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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/law-commission-report-no-209-proposal-for-omission-of-section-213-from-the 1/28
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
LAW
COMMISSION
OF
INDIA
Proposal for omission of Section !" from t#e In$ian
S%ccession Act& !'()
Report No) *'
+,L- **.
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA
/REPORT NO) *'0
Proposal for omission of Section !" from t#e In$ian
S%ccession Act& !'()
Presente$ to Dr) 1) R) 2#ar$3a4& ,nion Minister
for La3 an$ +%stice& Ministr5 of La3 an$ +%stice&
Go6ernment of In$ia 75 Dr) +%stice AR)
La8s#manan& C#airman& La3 Commission of In$ia&
on t#e "*t# $a5 of +%l5& **.)
2
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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T#e !.t# La3 Commission 3as constit%te$ for a perio$ of
t#ree 5ears from !st Septem7er& **9 75 Or$er No)
A):(*!;!;**9<A$mn)III /LA0 $ate$ t#e !9t# Octo7er&
**9& iss%e$ 75 t#e Go6ernment of In$ia& Ministr5 of La3
an$ +%stice& Department of Le=al Affairs& Ne3 Del#i)
T#e La3 Commission consists of t#e C#airman& t#e
Mem7er<Secretar5& one f%ll<time Mem7er an$ se6en part<
time Mem7ers)
C#airman
1on>7le Dr) +%stice AR) La8s#manan
Mem7er<Secretar5
Dr) 2ra#m A) A=ra3al
F%ll<time Mem7er
Prof) Dr) Ta#ir Ma#moo$
Part<time Mem7ers
Dr) /Mrs)0 De6in$er ?%mari Ra#e4a
Dr) ?) N) C#an$rase8#aran Pillai
Prof) /Mrs)0 La8s#mi +am7#ol8ar
Smt) ?irti Sin=#
S#ri +%stice I) Ven8atanara5anaS#ri O)P) S#arma
Dr) /Mrs)0 S#5aml#a Papp%
T#e La3 Commission is locate$ in ILI 2%il$in=&
3
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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n$ Floor& 2#a=3an Das Roa$&
Ne3 Del#i<!!* **!
La3 Commission Staff
Mem7er<Secretar5
Dr) 2ra#m A) A=ra3al
Researc# Staff S#ri S%s#il ?%mar @ +oint Secretar5 La3 Officer
Ms) Pa3an S#arma @ A$$itional La3 Officer
S#ri +) T) S%laBan Rao @ A$$itional La3 Officer
S#ri Sar3an ?%mar @ Dep%t5 Le=al A$6iser
S#ri A) ?) ,pa$#5a5 @ Dep%t5 La3 Officer
Dr) V) ?) Sin=# @ Assistant Le=al A$6iser
S#ri C) Ra$#a ?ris#na @ Assistant Go6t) A$6ocate
A$ministrati6e Staff
S#ri D) C#o%$#%r5 @ ,n$er Secretar5
S#ri S) ?) 2as% @ Section Officer
Smt) Ra4ni S#arma @ Assistant Li7rar5
Information Officer
4
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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T#e teBt of t#is Report is a6aila7le on t#e Internet at
#ttp@;;333)la3commissionofin$ia)nic)in
Go6ernment of In$ia
La3 Commission of In$ia
T#e teBt in t#is $oc%ment /eBcl%$in= t#e Go6ernment
Lo=o0 ma5 7e repro$%ce$ free of c#ar=e in an5 format or
me$i%m pro6i$e$ t#at it is repro$%ce$ acc%ratel5 an$ not
%se$ in a mislea$in= conteBt) T#e material m%st 7e
ac8no3le$=e$ as t#e Go6ernment of In$ia cop5ri=#t an$
t#e title of t#e $oc%ment specifie$)
An5 en%iries relatin= to t#is Report s#o%l$ 7e a$$resse$
to t#e Mem7er<Secretar5 an$ sent eit#er 75 post to t#e
La3 Commission of In$ia& n$ Floor& ILI 2%il$in=&
2#a=3an Das Roa$& Ne3 Del#i<!!***!& In$ia or 75 email
to lci<$lanic)in
5
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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Dr. Justice AR. Lakshmanan ILI Building (IInd Floor!
(Former Judge! "u#reme $ourt o% India Bhag&andas Road!
