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Law Enforcement Contact With Asian/Pacific Americans. Chapter 5. Learning Objectives for Chapter 5. Review the historical background, demographics, and diversity within the Asian/Pacific American community in the United States - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1
Law Enforcement ContactWith Asian/Pacific Americans
Chapter 5
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
2
Learning Objectives for Chapter 5
Review the historical background, demographics, and diversity within the Asian/Pacific American community in the United States
Discuss the implications of communication styles, group identification terms, myths and stereotypes, and family structure of Asian/Pacific Americans for law enforcement
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
3
Learning Objectives for Chapter 5
Describe the impact of the extended family and community, gender roles, generational differences, adolescent and youth issues on law enforcement contact
Highlight key law enforcement concerns and
skills, resources, and practices for addressing some of these concerns
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
4
Asian/Pacific Americans Overview
For the past four decades, largest proportional increases in any ethnic minority group in the U.S.
76 percent growth for the decade 1990 to 2000
Growth in major urban areas such as New York City, Los Angeles, San Jose, San Francisco, Honolulu, San Diego, Chicago, Houston, and Seattle
Highest citizenship rates among all foreign-born groups (52 percent are naturalized citizens)
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5
Asian/Pacific Americans Defined
Contraction of two terms
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
Self-designation preferred over “Oriental”
Refers to 40 ethnic or cultural groups or more
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6
40 Ethnic and Cultural Groups
Bangladeshi Belauan Bhutanese BruneianCambodian Chamorro Chinese FijianHawaiian Hmong Indian IndonesianJapanese Kiribati Korean LaotianMalaysian Maldivian Marshallese MicronesiaMongolian Myanmarese Nauruan NepaleseNi-Vanuatu Okinawan Pakistani PilipinoSamoan Singaporean Sri Lankan TahitianTaiwanese Tibetan Tongan ThaiTuvaluan Vietnamese Saipan CarolinianSolomon Islander
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7
Refugees
Sponsored by the U.S. Government
Largest number from Southeast Asia
Entitled to public support services
Public programs can create dependency
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
8
Immigrants
Direct sponsorship of individual’s families
Financial support from family or employment
Requirement of self-sufficiency for permanent residence status
Avoidance of public service programs
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9
Immigration to the United States
1850s—Chinese to California gold mines and transcontinental railroad
Mostly men and followed by Japanese, Pilipinos, Koreans, and South Asian Indians
Worked as laborers and at other domestic and menial jobs
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10
Anti-Asian Federal, State, andLocal Laws
1850s—Americans resentful of Chinese for their strong work ethic and willingness to do laborer’s work
1882—Chinese Exclusion Act banned immigrants for ten years and was extended
1880 to 1920—Chinese population dropped by 40,000
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
11
Anti-Asian Federal, State, and Local Laws
1907—Gentleman’s Agreement between Japan and the United States
Family members of Japanese in U.S. allowed to enter
Japanese American population increased from 25,000 in 1900 to 127,000 to 1940
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
12
Anti-Asian Federal, State, andLocal Laws
The Immigration Act of 1917 banned all Asiatic countries except the Philippines
The Immigration Act of 1924 restricted all countries to 2 percent from 1890 “NOP”
The 2 percent restriction did not change until 1965
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
13
Anti-Asian Federal, State, and Local Laws
The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 limited Philipino immigration to 50 a year
1935—Free one-way ticket to the Philippines
1943—The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed
1965—The McCarran-Walter Act fixed the quota at 20,000 per year with the “fifth preference” category
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
14
People v. HallCalifornia Supreme Court in 1854
Hall, a white defendant, had been convicted of murdering a Chinese man on the basis of testimony provided by one white and three Chinese witnesses
Court threw out Hall’s murder conviction on the basis that state law prohibited blacks, mulattos, or Indians from testifying in favor of or against whites in court
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
15
President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066 in 1942
Over 100,000 Japanese Americans
Evacuation and incarceration
Called “Internment”
No one was convicted of any crime
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
16
Demographics ofAsian/Pacific Americans
12.8 million which is 4.5 percent population of U.S.
Largest groups are Chinese, Pilipino, Asian Indian, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Cambodian, Pakistani, Laotian, Hmong, Thai, Taiwanese (others less than a percentage)
Majority are not born in the U.S.
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
17
Key Motivating Perspectives of Asian/Pacific Americans
Surviving: Immigrant or refugee (– 5 years) Preserving: Immigrant or refugee (5 years +) Adjusting: Second generation Changing: Immigrant (majority of time in
U.S.) Choosing: Third generation or more Maintaining: National (anticipates return to
native country) Expanding: National (global workplace)
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
18
Labels and Terms
“Oriental” is considered offensive
Asian/Pacific is government designation
Groups prefer specific designation
Use of slurs or racial epithets are unacceptable
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
19
Myths and Stereotypes
1. All alike due to similarities
2. Successful “model” or “super minority”
3. Viewed as “foreign” terrorists because of their religious affiliation or cultural dress
4. Misunderstanding cultural differences and practices
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
20
Asian/Pacific American Family
Very strong ties to extended family—three to four generations in same house
Culture shock leads to clannish behavior
(e.g., Chinatowns, Koreatowns, etc.)
Father is the head of the household
Husband and wife both work outside of home
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
21
Children, Adolescents, and Youths
Children care for each other
Latchkey children are common
Often serve as translators
Direct communication to parent or adult
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
22
Asian/Pacific American Family Violence
Underestimated and under-reported
Why?
Tjaden and Thoennes (2000)—12.8 percent reported being physically assaulted and 3.8 percent reported rape
Abraham (2000) —Community-Agency survey found over 1,000 South Asian women sought help for abuse and family violence
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
23
Asian/Pacific American Family Violence
National Asian Women’s Health Organization (2002) found 16 percent of respondents reported pressure to have sex and 27 percent reported emotional abuse
1996 Chicago study of 150 Korean immigrant women—60 percent reported being battered
37 percent being battered once a month
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
24
Asian/Pacific American Verbal and Nonverbal Styles
Officers must take time to get information from witnesses, victims, and suspects
Strong family and group orientation
Considered “rude” and “loss of face” to say “no” to authority
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
25
APA Verbal and Nonverbal Styles
High context in communication style—Key context and background important
Eye contact, gestures, and other nuances
May not display emotions as expected
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
26
Key Issues in Law Enforcement
Underreporting of Crimes
Differential Treatment
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
27
Positive Collaborations with Law Enforcement
Asian/Pacific American communities gaining
trust with criminal justice system
Community policing in local neighborhoods
by Asian/Pacific American officers
Recruiting aggressively and increasing
Asian/Pacific American peace officers
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
28
Increasing Police Services and Community Relationships
Getting positive cooperation from the
community
Increasing the number of bilingual/bicultural
peace officers
Building community relationships and networks
Multicultural Law Enforcement: Strategies for Peacekeeping in a Diverse Society, 4e
Shusta, Levine, Wong, Olson, Harris
© 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
29
Crimes Within the Asian/Pacific American Communities
Perpetrated by others within the same group
Human trafficking highlighted as major
problem
Cooperation with worldwide police agencies
in six countries (Cambodia, China, Laos,
Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam)