporatedbutno

added.The bulkofthecoinsare intheR oyalCoin

istoriskaMuseuminStockholmandtheNational

few areheldby themuseumsofV isby K a lmar

the ThorvaldsenMuseuminCopenhagen.The

find-list.

edinthe R oyalcollectionsasaresult oftheregality

dSwedenwhichgavetheD anishkingpossessionof

therealmandthe Swedishkingtwo-thirdsofall

thnocompensationtoe itherthef inderortheow nerof

nwhichthef indw asmade. Subse uentlegisla tioninboth

sationforallfindswhich however mustbeoffered

. C f. GeorgGalster " Treasure .trove inD enmark "

nternationalNumismaticCongress L ondon 1936( L ondon

engtThordeman " C o in- f indsinSw eden: L egisla tionand

n t he s a me w o rk 3 2 0- 2 3 S i r Ge o rg e H i l l T r ea s ur e T ro v e in

x f or d 1 93 6 , 1 73 - 4 .

meof thesefindscanbeidentified. N. L. R asmusson

tionof thee ighteenthcenturyE k erohoard( F ind

C r e a



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antineSo lidi

rangethe coinsofagiven emperorintheir

ed.I mitationswhichcanbeassignedtoa

terthe regularissues thosewhichcannot

r emperorarelistedatthe endofthe

dedbythe Scandinavianfinds.F or

manygapsinthe ofncinaerecordhavebeen

thertounknownissueshavebeenrecovered.

ofspecial interestinthattheyinclude

specimens.

nsis adisturbingonesincelittle pro-

entifyingandattributingtheseseriesbut

ematerialpresentedhereshouldbeuseful

heseimitativecoinages.I nthecatalogue

sthat areobviouslybarbaric thosewith

therdistinguishingfeatureswhichare

ctsofnon-imperialmints havebeenincluded

heading.Amongtheofficialissuestheremay

dimitationsbut becauseoftheuncertainty

ttorefrainfrommakingany barbaric

befirmlysupported.Alldoubtfulcases

mentary.

nsistentthroughout butastrictcon-

navarietyof officialandnon-officialissues

s thegeneralpatternhasbeenmodifiedas

gendsaregivenatthebeginningof each

oreachco in obverseandreversetypesand

posit ion 3condition f ind-listnumberandcata-

tained.

tisthe initialsectionunderH onorius:

n 3

dtowardafor\ a isandminordev iationsf roma

venotbeennoted.

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ary

g o od . 1 13 e

219

andtypefoundinthe keywhichappears

orius listwhilea1denotesthe reverse.The

thesamelineasA 1a1indicatesthata ll

earthe samemark.I fareferenceis given

a llthecoinsundertheheading butw herecat-

dandseparateentriese istforvariants the

hcoin.4

a isf l w e ightis4.42grams die -posit ionisj ,

ndthecoinbe longstoF indNo. 113ew hichis

iso f thesametypebuthasof f icinaZ , itsw eight

sit ioniscondit ionisw ornandit isf romF ind

B ornholm.

edforthecoinagesof theempresses for

eontiuswherekeysarenotnecessaryandfor

ydonot lendthemselvestotheestablish-

onsarecomparabletothe officialcoinage

uesareused.Someofthe imitations how-

pesandinsuchcases obverseandreverse

ately.F urthermore newkeysweremade

sasius J ustinI andJ ustinianI sincethese

fficialissues arenumerousandforma

theemperoridentifiedinthelegend

waystheissuingauthority.Theodosius for

rta inseriesinthenameofV a lentinian. C o insof

withthoseof theissuingemperorwhenever

seriesthroughoutw hichiscoveredinU lrich-B ansa s

erieswhichwerestruckat differentofficinae however

theheadingofeachissue. F ore ample underTheo-

. 201-207of typeA 1d3are identifiedasSabatier13andTo lsto i

officinaerepresentedinthe Scandinavianfindsare

epublications.Thisarrangementwasnotpossible

ncebothSabatierandTo lstoitreatasoneissueatleast

thiscase areferencetoTolsto iisgivenw itheach

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antineSo lidi

ermined.Thus coinsofGallaP lacidia

aarelistedunderTheodosiusbecauseit is

rissuesweremadeunderhis authority.