$hairman! La& $ommission o% India 'e& Delhi))* **)
+el., -)))23344/5 Fa0, -)))2333514
D 'o. 1(3)4*2**L$(L" 3* Jul! 2**
Dear Dr. Bhard&a i!
"u6, 7ro#osal %or omission o% "ection 2)3 %rom theIndian "uccession Act! )-25.
I ha8e great #leasure in su6mitting here&ith the 2*-th Re#ort o% the La& $ommission o% India on the a6o8e su6ect.
+he Indian "uccession (Amendment Act! 2**2 (21 o% 2**2amended sections 32 (devolution of such property and 2)3 (right asexecutor or legatee when established o% the Indian "uccession Act!)-25. 90#lanation to section 32 &as omitted relie8ing there6 a$hristian &ido& o% the 6ar to succeed distri6uti8e share o% her hus6and:s estate e8en i% there &as a 8alid contract made to that e%%ect
6e%ore her marriage. +he &ords ;or Indian $hristians< a%ter the ⩝=uhammadans< in su6section (2 o% section 2)3 &ere inserted. +heo#ening #ortion o% the said su6section (2 no& reads thus,
;(2 +his section shall not a##l in the case o% &ills made 6=uhammadans or Indian $hristians and shall onl a##l >??..<
+he result is that the #ro8ision o% su6section () o% section 2)3&hich necessitates grant o% #ro6ate o% the &ill or letters o%
administration &ith the &ill or &ith a co# o% an authenticated co#o% the &ill anne0ed! 6 a $ourt o% com#etent urisdiction in order toesta6lish the right as e0ecutor or legatee is no& not a##lica6le to the
&ills made not onl 6 =uhammadans 6ut also 6 Indian $hristians.But this #ro8ision continues to a##l
1
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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(i in the case o% &ills made 6 an @indu! Buddhist! "ikhor Jaina &here such &ills are o% the classes s#eci%ied inclauses (a and (6 o% section 5/! i.e.! &ills and codicilsmade 6 an @indu! Buddhist! "ikh or Jaina on or a%ter the )st da o% "e#tem6er! )/*! &ithin the territories&hich at the said date &ere su6ect to the Lieutenanto8ernor o% Bengal or &ithin the local limits o% the
ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh $ourts o% Judicature at =adras and Bom6a and all such &ills andcodicils made outside those territories and limits so %ar asthe relate to immo8a6le #ro#ert situate &ithin thoseterritories or limits and
(ii in the case o% &ills made 6 an 7arsi ding a%ter the
commencement o% the Indian "uccession (AmendmentAct! )-12! &here such &ills are made &ithin the locallimits o% the ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the
@igh $ourts at $alcutta! =adras and Bom6a and &heresuch &ills are made outside those limits! inso%ar as therelate to immo8a6le #ro#ert situate &ithin those limits.
+he e0em#tion in res#ect o% the &ills made 6 =uslims under the #arent Act &as due to the =uslim 7ersonal La&. +he sti#ulationim#osed under the unamended section 2)3 o% the Act in res#ect o%
&ills made 6 an Indian $hristian! @indu! Buddhist! "ikh or Jaina&as the legac o% the colonial rule! &hich &as e0tended to 7arsis in)-12. +he discrimination against the &ills e0ecuted 6 the Indian
$hristians has no& 6een remo8ed 6 the 2**2 Amendment on an AllIndia 6asis.
+here is discrimination in res#ect o% &ills made 6 @indus!Buddhists! "ikhs! Jainas or 7arsis! &here such &ills are made &ithinthe territories o% the ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh$ourts o% Judicature at $alcutta! =adras and Bom6a and &here such&ills are made outside those territories inso%ar as the relate toimmo8a6le #ro#erties situate &ithin those territories. +here is norationale in insisting u#on the o6taining o% #ro6ate or letters o%
/
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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administration in res#ect o% &ills e0ecuted 6 @indus! Buddhists!"ikhs! Jainas and 7arsis in res#ect o% the #ro#ert situate outsidethose limits. "ince there is no uni%ormit in the a##lication o% section2)3 inso%ar as it relates to the =uslims and $hristians on the onehand and @indus! Buddhists! "ikhs! Jainas and 7arsis on the other! the$ommission has resol8ed to recommend %or the re#eal o% section 2)3
altogether %rom the statute and remo8e thedisuni%ormitdiscrimination and attain uni%ormit. +here does nota##ear to 6e an earth reason to ignore the claim to eCualit o% themaor section o% the #eo#le o% India! the @indus etc. Article )5 o% the$onstitution o% India states that the "tate shall not discriminateagainst an citien on grounds onl o% religion! race! caste! se0! #laceo% 6irth or an o% them.
