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Line Breaking Length Figures and 'Jhblea\li neb rea k force a line break\ \ Clenl sta rt new line and leave len vertical space\- permit hyphenation\beginCsloppypar) . \endCsloppypar)

allow loose lines in paragraph s\slo ppy allow loose lines

Pa ge Bre a k ing\pageb reak force a page break\enlarg ethispa ge*Iht ) squeezes extra ht of

text on current page.\newpage sta rt a new page\cle arp age print all figures and tables and start

a new pageBoxes

\mboxC. . I\makebox Cwdl CposlC. . I

make box of width wd; pos put s text a tleft ( l), right ( r), or center (default)\f boxCtext)

\f ramebox Cwdl Cposl Ctext)same as \mbox or \makebox b ut draws framearound box

\nevsav eboxC cmd~ defines crnd to be a bin forsaving boxes

\sboxCcmd)Ctext)\saveboxCcmd) Cwdl Cposl Cte b)

same as \mbox or \makebox bu t saves box inbin crnd

\useboxCcmd) print box saved in bin crnd\beginCminipag e) [posl Cwd) . \end make len horizontal space; *-formworks even at beginning of line

\hf ll make infinitely stretchable horizontalspace

\vspaceClen3 leave len vertical space; *-formPVP I I :1i t w w i n n i n w nf n - r r n

unitscm em ex in pc pt mm\newlengthCcmd3 define crnd to be a length\setl eng thIcm dlIl enl set length crnd to len\addtolengthCcm d)Clen3 add len to length crnd

Pic turea\beginCpicture>(x. y) (XI,Y') . \end{. . I

x x y picture [lower-left corner a t (XI,Y')]\put ( x, y) C . I put object at point (2 ,y)\multiput (x,y) (Ax,Ay)Cn)C.. .I

make n copies of object with first at (x, y) andothers offset by (Ax , Ay)

\makebox(x, y) Cposl I. . .I make x x y box; posputs object at top (t), bottom (b), left(l), right (r), and/or centered (default);\f ramebox and \savebox have analogs

\dashboxCd) (x. y) Cposl C . I like \makebox butputs dashed lines of length d around box

\lin e(h ,v)C l) line of slope v/h and horizontalextent 1 (length 1 if h = O), 0 < h, v < 6\vector(h,v)Cl) same a s \line but draws ar-rowhead; 0 < h, v < 4

\sho rtst ack Cposl C. . Ilike \beginCtabul ar) [pos] ..

\ci rcl eCd ) draw circle of diameter d; *-formdraws solid disk

\oval (x, ) Cpartl draw x x y [partial] oval\f rameC.. .I draw frame around objectl ine thickness \ thinl ines or \ thickl ines

graphics an d color Packages\scaleboxCfac)C.. .I scale by factor of fac\resizeboxCwd)Cht3C.. .I scale to wd x ht\rotateboxCang)C.. .I rotate by ang degrees\includ egraphi csCfi2e ) insert graphics from file\def inecolo rCclr3C mdI)C val~ define color clr

using color model mdl\colo rCclrl set current color to clr\textcolorCclr)C.. .) typeset in color clr\colorboxCclr~C. I typeset on colored box\pageco lorCclr) set background color of page

\beginIf igure) . \endCf igure)make floating figure

\beginCtable) . \end(table)make floating table

\caption{. . I make figure or table captiontabbing Environment

Rows separated by \ \ ; columns determined by:\= set tab stop\> go to next tab stop\ k il l throw away line

array and tabular Environments\beginCarr ay) [posl Ccolsl . . end(array)\beg inC tabu lar) Cposl Ccols) . . endCtabular)

use arra y for formulas, tab ul ar for text; itemsseparated by & and rows by \\ ; pos aligns withtop (t), bottom (b), or center (default); cokentries format columns:1 left-justified columnr right-justified columnc centered columnI vertical ruleQC...) text or space between columns*In). . I equivalent to n copies of .