S F A V C

hree- uar-

diademed

ance

m-

diademed

A V C C

AV C C C

A C CC

acing

e inr.

be in

ess

ndard

nglobe

13e

9

ntinople and2 3( Thessa lonica o fTheodosiusI I a re

and4 respectively . Seepage3 .

eodosiusarepara lle lissuestoNo. 3. Seepage3 .

C r e a



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ary

teV I I

rich-B ansa61-6171

ate I

137bP late I

C r e a



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antineSo lidi

noriushavebeenattributedtoofficial

ularissues butthefollowingaretosome

os.5-6fromthemintofMilan andNos.10-1

how ever arenotnoticeablydif ferentf rom

-B ansa scata logue9andtheR avennapieces

hNos.7-9and 19-21whichareindubit-

eR avennamint.Manyoftheq uestion-

ndthismayaccounttosome e tentfor

tshouldberememberedalsothatdie-

sweresometimesguiltyoferroneous

kmanship.

nty-onecoinsasofficial certainfactors

fall theepigraphyisaccurateandnormal.10

F urthermore thereisnocomparison

sandpublishedimitations.Atthisperiod

hicimitationswereuniformlycrudein

andtheweightsoftheformerwereoften

F H O NO R I U S

R I V S P F A V C R e v. :( V I C TO R I A AV G C G

adem-E mperorinmilitarydress

ed. standingfacing ho lding

r.

a te X I I I

A V f | N

A V S N NC O N O

X I I I

l at e X I I I

V ^ P H H T CC V | N

V V C G CO N O D

is pi. V I , 61-617 ( forco insof irregularstyleseepi. V I ,

C - D ) .

ceptionisNo.15with anuncertainmintmark.

C r e a



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ary

7 P l a t e X I I I

( V I C TO R I A A V C GC

s

n-

ry

n

l a te X I I I

I | \ \

I O T O A l CO I I C O

n . 13 7 b P l a t e X I I I

t e X I I I

V 2 < H A V D ( r e t r og r ad e

V C C Q ( r e tr o gr a de S O M C O

22-2 areobviouslybarbaric.Nos.22-

pe introducedbyV alentinianI I butthe

eanttobe thatofH onoriusandthusthey

iscoins inthecatalogue.11Atthe same

weremanufacturedattheearliestin the

I andprobablyw ella f terhisre ign( seesection

2 . 12Nos. 26-27areof thecustomary type

the sameobversedieasNos.24-25.These

ateH onorius.

eseimitations wherenormallythe

eunusua l. OnNos. 22-23there isasingleN

nbereadasNorH . Nos. 24-25haveV / N

ndNos. 26-27 Thesemark sarenot

pyof anyoftheregularmint marksbut

Nos. 22-23( w hichareof thesamedies ismore

Nos. 24-27butstil l be lieve w astakenf romaco in

thereverseisverysimilar toNos.24-25.

rierson suchhybridim itations sometimesofemperors

arequitecommon.

C r e a



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antineSo lidi

thermeaningcannot atthepresent be

ndicatethattheR omanletterswerenot

ie-cutters.Nos.24-27donot distinguish

ampleandmanyotherlettersareincorrectly

ntthat thenameofH onoriuswasbeing

rmof thelegendappearsonNo.2 which

rade isfa irlyaccurate . Herethemintmark

eMD .

ariccannot bedisputedbutamore

oncernstheirorigin.13Theonlypublishedimi-

entifiedasSuevianorV isigothic.14The

arenotcomparabletoeithergroupand

sttomanyof theSuev ianpieces thew eights

renormal.

NI I I

l AN V S F A V G

N T N ANV S -

hree- uar-

diadem-

dinglance

m-

diademed

TX X X X

AV C GG

I - CO S X V I I ' P - "

X

hold-

nd

tor.

ho lding

ters ontheseandotherimitationsresembleR unic

seof theclosedie linkageandthe irprovenance a

beconsidered.I hopeeventuallytopursuethis

.

