Latin RevolutionsLatin Revolutions

Social classes divided Latin Social classes divided Latin AmericaAmerica

►PeninsularesPeninsulares►CreolesCreoles►MestizosMestizos►Creoles resented the peninsulares; they Creoles resented the peninsulares; they

wanted equality and got ideas from other wanted equality and got ideas from other revolutionsrevolutions

►Began to denounce Spanish and Began to denounce Spanish and Portuguese rule in the nineteenth Portuguese rule in the nineteenth centurycentury

►Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture led 100,000 slaves to Louverture led 100,000 slaves to revolt in revolt in Hispanola (Haiti)Hispanola (Haiti)Became the Became the first independentfirst independent state in state in Latin AmericaLatin America

South AmericaSouth America► Jose de San Martin- Jose de San Martin-

believed all Spaniards believed all Spaniards needed to be out of South needed to be out of South America to be freeAmerica to be free

► 1810 gained independence 1810 gained independence for for ArgentinaArgentina from Spain from Spain

► 1817 attacked 1817 attacked ChileChile and and defeated Spaindefeated Spain

► 1821 moved to Lima and 1821 moved to Lima and PeruPeru Needed help from Needed help from Simon Simon

BolivarBolivar► Bolivar Liberated VenezuelaBolivar Liberated Venezuela

South AmericaSouth America

► By end of 1824- Peru, By end of 1824- Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, Uruguay, Paraguay, Columbia, Venezuela, Columbia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile all became Chile all became independent statesindependent states

► Central America Central America became independent became independent from Portugal in 1823from Portugal in 1823 Divided into 5 republicsDivided into 5 republics

► Guatemala, El Salvador, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaraguaand Nicaragua

South AmericaSouth America

►Europeans still wanted control in Latin Europeans still wanted control in Latin AmericaAmerica

►British wanted to British wanted to tradetrade with Latin with Latin America and asked America and asked United StatesUnited States to join to join forces and attack Latin American forces and attack Latin American NationsNations US disagreed US disagreed

►Wrote the Wrote the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine Guaranteed Latin American independence and warned Guaranteed Latin American independence and warned

against European interventionagainst European intervention

Difficulties in Nation BuildingDifficulties in Nation Building

► Most nations were left with Most nations were left with poverty poverty ► Commutation and unifying the nation was difficultCommutation and unifying the nation was difficult► Still dependent of western nationsStill dependent of western nations ► Struggled to build governments and often had Struggled to build governments and often had

CaudillosCaudillos Ruled by military forceRuled by military force

► Some were Some were supportivesupportive building up the country building up the country others were others were destructive destructive

► Juan Manual de Rosas (Argentina)Juan Manual de Rosas (Argentina) Was supported by the massesWas supported by the masses

► When caudillos died or lost power civil wars often When caudillos died or lost power civil wars often broke out to for control of countrybroke out to for control of country

► Although Latin American nations were Although Latin American nations were independent from Spain and Portugal independent from Spain and Portugal Great Great Britain now dominated economyBritain now dominated economy Old trade patterns emergedOld trade patterns emerged

►ExportsExports- Wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, and hides- Wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, and hides► ImportsImports- consumer goods including textiles- consumer goods including textiles

► Foreigners kept domination of Latin Foreigners kept domination of Latin American economyAmerican economy

►Nations kept their own Nations kept their own politicalpolitical independenceindependence

Inequality remainedInequality remained

►Landed elites controlled much of Landed elites controlled much of economy and governmenteconomy and government Wrote constitutions much like the United Wrote constitutions much like the United

States States Limited voting to keep powerLimited voting to keep power

United States in Latin United States in Latin AmericaAmerica

►Cuba became a Cuba became a protectorateprotectorate►Puerto RicoPuerto Rico was annexed was annexed ►1903 US helped Panama separate 1903 US helped Panama separate

from Columbiafrom Columbia In exchange received control of 10 mile In exchange received control of 10 mile

strip of land and built the strip of land and built the Panama CanalPanama Canal►US military forces US military forces

Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Columbia, Haiti andNicaragua, Panama, Columbia, Haiti and

MexicoMexico

►Miguel Hidalgo with mestizos and Native Miguel Hidalgo with mestizos and Native Americans revolted against Spanish rule Americans revolted against Spanish rule Formed a mob army to attack the SpaniardsFormed a mob army to attack the Spaniards Sept 16 1810- Sept 16 1810- Mexico’s independence dayMexico’s independence day

►This frightened Peninsulares and CreolesThis frightened Peninsulares and Creoles They They banned togetherbanned together to defeat revolutionary to defeat revolutionary

forcesforces Then Then overthrow Spanishoverthrow Spanish rule to keep their own rule to keep their own

power power

MexicoMexico

►Augustin Itubide new leader only lasts Augustin Itubide new leader only lasts 1 year (1822-1823)1 year (1822-1823)

►Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna(1829-Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna(1829-1855) – misused state funds, 1855) – misused state funds, halted halted reformsreforms, and created chaos, and created chaos American settlers in Texas revolted American settlers in Texas revolted

against himagainst him War between War between Mexico and USMexico and US followed followed Mexico lost almost ½ of landMexico lost almost ½ of land

MexicoMexico

► Benito Juarez (1855-Benito Juarez (1855-1876)1876) Brought Brought liberal liberal

reformsreforms to Mexico to Mexico►Separation of church Separation of church

and stateand state►Land distribution to Land distribution to

the poorthe poor►Educational system Educational system

for all peoplefor all people

MexicoMexico

► Porfirio Diaz (1877-1911)Porfirio Diaz (1877-1911) Centralized government supported byCentralized government supported by

►ArmyArmy►Foreign capitalistsForeign capitalists►Large landownersLarge landowners►Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Wages of workers were lowWages of workers were low Only a few families Only a few families owned most of landowned most of land

Madero forced power from Diaz in 1911 but Madero forced power from Diaz in 1911 but was ineffectivewas ineffective

MexicoMexico

► Emilian Zapata brought the masses together Emilian Zapata brought the masses together and began to seize estates of wealthy and began to seize estates of wealthy landownerslandowners 1917 a 1917 a new constitution was writtennew constitution was written

►Government set up with a president Government set up with a president ►Land-reformLand-reform policies policies►Limits on Limits on foreignforeign investors investors►Agenda to help workersAgenda to help workers

Patriotism with intellectuals and artists who Patriotism with intellectuals and artists who wanted to capture what was unique and special wanted to capture what was unique and special about Mexicoabout Mexico