Laws of Thermodynamics The First Law

Energy cannot be _________________, only transformed

No energy transformation is _____ efficient

The Second Law _______ Increases

Created or Destroyed

100%

Entropy

Pyramid of Biomass

The Sun

Photosynthesis (P/S)

Producers

Consumers

__________

__________

_________ Levels

10,000 Pounds

_Pounds

Pounds

Trophic

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

1.

2.

3.

Trophic Levels

Phytoplankton: Trophic Level 1

Herbivores: Trophic Level 2

Small Carnivores: Trophic Level 3

Large Carnivores: Trophic Level 4

TunaSharks Trophic Level 5Swordfish

The Sun

1-2%Efficient

10% Efficient

10% Efficient

10% Efficient

10% Efficient

Autotrophs =

Diatoms: Marine Phytoplankton are?

Photosynthetic organisms thatare capable of making their own food

Marine primary producers. They are photosynthetic.

Primary Production A Measure of the ____________________

Deserts 200 pounds of edible vegetation produced

per acre per year

Tropical Rain Forests 10,000 pounds of edible vegetation

produced per acre per year

Rate of photosynthesis

Type of consumer?Common name?Where am I found?

Herbivores are primary consumers

Roosevelt Elk

Old growth forests

Type of consumer?Carnivores are secondary consumers

Omnivores?Coyotes are omnivores since they eatboth meat and plant material

Role in ecosystem?Kingdom?

Fungi are decomposers

Fungi

P.E. Versus K.E Potential Energy

Energy of Position

Chemical bond energy

Kinetic Energy

Energy of Motion

Released when chemical bonds are broken

1. 2.

3. 4.

Atomic Structure: The Nucleus

Protons

Neutrons

Charge =

Weight =

Charge =

Weight =

+1

1

0

1

Electron Orbitals or Energy Levels

ElectronsCharge =Weight =

Helium Atom

-1

0

e-1P 6P

6N 2e-

4e-

HydrogenCarbon

Ionic Bonds Bonds that form between_____

Give an example of an ion?

Ions (charged atoms)

H+

Covalent Bonds Bonds that form when atoms ?

e-

Hydrogen

1 P

Acids and Bases

Acids: Release

Bases: Release

Hydrogen ions

Hydroxide ions

H+

OH-

H+

H+

HCl

H+ Cl-

NaOH

Na+OH-

H3X

H+

X-3

H2O

H+OH-

I II III IV

Acids and Bases

The pH Scale

0 141 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

H+ = OH-

.Acidic Basic

The pH Scale

What is a buffer?

Human blood = pH 7.4

Monomeres versus Polymers

Glucose _________

Amino acids _________

Nucleotides DNA and RNA

StarchGlycogenCellulose

Proteins

Digestion Carbohydrates ________

Lipids __________

Proteins ________

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides

Blood Sugar = ___________ Fruit Sugar = ___________ Milk Monosaccharide = __________

Disaccharides Sucrose = Glucose + __________ Lactose = Glucose + __________ Maltose = Glucose + __________

Polysaccharides Starch = Storage form of glucose in __________ Glycogen = Storage form of glucose in ________ Cellulose = Plant__________________

GlucoseFructose

Galactose

FructoseGalactoseGlucose

Plants

Animals

Cell Walls

Proteins:The Primary Structure

Enzymes are Specialized? Enzymes are catalyst Catalysts increase the rates of

chemical reactions Many enzymes names have ase

endings

Sucrose Glucose + FructoseSucrase

Lactose Lactase Glucose + Galactose

Solution = Solute + Solvent Solute = Solvent =

The Universal Solvent is?

What is the percentage of

Solute in:1. Solution A?2. Solution B?What is the

percentage ofSolvent in 1. Solution A?2. Solution B?

Proteins Composed of ___________

Contains the element __________

Source of nitrogenous wastes Most fish Sharks, frogs, humans Reptiles and birds

Amino acids

Nitrogen (N)

Enzymes Enzymes are specialized proteins

that __________________Increase the rates of chemical reactions

Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + E ______ + _____

What is the energy source that drives P/S?

What is the primary photosynthetic pigment?

A measure of the amount of photosynthesis is called?

glucose Oxygen

Solar (Energy from the sun)

Chlorophyll

Primary production

Elodea : A Plant CellWhat arethese greenthings?

Cellular Respiration ______ + ___ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Eat Breathe Exhale Energy

ATP Energy in a form the cell can use “Cellular Gasoline”

Where in the cell does most ATP porduction occur?

Autotrophs Versus Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Pyramid of Biomass

How many trophic levels are in this pyramid?

Plants 100,000 PoundsLight E Food E

Herbivores________ Pounds

Carnivores_______ Pounds

The Sun

1 – 2 %Efficient

10% Efficient

10% Efficient

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cells

________ White BloodCell

_________Bacterial Cell

________or “false foot”created by?

Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells

Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells

1.

2. 3.

A Plant Cell

Mitochondrion Site of? Most of the ATP in

cellular respiration is made here

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Choloroplasts: The Site Of?

Cilia and Flagella

Cell Secretion is called?

Cell Eating is called?

Diffusion The movement of __________ from a

region of ______concentration to a region of ______concentration

The driving force for diffusion is Brownian movement

Diffusion stops at ____________

Osmosis The movement of _____ from a

region of high ______ concentration to a region of low _____ concentration through a ____________________.

Practice

A is ____________ to B

B is ____________ to A

Solution A What is thepercentageof :1. Solute?2. Solvent?

Osmoregulation In Marine Fish

0.9% Salt

3.5% Salt

The fish is ____________ to the sea water

Osmoregulation In Freshwater Fish

0.9% Salt

0.2% Salt

The fish is _______________ to the water

Modes of Heat Loss and Heat Gain

Radiation Heat moving from a region of ____ to ____

Conduction Heat loss or gain from _______________

Convection Heat loss or gain due to water or _____ currents The still layer of air or water around any object

is called the ____________

Evaporation: The most effective mode of heat loss for terrestrial animals

Ectothermic Versus Endothermic

Mostly Poikilothermic

_____ Metabolic Rate

The primary source of body temperature is the __________

Mostly Homeothermic

____ Metabolic Rate

The primary source of body temperature is ____________