R e inhartandLe Gentilhommecitedabove p. x x iv

M. deGuadanandL ascarisC omneno " L ascopiasSuevas

o " N u mm u s V , n o . 17 ( S e pt . 1 95 ) , 1 1 -2 3 .

C r e a



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aryn

diademed3Emperorinmilitarydress

o ldingstandingfacing ho ldinglong

ssinl. crossinr. handandV ictoryon

erpent

ess

ndard

nglobe

ress

mappa

.115

l a te V I I I

a te I X

( C O N O B )

e V I I I

usI incommemorationofhistricenna liacelebrated

e i s t fo r T he o do s iu s ( s e e hi s l is t P u l ch e ri a E u d o i a

rsew asa lsousedbyL eo I ( C at. No. 532 .

typeand struckthesecoinsforV alentinian per-

nfrom himwhich however wasnotforth-coming

half.Thecoin canbedatedtothe earlypartof

. A. B o y c e " E u d o i a E u d o c ia E u d o i a : D a t ed S o li d i

A N SM N V I , 1 9 54 1 4 1.

usI incommemorationofhisforty-secondimperium

ipin443.Thetypeis alsoknownforTheodosius

a P l a c i d ia a n d P u l ch e ri a ( s e e u n de r T he o do s iu s . T h is o n e

anand54ofTheodosiusareincludedin theScandinavian

C r e a



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antineSo lidi

lrich-B ansago-go

eld

a t e I I

. N D l . a n d r . in f i el d

a te X I X

l a te X I X

. 122

a t e I I

a te X I X

X I X

eI I

3 9

o od . 9 9 P l a te I I

re f il l ed w o rn . 7 2 P l a te X X I I I

a t eI I

e I I

a te I I

l a te I I

thasbeenclipped theco inisdie - l ink edw ithNos. 45-46

t.

C r e a



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ary

1 9

mentfor loop worn.137b

I

0

veryworn. 122

20

lled fa ir. 51b

w orn. 212

E H T N A NV S F A V C

l a te I I

E H T N NV S F A V C

a te I I

l a te I I

lf o f co inremains. 56b

butiontoR avennauncerta in.

nusualsty lebutcf. U lrich-B ansa pi. L , h( V a lentinian

C r e a



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antineSo lidi

tureonly.219

21 . 2

tureonly.219

21 . 3

tureonly.219

21 . 4

tureonly.203

2 3 .1

N T N A NV 2 F A V C

n d bo r de r w or n . 19 9 P l a t e X X I

4 1

rn . 11 c P l a t eI I

scoinsarewesternand likethoseof

somequestionableof ficia lissues. Thefourco ins

appearancebutnotunlikea particular

whichheconsidersan emergencyissueand

toAttila.20TheR omecoins( Nos.36-51

ntire grouponlyNos.42-43seemwholly

versefieldofNo.39 iscuriousandoften

es( seebelow n. 23 . Sim ilarly amintmark

theusua lrenderingofR Monthebarbaric

e inhart22-26 . MostdoubtfulareNos. 4 -51.

Nos.52- 6 , ontheotherhand aremorehomo-

biousspecimensareNos. 77-7 . I rregular

m however theycomparefavorablywith

mitationsasseen inR einhartandinthis

97.

p. 239andpl. X , 90a— i .

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ary15

R AT H O N O - R e v. :B O N O R E I P V B L I C A

i c to r y st a nd i ng l . h o ld i ng

adem- longcrossinr. hand.

tureonly.224cCohen1

1

V A E NT N AN I I P 1

l a t e X I I I

o v er w r ea t h w or n . 13 7 b P l a te X I I I

N T N A NV S F A V C

P l at e X I I I

or n . 55 b P l a t e X I I I

I A V A E N T I T AN V S T [ ]

adeofR e inhart sstudyof theV isigothicco inagefor

itationsofV alentinianandmostofthecoins listed

nR einhart. Withoneortw oe ceptions( R e inhart

cialissuesofMilan hisseriesonV alentinianisun-

notcertainthattheyall areV isigothic.The

andin R einhartarepredominantlyofR avenna

elegendbreak identif iesthisco inasaV isigothic( ? )

t10.

fieldisfoundon R einhart17-20whichareofsimilar

oappearsonNos. 39( consideredoff icia l , 91 92and

hthee ceptionofNo. 39a lltheco insbearingsucha

bariccharacter.