+he $ommission #laces on record the a6le assistance rendered 6 =r. Justice ".A. Eader! %ormer Judge! @igh $ourt o% =adras and
"enior Ad8ocate! "u#reme $ourt o% India! no& at $hennai! in #re#aring this Re#ort.
ith kind regards!Gours sincerel!
(AR. Lakshmanan
Dr. @.R. Bhard&a!Hnion =inister %or La& and Justice!o8ernment o% India!"hastri Bha&an!
Ne3 Del#i<!!***!
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA
Proposal for omission of Section !" from t#e In$ian
S%ccession Act& !'()
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 10
2. DI"H'IFR=I+G 20
3. R9$==9'DA+I' 28
-
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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1. INTRODUCTION
).) An article entitled ;T#e In$ian S%ccession /Amen$ment0 Act
9 of ** W#5 t#is $iscrimination a=ainst 1in$%s& 2%$$#ists&
Si8#s& +ainas an$ Parsis<! authored 6 @on:6le =r. Justice ".A.
Eader! %ormer Judge o% the =adras @igh $ourt! &as #u6lished at
#age 35 o% the Journal "ection o% +he La& eekl! =adras in 2**3
(ol.2. +he entire article is re#roduced hereunder,
+he Indian "uccession (Amendment Act 2**2 &hich
recei8ed the assent o% the 7resident on the 2/th =a 2**2 and
#u6lished in the aette o% India on 22.)).2**2 has amended
section 32 and section 2)3(2 o% the #arent Act &hich ran as
%ollo&s,
H32. De8olution o% such #ro#ert. +he #ro#ert o% an
intestate de8ol8es u#on the &i%e or hus6and! or u#on
those &ho are the kindred o% the deceased! in the order
and according to the rules hereina%ter contained in the
$ha#ter.
90#lanation. A &ido& is not entitled to the #ro8ision
here6 made %or her i%! 6 a 8alid contract made 6e%ore
her marriage! she has 6een e0cluded %rom her
distri6uti8e share o% her hus6and:s estate.<
)*
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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K+his section does not a##l to @indus! Buddhists! "ikhs!
Jainas and 7arsis. It a##lies to onl Indian $hristians.
"ection 2)3,
;2)3. Right as e0ecutor or legatee &hen esta6lished.
() 'o right as e0ecutor or legatee can 6e esta6lished in
an $ourt o% Justice! unless a $ourt o% com#etent
urisdiction in India has granted #ro6ate o% the &ill under
&hich the right is claimed! or has granted letters o%
administration &ith the &ill or &ith a co# o% an
authenticated co# o% the &ill anne0ed.
(2 +his "ection shall not a##l in the case o% &ills
made 6 =uhammadans! and shall onl a##l
(i in the case o% &ills made 6 an @indu! Buddhist!
"ikh or Jaina &here such &ills are o% classes
s#eci%ied in clauses (a and (6 o% section 5/! and
(ii in the case o% &ills made 6 an 7arsi ding a%ter
the commencement o% the Indian "uccession
(Amendment Act! )-12 ()1 o% )-12! &here such
&ills are made &ithin the local limits o% the
ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh
$ourts at $alcutta! =adras! and Bom6a! and
&here such &ills are made outside those limits! in
))
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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so %ar as the relate to immo8a6le #ro#ert situate
&ithin those limits.<
2. +he "tatement o% 6ects and Reasons %or the
Amendment Act 21 o% 2**2 are as %ollo&s,
;+he Indian "uccession Act )-25 &as aimed at
consolidating the Indian la& relating to testamentar and
intestate succession. "ection 32 o% this Act recognies
the $hristian &ido& as one o% the heirs to succeed the
#ro#ert o% her deceased hus6and ding intestate.
@o&e8er! the 90#lanation to the said section #ro8ides
that the &ido& &ould not 6e entitled to succeed such
distri6uti8e share i% there is a 8alid contract made 6e%ore
her marriage to that e%%ect. +he Eerala omen:s
$ommission and some 'ono8ernmental rganiations
ha8e #ointed out that this #ro8ision o% the Act e0cluding
a $hristian &ido& %rom her distri6uti8e share on the
6asis o% the contract is discriminator and the ha8e
suggested that she should 6e entitled to succeed her
distri6uti8e share not&ithstanding an contract to the
contrar.