\multicolumnCn)~col)C...) span next n col-umns with col format

\h+e draw horizontal line between rows\c li ne ti -j l horizontal line across columns i-j

Definitions\newcommand~cmd)Cn1 Copt] C. . ) define com-

mand crnd [with n argum ents] [first optional]\nevenv ironm entCnam l Cnl CbegICend)

define environment nam [with n arguments]\newtheoremCnam)Ccap) define a theorem-l ike

environment nam captioned by capN umbe r ing 6

\setcounterC ctr)Cn) set counter ctr to n\addtocounterCctr)Cnl add n to counter ctr

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q u o t e ~ s i n g l e ' . , . ~ d o u b l e "..."dmhea intrkword - number range: --

punctuation: ---spacing small \, inter-word \ unbreak-

able ' sentence-ending period \O .special characters 8 \$ & \& % \%# \x \ r 1 \I - \-emphasis \emphC. . Iunbreakable text \mboxC. . Ifootnotes \f ootnoteC. . Idate \today

T y p e S t y le\ t e x t d . . .I Rom \textsc(. . I CAPS\ textit{ . . ) Ital \texttt{. . ) Type\textbf (. . ) Bold \textsf C.. .) SSrf\textslC.. .I SJan\boldmath use bold math symbols

i n m a t h m o d e\ m a t h { . . ) Rom \mathtt{.. .) Type\mathit{. ..I tal \mathsf {. . ) SSrf\mathbf (. . I Bold \mathcalC . . . I C&

Type S ize\ti ny \small \larg e \huge\scriptsize \normalsize \Large \Huge\f oo tn ot es iz e \LARGE

Accents and Symbols

Sectioning an d Table of Contents

\appendix start appendix\tableof contents make table of contents

8 . . $ or \( . . \) in-text formula\ C. . \I displayed formula\begin{equation> . \end(equation)

numbered equation\beginCeqnarray) .. \endCeqnarray)

numbered equations, like 3-column array en-vironment; \nonumber omits one equationnumber, eqnarray* omits all

-C. . I subscript-C. . I superscriptprime (')\f racCn1CdI print fraction\s qr t Cnl Carg) print !/7Gjellipsis \ldots . \cdots . . \vdots :symbols see Tables 3.4-3.8 (pp. 424 4)Greek le t te rs (2 \alpha . .R \Omegadeli mit ers \ l ef t or \rig ht followed by delim-

iter from Table 3.10 (p. 47)\overline{exp) print Effispace thin \ , medium \ : thick \ ; neg-ative thin \ !

Displayed Paragraph s\beginCquote) . . \endCquote}

short displayed quotation\begidquotat ion) . . \end{quotat ion)

long displayed quotation\begidcenter) . \end{center)

centered lines, separated by \ \\beginCverse) . . \endCverse)

\ \ between lines, blank line between stanzas\beginCverbatiml .. . \end(verbatim)in typewriter font exactly as formatted

ListsBegin each item with \item or \item [label]\begin{itemize) .. . \end{itemize)

"ticked" items\begidenumerate) . . . \end{enumerate)

numbered items\beginCdescription) .. . \endCdescriptionl

labeled items

Document Clam, Packages, Styles\document cl as s options]i lass)

style ar ti cl e report bookslid es le tt er (for letters)

options l l p t t i t lepage tvoside legno12pt twocolumn a4paper f leqn

\usepackage Coptzonsl Cpkg)pkg amstex col or latexsym

ibabel gra phic s makeidx

\pag esty leCs tyle I style of head and foot:plain empty headings myheadings

\pagenumber ingCstyleI style of page numbers:arabic roman alph Roman Alph

Ti t le Page and Abs t ract\ma ket itl e make title with information declared

by \t it le , \author, and [optional] \date\beginCtitlepage) .. . \endCtitlepage)

do-it-yourself title page\beginiabstract) . . . \end{abatract)

make abstractCross-Reference

\labelC key) assign current counter value t o key\r ef {key) print value assigned to key

Bibliography and Citation\bibliography{. ..) make bibliography and tell

BIBTEX names of bib files\beginCthebibliography)(lbl) . \end{. . .)

make bibliography; lbl is widest entry label\bi bit em Elbll {key) begin bibliography entry for

citation key [with lbl as label]\c i te [note] {keys) cite reference(s) keys [with

added note]Sp l it t ing the Inp u t

\in put ifi le) read specified file\incl ude{f ile) read specified file unless excluded

by \includeonly\inclu deonlyCf iles) exclude any file not in files

\beginCf i1econtent s)Cfile) contents \end& . )n.