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y antineSo lidi

l led veryworn. 205P lateX I I I

a n d b o rd e r v er y w or n . 19 4 P l a t e X X I I

T N ANV S ] A V C

t eX I V

I T I I I A NV S F C

l a te X I V

ak

P l at e X I V

N I A V A E N T H I A NV S F A V G

207P lateX I V

rselegends

MA O R I A NV S F A V C aV I CTO R I A A V GGC

SMA O R I A NV S E A V C

helmeted

cuirass-

hieldin-

ess

glong

oryon

erpent

l a t eI I I

a ir . 1 76 P l a te I I I

e .

w r ea t h c f . R e i nh a rt 1 0 .

rt50.

rt8 w hich how ever hasaw reathintheobverse legend

C r e a



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ary

te I I I

.field

e .

rich-B ansa102

l r i c h- B a n s a 10 2 P l a t e I I I

rich-B ansanotP late I I I

A - N V S F A V G

r.

6 . U l r i c h- B a n s a 10 4 27 P l a t e X X I V

A -A V GGC

; veryw orn. 137b. U lrich-B ansa104

A -A V C C C

a. U lrich-B ansa104P late I I I

A -A V C GC

r i c h- B a n s a no t P l a t e X X I V

l - AN V S E A V C

A -A V C C C

1

wo r n. 1 9 4 P l a te X X I I

- I A N V S F A V G

A -A V C C C

te I I I

7 b P l a t e I I I

a t e I I I

d br e ak . . .O - R I A N V S F A V C

I I I

S M I O R I .. .

t e t ( p . 2 65 r e ad s P F A V C b u t t h e pl a te c l ea r ly s h ow s

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


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antineSo lidi

resentanassortmentofcrudeportraits

nerarelyfindsaclean strikingorawell-cut

scometobecharacteristic ofwestern

how ever andonlyoneco incanbeclearly

ion.

dentonthecoinsof Arelateandon

thelatteroccasionallyhaveP E inplace

se legendandallresembleR einhart62butinthis

butiontoabarbaricmintisincorrect.2 L ess

hecoins ofR avennabutthereislittle

oneofthem animitation.

M A O R I A N2 9

l a t e X I V

MA R I A NV S F A V G

E R U S

rselegends

S V E R V S E A V Ga V I C TO R I AAV G GG

SS V E R V S E R P E T -

S V E R V S F A V G

clearlyparto f theof f icia lMilanissuesofMa orianil lustrated

. X I , 1 0 2- 1 04 .

p. 263 considerstheR A strik ingsinthenameofMa orian

mintwhich operatedasasubsidiarymintof

re late mostprobablyofMilan. These issuesarealso

I I (R e inhart51 andL ibiusSeverus(inthiscata logue

mtheyaremorecommon.Thecoinsreveala consistent

ll cutdies buttheycontainepigraphicalirregulari-

tomanyothersinR einhart sserieswhichare

ddition P hil ipGriersonte llsmethatthisseriesis

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

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a - 4 . 0


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ary19

diademed

ess

glong

oryon

erpent

rse legendbreak . . . A -A V C C G

ch-B ansa10

r ic h -B a n s a 1 0 P l a te I I I

ch-B ansa109P late I V

- R V S E A V G

1 0

lrich-B ansa112P late I V

rich-B ansa114P late I I I

SS V E R V S E R P E TV A /

lrich-B ansa114

SS V E R V S E R P E TV A /0

a ir. 115

e .

l a te X I X

l a te X I X

a t e X I X

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

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antineSo lidi

e .

e .

eryw orn. 190

e .

re a k . . . E - V E R V S F A V C

8

15 P l a te I V

- R V S F A V C

a t e X I X

l a t e X I X

0 P l a te X I X

1 a P l at e X I X

l a t e I V

- E R V S F A V C

a

- E R V S F A V C

tureonly.219

7

eak isthesameasthatof theR omeco ins seepage21.