"ection 2)3 o% this Act reCuires that no #erson
claiming a right as e0ecutor or legatee o% a &ill can
esta6lish such right in an court o% ustice under the &ill
unless he has 6een granted a #ro6ate or Letters o%
)2
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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Administration &ith the &ill or a co# o% the
authenticated co# o% the &ill anne0ed! 6 a court o%
com#etent urisdiction. 'o such #ro6ate or Letters o%
Administration is reCuired %or a =ohammedan to
esta6lish rights under the &ill nor there is an
reCuirement in the case o% other communities on an All
India 6asis. +he La& $ommission o% India! the Eerala
omen:s $ommission! =em6ers o% 7arliament
6elonging to $hristian communit and 8arious other
indi8iduals and organiations ha8e #ointed out and
re#resented to the o8ernment that this #ro8ision is
discriminator and should not a##l to $hristians alone.
+he matter has 6een e0amined 6 the o8ernment
and it has 6een decided to
(a delete the 90#lanation to "ection 32 and
(6 make "ection 2)3 ina##lica6le to Indian
$hristians 6 amending the Indian "uccession Act!
)-25.
+he Bill seeks to achie8e the a6o8e o6ects.<
3. "ection 2 o% the Indian "uccession (Amendment Act
2**2 deletes the 90#lanation to section 32 o% the #arent Act
there6 relie8ing the $hristian &ido& o% the 6ar to succeed
distri6uti8e share o% her hus6and:s estate e8en i% there &as a
)3
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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8alid contract made to that e%%ect 6e%ore marriage. +his is
indeed a &elcome amendment &hich has done a&a &ith the
discrimination against $hristian &ido&s.
4. "ection 3 o% the Amendment Act 2**2 has inserted the
&ords ;or Indian $hristians< a%ter the &ord ;=uhammadans<
in "ection 2)3(2 o% the 7rinci#al Act! &hich no& reads thus,
;+his "ection shall not a##l in the case o% ills
made 6 =uhammadans or Indian $hristians and shall
onl a##l >
???
ii. ???..<
5. +he result is the #ro8isions o% "ection 2)3() &hich
necessitates the grant o% #ro6ate o% the ill or Letters o%
Administration &ith the ill or &ith a co# o% the
authenticated co# o% the ill anne0ed 6 a court o% com#etent
urisdiction in order to esta6lish the right as e0ecutor or legatee
is not no& a##lica6le to the ills made not onl 6
=ohammedans 6ut also 6 Indian $hristians. But the
a%oresaid #ro8ision continues to a##l
I. In the case o% ills made 6 an @indu! Buddhist!
"ikh or Jaina &here such ills are o% the classes
s#eci%ied in clauses (a and (6 o% "ection 5/! i.e.! ills
and $odicils made 6 an @indu! Buddhist! "ikh or Jaina
)4
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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on or a%ter the )st da o% "e#tem6er )/* &ithin the
+erritories &hich at the said date &ere su6ect to the
Lieutenant o8ernor o% Bengal or &ithin the local limits
o% the ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh
$ourts o% Judicature at =adras and Bom6a and all such
ills and $odicils made outside those +erritories and
limits so %ar as relates to immo8a6le #ro#ert situate
&ithin those +erritories or limits
II. In the case o% ills made 6 an 7arsi ding a%ter the
commencement o% the Indian "uccession (Amendment
Act! )-12! &here such ills are made &ithin the local
limits o% the ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the
@igh $ourts at $alcutta! =adras and Bom6a and &here
such ills are made outside those limits! inso%ar as the
relate to immo8a6le #ro#ert situate &ithin those limits.
1. +he e0em#tion in res#ect o% ills made 6 =uslims
under the #arent Act &as due to the =uslim 7ersonal La&.
+he sti#ulation im#osed in section 2)3() o% the Act in res#ect
o% ills made 6 an Indian $hristian! @indu! Buddhist! "ikh
or Jaina &as the legac o% $olonial Rule &hich has 6een
e0tended to 7arsis in )-12. +he discrimination against the
ills e0ecuted 6 the Indian $hristians has no& 6een remo8ed
6 the #resent Amendment on an All India 6asis. In Eerala!
this discrimination against Indian $hristians has alread 6een
done a&a &ith 6 the Eerala Act ) o% )--/ &ith e%%ect %rom
)5
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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)4.3.)--/. +he discrimination in res#ect o% ills made 6
@indus! Buddhists! "ikhs! Jainas or 7arsis continues in a
limited %orm! i.e.! &here the ill is made &ithin the +erritories
o% the ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh $ourts o%
Judicature at $alcutta! =adras and Bom6a and &here such
ills are made outside those +erritories so %ar as the relate to
immo8a6le #ro#ert situate &ithin those +erritories. +his
discrimination is lia6le to 6e struck do&n under Article )5 o%
the $onstitution &hich #rohi6its discrimination on grounds o%
religion! race! caste or #lace o% 6irth. ill the 7arliament look
into this anomal and re#eal "ection 2)3() and (2
altogetherM:
).2 n the a6o8e article! a note &as #u6lished 6 the La& eekl!
=adras! 2**3 (2 #age 5/ (J"! &hich is also re#roduced hereunder,
+he litigant #u6lic in our land! &h %or the matter o%
that! e8en our legal %raternit is greatl o6liged to =r. ".A.
Eader! %ormer Judge o% our @igh $ourt %or his #iece! ;The
Indian Succession (Amendment) Act 26 of 22 ! "hy this
discrimination against #indus$ %uddhists$ Si&hs$ 'ainas and
arsisM< &hich &e ha8e carried at #ages 35 J.". to 3/ J.". (in
7art 4 o% this olume in our Journal "ection.
e had oursel8es noticed that the 2**2 'o8em6er #art
o% AIR carried the te0t o% the Amending Act! Act 21 o% 2**2 at
#age )2* o% ournal #art.
)1
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e &ere &ondering &hat to make o% this amendment
made // ears a%ter the enactment o% Indian "uccession Act!
)-25! assented to 6 the then o8ernor eneral in $ouncil on
3*th "e#tem6er )-25! itsel% a $onsolidating Act &hose
%orerunner &as the Act o% )15.
ur ina6ilit to get do&n to 6usiness &hich &e can onl
attri6ute to our lacking in %acilities has 6een e0#osed 6 the
oung gentleman that =r. Eader &ho is onl /1 ears oung is
6 his commitment to legal research. +hat he Cuoted %rom
+homas ra in his retirement s#eech %rom his seat on the
Bench o% our $ourt on 4.)).)- ma 6e onl one incident.
7arliament had #assed the Bill #laced 6e%ore it in the
ear 2**) itsel% and the Rashtra#ath ga8e his assent to the
same on 2/.5.2**2! 6ut the La& or Legislati8e de#artment o%
the Hnion $a6inet could get the enactment #rinted in the
%%icial aette o% India onl on 22.)).2**2.
=r. Eader has 6een a6le to locate the "tatement o%
6ects and Reasons %or the Amending BillAct. +he selecti8e
a##roach made 6 7arliament to go to the hel# o% onl those
&ho o#en their mouths and make a %ull throated noise is clearl
6rought out on a mere look at the 6ects and Reasons %or this
measure.
)/
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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=r. Eader:s conclusion that the #ro8isions o% the Indian
"uccession Act! )-25! as no& remain! are clearl
discriminator and reCuire to 6e struck do&n 6 the @igh $ourt
(s is the onl o68ious one.
.. .. .. .. ..
n 22.2.2**)! a Bench o% the "u#reme $ourt o% India
(Raendra Ba6u and Lahoti! JJ. deli8ered udgment in .7.($
'o.)3/ o% )--/ and connected cases. +he same is re#orted in
AIR 2**) "$ ))5) and 2**)4"$$325.
+he claim made 6 the #etitioners in the said case! in the
main! &as that ust as =uslims and 7arsis ha8e 6een e0em#ted
%rom the o#eration o% section 2)3! Indian (M $hristians o% this
countr should also eno the same e0ce#tion and that it should
6e so declared.
+hough the #raer came to 6e reected 6 the Bench! it is
%ound that the Indian 7arliament lost no time in conceding the
reCuest and o6liging a signi%icant section o% our countr:s
citiens! namel! $hristians.
hat is sauce %or the goose is (or at least! must 6eN
sauce %or the gander too.
+here does not a##ear to 6e an earth reason &h
7arliament or the concerned =inistr o% the Hnion $a6inet
)
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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came to ignore the claim to eCualit o% the maor section o% the
#eo#le o% India! the @indus and ena6le them to 6e %reed %rom
the shackles.
.. .. .. ..
I% in regard onl to #ro#erties in $hennai! =um6ai or
Eolkata or in the e8ent o% the testator ha8ing e0ecuted the
testament &hile &ithin these cities! is a #ro6ate made reCuisite
6 this #ro8ision lea8ing aside the entire countr does not this
#ro8ision a##ear an anachronismM
=ore so! &hen a distinct and not a small #ercentage o%
the #o#ulation &ill 6e a%%ected 6 this Rule.
@ere &e can also take note o% "ection 3 o% the Act o%
)-25 and "ection 332 o% its #redecessor Act )* o% )15 has
made #ro8ision %or the "tate o8ernment to e0em#t 6
noti%ication! the o#eration o%! among others! "ections 2)2! 2)3!
and 2)5 to 31-! the mem6ers o% an race etc. to &hom the "tate
o8ernment considers it im#ossi6le or ine0#edient to a##l
such #ro8ision. ne can e8en a##l the ma0im cessante
ratione legis cessat ipsa lex*+ (Broom $an:t &eN
e lea8e it to the =ega Association o% la&ers in our
"tate! the =adras @igh $ourt Ad8ocates Association and its
o%%ice 6earers to take u# the issue &ith the +.'. o8ernment to
)-
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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make a noti%ication under "ection 3 o% Act 3- o% )-25 and
relie8e a large section o% our #eo#le.:
2. DIS,NIFORMIT-
2.) A #erusal o% the a6o8e article and the note #u6lished 6 the
La& eekl! =adras &ould clearl demonstrate and re8eal the
discrimination against @indus! Buddhists! "ikhs! Jainas and 7arsis in
the matter o% o6taining #ro6ate o% a &ill or letters o% administration
&ith res#ect to the &ills e0ecuted 6 @indus! Buddhists! "ikhs! Jainas
and 7arsis &ithin the local limits o% the ordinar original ci8il
urisdiction o% the @igh $ourts at $alcutta! =adras and Bom6a and
&here such &ills are made outside those limits! in so %ar as the relate
to immo8a6le #ro#erties situate &ithin those limits! that the learned
author #leaded %or the remo8al.
2.2 @ardshi# is e0#erienced 6 litigants in o6taining #ro6ate or
letters o% administration #aing high dut. hile o6taining o%
#ro6ate or letters o% administration is not insisted u#on in res#ect o%
&ills e0ecuted 6 =uslims and $hristians an&here in India in
res#ect o% #ro#erties situated an&here in India and &ills e0ecuted 6
@indus! Buddhists! "ikhs! Jainas and 7arsis outside the local limits o% the ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh $ourts at $alcutta!
=adras and Bom6a in res#ect o% #ro#erties situated outside those
limits! there is no rationale in insisting u#on o6taining o% #ro6ate or
letters o% administration in res#ect o% &ills e0ecuted 6 @indus!
2*
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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Buddhists! "ikhs! Jainas and 7arsis &ithin the local limits o% the
ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh $ourts at $alcutta!
=adras and Bom6a! and &here such &ills are made outside those
limits inso%ar as the relate to immo8a6le #ro#ert situate &ithin
those limits.
2.3 Article )5 o% the $onstitution reads as %ollo&s,
HArt) !() () +he "tate shall not discriminate against an
citien on grounds onl o% religion! race! caste! se0! #lace o%
6irth or an o% them.
(2 'o citien shall on grounds onl o% religion! race! caste!
se0! #lace o% 6irth or an o% them! 6e su6ect to an disa6ilit!
lia6ilit! restriction or condition &ith regard to
(a access to sho#s! #u6lic restaurants! hotels and #laces o%
#u6lic entertainment or
(6 the use o% &ells! tanks! 6athing ghats! roads and #laces o%
#u6lic resort maintained &holl or #artl out o% "tate
%unds or dedicated to the use o% the general #u6lic.
(3 'othing in this article shall #re8ent the "tate %rom
making an s#ecial #ro8ision %or &omen and children.
(4 'othing in this article or in clause (2 o% article 2- shall
#re8ent the "tate %rom making an s#ecial #ro8ision %or the
ad8ancement o% an sociall and educationall 6ack&ard
2)
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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classes o% citiens or %or the "cheduled $astes and the
"cheduled +ri6es.
(5 'othing in this article or in su6clause (g o% clause ()
o% article )- shall #re8ent the "tate %rom making an s#ecial
#ro8ision! 6 la&! %or the ad8ancement o% an sociall and
educationall 6ack&ard classes o% citiens or %or the "cheduled
$astes or the "cheduled +ri6es in so %ar as such s#ecial
#ro8isions relate to their admission to educational institutions
including #ri8ate educational institutions! &hether aided or
unaided 6 the "tate! other than the minorit educational
institutions re%erred to in clause () o% Article 3*.<
2.4 +he a6o8e Article #rohi6its discrimination on grounds o%
religion! race! caste! se0 or #lace o% 6irth.
2.5 +he constitutional 8alidit o% section )) o% the Indian
"uccession Act &as challenged 6e%ore the @igh $ourt o% Eerala in
reman v* ,nion of India! AIR )--- Eerala -3. It &as argued that
the said #ro8ision &as anomalous and anachronistic 6eing 8iolati8e
o% Articles )4! )5! 25 and 21 o% the $onstitution o% India and!
there%ore! the said section &as lia6le to 6e struck do&n as
unconstitutional. +he case &as decided 6 the Di8ision Bench
headed 6 @on:6le Dr. Justice AR. Lakshmanan (as he then &as.
+he @igh $ourt held,
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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; In the instant case$ Section --. of the Act regarding
religious be/uests of all testators$ vi0* of #indus$
1uhammadans$ arsis$ 'aina$ etc*$ are not subected to this
procedure and the be/uests by 3hristians alone is singled out*
Therefore$ we hold that Section --. of the Indian Succession
Act regarding religious and charitable be/uests is
discriminatory and violative of Articles -4 and -5 of the
3onstitution of India and it is necessary that all testators who
are similarly situated should be subected to the same
procedure* As the law stands today$ a 3hristian cannot ma&e a
be/uest for religious or charitable purposes without satisfying
the conditions and procedures prescribed by Section --. of the
Act* Such a burden$ procedural burden and substantive law
burden is not falling upon #indu$ 1uhammadan$ 'aina or
arsi testators*
we declare that Secton --. of the Indian Succession Act7
(a) discriminates against a 3hristian vis898vis non83hristian:
(b) discriminates against testamentary disposition by a
3hristian vis898vis non8testamentary disposition: (c)
discriminates against religious and charitable use of property
vis898vis all other uses including not so desirable purposes: (d)
discriminates against a 3hristian who has a nephew$ niece or
nearest relative vis898vis a 3hristian who has no relative at
all: and (e) discriminates against a 3hristian who dies within
-2 months of execution of the will$ of which he has no control*
"e$ therefore$ declare that Section --. of the Indian
Succession Act is anomalous and anachronistic being violative
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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of Articles -4$ -5$ 25 and 26 of the 3onstitution of India*
Section --. of the Indian Succession Act is$ therefore$ struc&
down as unconstitutional*;
2.1 +his matter &as taken to the "u#reme $ourt through a &rit
#etition and heard 6 its Bench com#rising @on:6le $hie% Justice o%
India .'. Ehare! @on:6le Justice ".B. "inha and @on:6le Dr. Justice
AR. Lakshmanan in 'ohn <allamattom v* ,nion of India! AIR 2**3
"$ 2-*2. +he "u#reme $ourt allo&ed the &rit #etition %or the
ela6orate reasons recorded in the udgments and also declared "ection
)) o% the Indian "uccession Act as unconstitutional 6eing 8iolati8e
o% Articles )4! )5! 25 and 21 o% the $onstitution o% India.
2./ @on:6le Dr. Justice AR. Lakshmanan deli8ered a se#arate
udgment agreeing &ith the other t&o Judges. In his concurring
udgment! he has ela6oratel dealt &ith discriminator treatment
meted out to the mem6ers o% the $hristian communit under the
Indian "uccession Act! )-25 6 &hich the are #racticall #re8ented
%rom 6eCueathing #ro#ert %or religious and charita6le #ur#oses. In
conclusion! he o6ser8ed,
;The Indian Succession Act though is claimed to be a
universal law of testamentary disposition$ but in effect$ crucial
sections apply only to 3hristians* There is no acceptable
answer from the other side as to why S* --. of the Act is made
applicable to 3hristians alone and not to others*
24
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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The Indian Succession Act came into effect on =th
September$ ->25* As per S* 4$ art II of the Act shall not apply
if the deceased was a #indu$ 1uhammadan$ %uddhist$ Si&h or
'aina* Section 2 of art III of the Act is not applicable to any
marriage contracted before the first day of 'anuary$ -.66: and
is not applicable and is deemed never to have applied to any
marriage$ one or both of the parties to which professed at the
time of marriage the #indu$ 1uhammadan$ %uddhist$ Si&h or
'ain religion* As per S* 2= of art I< of the Act$ that part shall
not apply to any "ill made or intestacy occurring before the
first day of 'anuary$ -.66 or to intestate or testamentary
succession to the property of any #indu$ 1uhammadan$
%uddhist$ Si&h$ 'ain or arsi* ?i&ewise$ as per S* 2> of art <
of the Act$ that shall not apply to any intestacy occurring
before the first day of 'anuary$ -.66 or to the property of any
#indu$ 1uhammadan$ %uddhist$ Si&h or 'aina* %y Act 5- of
->>-$ arsis were also excluded from the application of S* --.
of the Act* Thus$ it is seen that the procedure prescribed has
been made applicable to 3hristians alone* There is also no
acceptable answer from the respondent as to why it regulates
only religious and charitable be/uests and that too$ be/uests
of 3hristians alone* The whole case$ in my view$ is based upon
undue$ harsh and special burden on 3hristian testators alone*
A substantive restriction is imposed based on uncertain events
over which the testator has no control* I$ therefore$ have no
hesitation to hold that S* --. of the Act regarding religious
and charitable be/uests of all testators who are similar should
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8/18/2019 Law Commission Report No. 209- Proposal for Omission of Section 213 From the Indian Succession Act, 1925
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be subected to the same procedure* As the law stands today$ a
3hristian cannot ma&e a be/uest for religious or charitable
purposes without satisfying the conditions and procedures
prescribed by S* --. of the Act* Such a burden$ procedural
burden and substantive law burden is not falling upon #indu$
1uhammadan$ 'ain or arsi testators*
The very same /uestion was raised before the @erala
#igh 3ourt*
It is pertinent to notice that the udgment of the @erala
#igh 3ourt was not appealed against by the respondent
herein$ namely$ the ,nion of India* ven after the udgment of
the @erala #igh 3ourt dated -6*-*->>.$ the arliament did
not remove the discrimination* ,nder such circumstances$ this
3ourt$ in my opinion$ in exercise of its urisdiction and to
remedy violation of fundamental rights$ are bound to declare
the impugned provision as invalid and being violative of Arts*
-4$ -5$ 25 and 26 of the 3onstitution* Bor the foregoing
reasons$ I am respectfully in agreement with 1y ?ord #onCble
the 3hief 'ustice of India that S* --. of the Act is
unconstitutional and is liable to be struc& down as
unconstitutional*
In the result$ the writ petition is allowed .<
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2. "u6section (2 o% section 2)3 o% the Indian "uccession Act
&as amended 6 the Indian "uccession (Amendment Act! 2**2
introducing the &ords ;or Indian $hristians< a%ter the &ord
;=uhammadans<. +he result is that the #ro8ision o% su6section ()
o% section 2)3 &hich necessitates grant o% #ro6ate o% the &ill or
letters o% administration &ith the &ill or &ith a co# o% an
authenticated co# o% the &ill anne0ed! 6 a $ourt o% com#etent
urisdiction in order to esta6lish the right as e0ecutor or legatee is
no& not a##lica6le to the &ills made not onl 6 =uhammadans 6ut
also 6 Indian $hristians. But this #ro8ision continues to a##l
() in the case o% &ills made 6 an @indu! Buddhist! "ikh
or Jaina &here such &ills are o% the classes s#eci%ied in
clauses (a and (6 o% section 5/! that is! &ills and
codicils made 6 an @indu! Buddhist! "ikh or Jaina on
or a%ter the )st da o% "e#tem6er! )/*! &ithin the
territories &hich on the said date &ere su6ect to the
Lieutenant o8ernor o% Bengal or &ithin the local limits
o% the ordinar original ci8il urisdiction o% the @igh
$ourts o% =adras and Bom6a and all such &ills and
codicils made outside those territories and limits so %ar as
the relate to immo8a6le #ro#ert situate &ithin those
territories or limits and
(2 in the case o% &ills made 6 7arsis ding a%ter the
commencement o% the Indian "uccession (Amendment
Act! )-12! &here such &ills are made &ithin the local
2/
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