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District Layyah District Layyah Hazard, Vulnerability and Development Profile

Neighboring Risk Neighboring Risk

Neighboring Risk: An Alternative Approach to Understanding and Responding to Hazards and Vulnerability in Pakistan

Published by: Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI), Islamabad

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Citation: Neighboring Risk, RDPI, Islamabad, 2010

ISBN: 978-969-9041-02-0

Authored by: Abdul Shakoor Sindhu

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LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE

Source: Layyah District Census Report 1998

Variable Value

Area and Administrative Divisions

Area 6291 sq.km

Number and name of Tehsils 3Layyah, Karor Lal Easan and Chobara

Number of Union Councils 44

Number of Mauzas 720

Climate and Land use

Average annual rainfall Less than 125mm

Percentage of area under forest cover 0.63%

Percentage of cultivated area 75%

Percentage of uncultivated area 24.5% (including forests)

Demography

Estimate Population (2006) 13,73,000

Estimated Population Growth rate (1998-2006) 2.57%

% increase in population (1981-2006) 106%

Male-female ratio (Census1998) 107

Proportion of urban population 13%

Proportion of children population less than 10 years (Census 1998)

32.3%

Proportion of population less than 18 years (Census 1998) 51.4%

Housing

Housing units having pacca structure (in terms of walls) 62.5%

Proportion of housing units comprising of one room 19.5%

Proportion of housing units without any toilet facility 48%

Proportion of housing units without electricity 18%

Percentage of households using biomass fuels for cooking and heating

98%

Proportion of households with piped water supply 8%

Education and Literacy

Adult literacy (among population 15 years and older) Both Sexes: 50% Male: 68%Female:31%

Health

Percentage of Children (12-23 month) yet to be fully immunized

11%

Percentage of pregnant women receiving tetanus toxoid injection

45%

Percentage of deliveries taking place at home 93%

Percentage of women having access to prenatal and postnatal care from a formal health facility

Prenatal: 51%Postnatal: 25%

LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE D

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Most Deprived District (Overall Provincial Rank Order) out of 34 Districts for Punjab 1: Least Deprived and 34: Most Deprived

Source: Jamal et al, Mapping the Spatial Deprivation of Pakistan, SPDC

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Districts Falling in the List of Ten Most Deprived Districts 1:Most Deprived etc

Source : SPDC, 1998

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Ranking of Districts on the basis of Z-Sum Technique out of 97 Districts of Pakistan

(CRPRID, 2005), Akhtar and Sarwar, Social Development and Quality of Living in Districts of Pakistan, 2007

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Ranking of the Districts on the basis of WFS Technique (CRPRID, 2005), out of 97 Districts Akhtar and Sarwar, Social Development and Quality of Living in Districts of Pakistan, 2007

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Districts Falling in the list of Least Developed Areas mentioned by MTDF (2005-10) Included

Criteria Ranking Based Upon PSLM 2006-07 (Out of 35 Districts of Punjab including Islamabad)

Literacy among poulation 10 years and older 17

Adult Literacy (15+) 18

Percentage of Children Aged 12-23 Months That have been fully Immunized

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Children Under 5 Suffering from Diarrhea 13

Pregnant Women who have received Tetanus Toxoid Injection 4

Percentage of Households with Piped Water Supply 32

Percentage of Households having a flush latrine 26

RankingCriteria Districts Falling in the list of Districts vulnerable mainly to flooding (NDMA,2008) Included

Districts Most affected by floods in 2005 in PunjabIncluded

Most Flood Prone Districts of Pakistan. A list by MET Deptt. Included

Districts most likely to be affected by Floods A list by Federal Flood Commission

Included

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Accidents Casualties

Fatal Non-Fatal Total Killed Injured Total

45 44 89 57 116 173

Hazard Description

River Flooding Layyah was one of the most affected districts in 2005 by

floods/heavy rains in river Indus when 88 villages, 67970 persons

and crops on 1, 59,992 acres of land were affected. 6005houses

were partially and 8005 houses were completely destroyed at that

time. (Federal Flood Commission, Punjab Relief Department).

According to the Layyah istrictFlood Fighting Plan, 2008, 64 villages

in Tehsil Layyah and 25 villages in Karor are vulnerable to flooding in

river Indus. Roughly 1/3rd portion of its 2 out of 3 tehsils- Karor Lal

Easan and Layyah is riverain and falls on the left bank of river Indus.

Droughts The third TehsilChobara that forms some 44% of the district is a

desert on larger part and is very thinly populated. Tehsil Chobara

suffers from drought conditions in almost a rotational manner.