oclipping inotherrespectsit isregularandisdie -

0.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


47/275

ary21

rusaregenerallycrudebutwithin amint

yofstyle.P ortraitureintheMilanseries

arsebutidentica linstyletotheco insofMa orian

fPE inplaceofPF iscarriedoverf romthe

new legendisa lso introduced DN. . . P E R -

ichcontinuesintothere ignofA nthemius. R omeand

eofeither ofthesevariantse ceptoccasion-

ie positionsforMilancoinsaref which

urationofthe imperialcontrolofthatmint.32

.121-136 aremorenumerousandpresent

tisq uitedistinctiveandintechni uesuperior

nmint.Thenormaldiepositionis I but

nNos. 12 , 130 131and133allo fw hichare

derthanthe otherpieces.

os.137-145 presentstillanotherstyle

ption isuniform. OfparticularinterestisNo.

styleofR ome.Theobverseportraitis

21-136 andthereversehasstylistic

theR omegroup.33TheR avennamint

ow ever andperhapsindicatesthatadie-cutter

metoR avenna.B ecauseofthesimilarities

otrepresentmerelyatransferreddie.34The

vennaisj . 35

myk now ledge hasnotbeenmadeprev iouslyandit is

nofunmarkedspecimenstothat mint( seeunder

B asil iscus . Nos. 617-61 o fZ eno attributedtothe

alsohavediepositionsoff.

eatmentofthecuirass diademtailsandlettering

nthereverse sim ilarit ieswiththeR omeco insare

theangleoftheright armandrightthighand in

break of thisco in(No. 137 isa lsothesameasthat

aP lacidiaw astransferredf romR ometoA uile ia

e t re so r de C he cy ( L o ir et , i n J . G r ic ou rt G . F a br e an d M.

faurie Trisorsmonita iresetpla ues-bouclesde laGauleromaine:

C hi cy X I I e s up pl em en t a " G al li a ( P a r i s 1 95 ) , p . 29 3

" G o ld C o in a ge i n t he L a t e R o m an E m p ir e " i n E s s a y s in

entedtoHaro ldMattingly eds. R . A . G. C arsonandC . H.

ford 1956 , p. 20on. K enta lsopo intsoutaR omereverse

I w hichw asrecutforuseatR avenna.

sNo. 137.

C r e a



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antineSo lidi

L I B I U S S V E R U S 3

P l a te X I V

C C C

a n d bo r de r v e ry w or n . 1 8 P l a te X X I

SS V I R V S F A V C

a t e X I V

SS V E R V S F A V G

S E R P E T AV C

S F A V C

S E A V C

E M V S F A V G

hree- uar-

diademed

ance

m-

hree- uar-

diadem-

ed ho ld-

diademed

V B L I CA

sandis

ress

w ith

u-

ress

onr.

e be-

ear-

acing

n

inl.

272 nn. 42and45 is notconv incedthattheseco insare

. 1 , n. 29.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


49/275

ary

ch-B ansa121

r. gob. U lrich-B ansa121

rich-B ansa123P lateV

P V B L I CA

rich-B ansa122P lateV

N D

en 1 2 v ar .

ch-B ansa126P lateV

- V S F A V G

ch-B ansa11

1c. U lrich-B ansanotP lateV

- M l V S E A V C

ratureonly.219

8

scoininB re itenste in sarticle isthato f thetypeB 2

a1intheuseofP F A V G insteadofP E A V Ginthe

w asnotava ilabletoB re itenstein how ever( NNA

andpresumably thedescriptionw asobta inedf romrecords.

s thereforeopentoq uestionandtheonlyotherre-

MilanisfoundinU lrich-B ansa no . 116 w hoquotes

ishedbyC . B rambilla ( A ltreannota ioninumismatiche

hisla tterpublicationdoesnotillustratetheco inandthetype

.I tseemspossiblethatin bothinstancestheobverse

ndshouldbePE A V C . Oneof thephotographsof the

av iaMuseuminmypossessioniso f thetypeofU lrich-

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


50/275

y antineSo lidi

not

la teV

var.

g o od . 1 00 b P l a t e V

lateV

; * b en ea th M ' C O MO B '

la teV

; • / e nc ir cl in g M ' C O M O B '

35a

veryw orn. 19c

R M O B ( n ot ed

l a te X X I V

24aP lateV

C O R M O B

; C O R MO B

samelegendbreak butreadsP E A V G. Thesame

ofthiscatalogue.At anyrate thetypeC2a1with

-M V S E A V Gdoese ista lthoughit isnotrecorded

lrich-B ansa116ispossiblyamisreadingof thistype.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


51/275

ary25

51aP lateV

2

P lateV

TH E M V S F A V C

V B L I CA

3

9P lateV

tureonly.224cCohen7

. 2hasC ohen6butdescription

ndisthereforetypeB 1a1and

tureonly.215b.Cohen6

2

cingportraitappearson thewestern

reversewiththe emperorstandingwith

th e l eg e nd V I C T O R I A A V C G G 3 9 i s re -

t he l e ge n d SA V S R E I P V B L I C A . T h e

ationsofthetypesandlegendsmakethis

andfor almosteverycoinadditionalnotes

the legendbreak theformof themintmark

art100.

hareverseforA nthemiusk now ntomeisC ohen1 ;

C A N TH I M V S s u gg e st s t ha t i t i s ba r ba r ic .

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


52/275

antineSo lidi

49-156 aretypicalofthatmint inthat

elot.D iepositionsareconsistentlyffor

eandR avenna. Nos. 163-165w ithouttheusua l

tainlyofR ome. I nsty letheyare identica l

tw oof thecoinsbearC O R MOB inthee -

o in No. 166 hasaparticularly crudeportra it

issue.

V S P AV G

diademed

od. 90b

w orn. 212

V G G

ess

glong

oryon

to l.

U l r i c h- B a n s a

vertsto earliertypes currentbefore

mevariations.Thethreecoinsin thiscata-

standingfacingandholdinga longcross

uthis rightfootrestsona stoolratherthan

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


53/275

ary27

heobverse legendreadsF P A V C ( ratherthan

ereverse legenddiffersf romprev iousissuesindrop-

C C. 41

O S

rselegends

O S F A V C aV I C TO R I A A V GG G:

setypes

ree- uar-1V ictorystandingl. ho lding

diadem- longcrossinr. hand.

dinglance

m-

ef il led w orn. 137b. U lrich-B ansa151

i c h -B a n s a 1 51 P l a te X X I V

ch-B ansa151P lateV I

2U l r i c h -B a n s a 1 49 P l a te V I

MO B w ithoutpe llets

etype introducedbyV alentinianI I I . A nothertype

ar tocoinsofH onoriuswhichshowtheemperor

astandardandaV ictoryonglobe w ithhisle f tfoot

type hasalongcross inplaceofa standardand

onastoo lratherthanonacaptive(C ohen1 . See

90-91foradiscussionof thesechangesandalso L afaurie

n .1 1.

earliercustomoffollowingtheepigraphicalruleof

ndsfortwoaugustionthethrone A V GGGforthree

GlyceriuswiththreeG sarealsoknownand the

au r ie i n " C h 6 c y " 2 9 .

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


54/275

antineSo lidi

P O S F A V G

s

b

ersewiththelegendV I CTOR I AAV GGC

ypeofthe easterncoinagefromthereign

earsintheWestontheco insof J uliusNepos

alongwithafacingportrait notedearlier

ofAnthemius.

sNeposrepresentadistinctimprovement

cedingemperors.42Thestylisticdifferences

groups how ever arenotasapparentas

.179-1 0 withoutmintmarkotherthan

ofC OMO B , havebeenattributedtoR omeon

oundsthatthismintwasstill inoperation

ntirelyanalogouswith eithertheMilan

J U L I U S N P O S

D N P V S V C R ev.: CA V S R E I P V B L I C A

aitureresemblesthatontheR omeissuesofA nthemius.

ttheMilanco insof J uliusNeposhavepelletsbefore

w hichareev identonsomeof theR omeissuesofA nthemius

ee-

meted

cui-

r.

each

v e ry w or n . 19 2

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


55/275

ary29

O S F A V C

b o rd e r f i ne . 1 6 P l a te X I V

uestionablybarbaric. Thef irstonebearsob-

aracteristicofAnthemiusbut alegendof

manyirregularities.Thisis mostunusual.