Climate

Change

Gram that has become a major cash crop of this area is a complete gamble as it depends on timely and sufficient rains. Under the changing weather patterns and climate variability the rain patterns are disturbed and unpredictable making local’s livelihood quite vulnerable.

River Erosion . River erosion is a common phenomenon in the riverain area and

has so far swallowed large bulks of agricultural lands.

Brackish

Drinking

Water

The underground water in the desert zone is brackish but

localcommunities drink it and also use it for irrigation as it supports

selected crops.

Frost Frost is common in the riverain and canal irrigated zone during

December and January and affects people’s health, crops and

vegetables.

Dust Storms Dust storms are common in the desert zone during summer.

Deforestation The deforestation is on rise in Layyah and is being sponsored by more than 500 charcoal kilns that have been installed mostly along the roadsides in the district. These kilns are being run by the people from Tribal agencies of South and North Waziristan.

Road Accidents Road Accidents

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Flood Prone Union Councils1. Bukhari Ahmed Khan2. Jhakhar3. Lohanch Nasheb4. Kotla Haji Shah 5. Basti Shadoo Khan6. Baseera7. Warah Serah

Flood Prone Union Councils1. Bukhari Ahmed Khan2. Jhakhar3. Lohanch Nasheb4. Kotla Haji Shah 5. Basti Shadoo Khan6. Baseera7. Warah Serah

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LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE FLO

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S Villages Likely to be Affected During Flood

Season

Tehsil Layyah

Tehsil Karor

45. Noor Khirani Neshab

46. Vehniwal Nesheb

47. Pahar Pur Nasheb 1. Bhand Nasheb 48. Bet Wasawa Khan Wala

2. Nousshera Nasheb 49. Bet Wasawa Kalroo Wala3. Warha Ghiskori 50. Bet Wasawa Shumali4. Basti Shadu Khan 51. Jhorar Nasheb5. Elyani 52. Soyia Nasheb6. Nooray Wala Pacca 53. Khoni Kalru Nasheb7. Thind Kalan Nasheb 54. Ghallo Arval8. Thind Khurad Nasheb 55. Sakhani Wala9. Kotla Haji Shah Nasheb 56. Bait Kalroo10. Nooray Wala Katcha 57. Zour11. Jhok Hassan Khan 58. Bait Kalroo12. Sumra Nasheb Patti Shumali Katcha 59. Bait Baloo13. Sumra Nasheb Patti Janobi Katcha 60. Bait Gujji14. Summra Nasheb Patti Shumali Pacca 61. Bait Ghadi15. Summra Nasheb Patti Janobi Pacca 62. Blouch Khan16. Bet Thori 63. Bakhra17. Sehmal Nasheb 64. Shah Wala18. Dullo Nasheb

19. Lohanch Nasheb

20. Samtia Nasheb 1. Sahu Wala Katcha21. Kotla Qazi Nasheb 2. Sahu Wala Pacca22. Saidu Nasheb 3. Shahani23. Kunnal Nasheb 4. Sanjh Isra24. Gutt Nasheb 5. Khokhar Isra Nasheb25. Mirani Katcha 6. Aulakh Nasheb26. Mirani Pacca 7. Shahpur Nasheb27. Nangi Lohanch Katcha 8. Docharkha Nasheb28. Nangi Lohanch Pacca 9. Sheen Wala29. Sarishta Nasheb 10. Katcha Bahar Shah30. Jaisal Nasheb 11. Laskani Wala31. Venjhera Nasheb 12. Basssera32. Bhai Sadho Ram Nasheb 13. Mochi Wala Katcha33. Warrer Nasheb 14. Mochi Wala Pacca34. Bait Dewan 15. Bet Bakhshinda Shah35. Jakhar Pacca 16. Dinpur36. Jakhar Katcha 17. Basti Mohan shah37. Chijhran 18. Moongar38. Khokhar Wala Pacca 19. Wadheyawali39. Khokhar Wala Katcha 20. Khai40. Norasi 21. Waran Sehran41. Khawas Khail Neshab 22. Dad Shah Jandan Wala42. Rakh Khokar Wala 23. Dad Shah Faqeeran Wala43. Kharal Azeem Nesheb 24. Rakhwan44. Jam Rid Neshab 25. Dapi Makoori

Villages Likely to be Affected During Flood

Season

Tehsil Layyah

Tehsil Karor

Source: District Government Layyah, Flood Fighting Plan 2008

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District/TehsilArea

(Sq. K. M)Proportion of the District ‘s

Area

Layyah Distt.6291 100%

Chaubara2755 44%

Karor1824 29%

Layyah1712 27%

Base Map Source: Oxford Atlas of Pakistan

Source (Area): Layyah District Census Report 1998

Layyah is one of the southern districts of Punjab province. Located at

is bounded on the north by District Bhakkar, on the east by District Jhang and on the south by District Muzaffargarh. River Indus making the western border of the district separates it from District Dera Ismail Khan (NWFP) and Dera Ghazi Khan.