animitationcouldbeartheobverseof one

fanotherbut heretheobverseportraitis

fAnthemiuswhile thelegendreadsJ ulius

cteateform struck ononesideonlyandthe

romthereverse . I tsw eightisvery low 1. 62

G U S TU S

rselegends

S A CV S T V S F A V C a V I C TO R I A AV G G G:

hree- uar-

diadem-

dinglance

m-

ho lding

tpe llets

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


56/275

antineSo lidi

usAugustusarewithoutmintmarkbut

Milanco insof J uliusNepos.43O therpara l-

intheuseofpe lle tsbeforeandafterC OMO B 44

hichhavebeenconsistently\ sincethe

F urthermore theobverse legendonallf our

die how ever readsA CV STV S w hereasco ins

memintmarkhavetheconventionalspelling

rselegends

S F A V C a CO N CO R D I A AV C CC

A C CC

setypes

diademed 1C onstantinopleseatedfacing

dr. holdingsceptreinr.

bed

i n fo ur l in es .

ess

ndard

nglobe

ck soff . be low : To lstoi22 R I C 70c

. 7

; To lsto i29

od. 73. U lrich-B ansa51P late I

lrich-B ansa60P late I

eofZ eno( Nos. 617-61 w ithmintmark andparti-

N o . 62 6 w i th o ut m i nt m a rk ( P l a te V I ) .

n . 4 2.

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


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ary

not To lsto inot

1 ; T o ls t oi

SI I

S V S F A V C

S V S F A V G

A V C C

AV C C C

C R O M45

T X X X

ST R R A R

P V B L I CA

TX X X X

I C O SX V I I P P

setypes

ree- uar-1C onstantinopleseatedfacing

diadem-headr. ho ldingsceptre inr.

o ldinglancehandandV ictoryonglobe in

m-l. r.footonprow.

ess

d

ul-

gendisclearlyaU andnotaV ; the lattera lw ays

om.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


58/275

antineSo lidi

ho lding

ess

gstand-

ruc-

gonl.

nding

nd

tinian

earing

inr.

hold-

nd

tor.

o lsto iI f f .

6 P l a te V I I

126

2 ( l a ck s o ff . b el o w ; T o ls t oi n o t

orn. 115

137bP lateV I I

erced veryw orn. 214b

o lsto i37

l a te V I I

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


59/275

ary

ks o f f. € , 6 b e lo w ; T o ls t oi

a c ks o ff . I " , € , S H a n d 0 be lo w

7b

. 99

fa ir. 115

rced veryw orn. 203

219

rced w orn. 137b

15 P l a te V I I

o lsto i40f f .

od . 1 17 a P l a t e V I I

rn. 205

opandborder veryworn. 195

l a ck s o ff . b el o w ; T o ls t oi 1 0 ff . ( l a c k s

1 37 b P l a t e V I I I

o lsto i33f f .

g oo d. 8 0 a P l a te V I I I

C A

C A

C A

air. 61

o lsto i25f f. ( lack sof f . A be low

9 9 P l a te V I I I

e . 99

e ry w or n . 1 3

rn. 203

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


60/275

antineSo lidi

o ff . A S H , I b e lo w ; T o l s to i

ck sof f . — below

r. 99

137b

cedbutrefi l led veryw orn. 70c

h a ve a n o bv e rs e l eg e nd b r ea k S - V S F A V G w h i ch i s

e I mp42issue inaddition No. 24 hasepigraphi-

ybothareimitations.

9

- V S F A V C

C r e a



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_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


61/275

ary

7

veryw orn. 212

veryw orn. 1

y wo rn . 21 9 P l at e V I I I

S - V S F AV C

mut. veryworn. 179c

n. 6

130b

w o rn . 2 12

ine. 6

. 5

veryworn. 2

rn. 212

a ir. 1

r6 To lsto inot

f a ir . 8 6

utrefi l led good. 121f

l a te V I I I

4 n . 4 6 .

C r e a


o n C o m m e r c i�

Documents

Late Roman and Byzantine solidi found in Sweden and Denmark / by Joan M. Fagerlie