Layyah covers an area of 6291 sq.km and makes 3% area of Punjab and 0.8% area of Pakistan.

Administratively Layyah is divided into three Tehsils, 44 Union Councils and 720 Mauzas or revenue units. In terms of area, Chobara is the vastest tehsil that covers 44% area of the district.

Layyah got the status of district on July 1, 1982. Prior to this it was a tehsil of District Muzaffargarh. Before coming under the administrative jurisdiction of District Muzaffargarh, Layyah was part of Dera Ismail Khan District. These arrangements had had impacts on the social, political and economic relationship of Layyah with these districts.

Layyah is now part of Dera Ghazi Khan Division besides the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Rajanpur and Muzaffargarh. All these four districts makes the southern most zone of Punjab.

30°45' to 31°24' north latitude and 70°44' to 71°50' east longitude, district Layyah


Location, Area and Administrative Division Location, Area and Administrative Division

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Geologically the area where Layyah lies is formed of sedimentary rocks of quaternary type. The soils in the district can be divided into two broader categories. The area/strip that lies along river Indus is part of its active flood plain and composed of loamy and some stratified sandy soils that are found in young flood plains. The area lying next to this is part of Thall desert. Here rolling to hilly sandy soils of aeolian deserts are found.

The difference in soils structure and moisture regimes in the district has translated into difference in the natural vegetation. In the riverain zone, thorny vegetation is found where as in the desert zone, desertic and semi desertic vegetation are found.

In terms of natural use of land, major portion of the district can be termed a rough grazing land. The areas lying along and closer to river Indus are arable lands. Small pockets of the district are under the forest cover.

Climatically Layyah is part of the hot, arid/dry zone of Pakistan. The average annual rainfall is less than 125mm. The area receives most of the rainfall during summer. The summers are long and very harsh. Dust storms are quite powerful and common in the desert zone. In this zone, even during the summer, nights are very pleasant. The winters are short and moderate.

In the canal irrigated and riverain zone, during winter months of January and February, very thick fog in the morning is a common phenomenon while at the same time frost damages crops and orchards.


Physical Features/Charecteristics Physical Features/Charecteristics GeologyGeology

Sedimentary Rocks

Quaternary Type

Natural Vegetation Natural Vegetation

Thorny

Desertic/Semi Desertic

Soil Structure Soil Structure

Loamy and some sandy stratified soils of young flood plains

Rolling to hilly sandy soils of Aeolian deserts

Source: Atlas of Pakistan, Survey of Pakistan



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Rainfall Zoning Map of Pakistan Rainfall Zoning Map of Pakistan

Location of Layyah

Less than 125 mm/anum

Landuse Map of Pakistan Landuse Map of Pakistan

Location of Layyah

Rough Grazing Land Arable Agriculture Land Land not available for cultivation Forest Cover

Source: Atlas of Pakistan by Survey of Pakistan

Source: Atlas of Pakistan by Survey of Pakistan

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Estimated Population 2006 13,73,000

Population (Census 1998) District : 11,20,951

Layyah Tehsil: 5,91,042Karo Tehsil: 3,68,899Chobara Tehsil: 1,61,010

Average Annual Growth Rate (1981-98)

3.10%

District/Tehsil

Population (Thousand Person)

1951 1961 1972 1981 1998

Layyah Distt. 162 273 495 666 1121

Chaubara17 36 65 94 161

Karor50 92 174 226 369

Layyah95 145 256 346 591

According to the population estimates for 2006 (..)the district had a population of 13,73,000 up from a total population figure of 11,20,951 recorded in census 1998. From 1998 to 2006, the population grew with an estimated annual growth rate of 2.57% down from a very high annual growth rate of 3.1% recorded for the period 1981-1998. During 25 years from 1981 to 2006, an increase of 106% had occurred in the population of the district. Since the time of first census in 1951, there is a 7 fold increase in the district’s population.

85% of the district’s population inhabits its western zone that neighbors river Indus and where extensive agriculture is practiced with tube wells and canals. This zone is divided into two Tehsils- Layyah and Karor Lal Easan that make 56% area of the district. The eastern part of the district is a desert and makes part of Thall desert and is dominated by sand dunes. This zone can be subdivided into two regions-the western canal irrigated region and eastern sand dunes. The eastern or desert zone of the district cover 44% areas of the district but is inhabited by 15% of the population of the district. Here the population density is still very low-72 persons per square kilometer compared to 245 persons/sq.km in Tehsil Karor and 426 persons/sq.km in tehsil Layyah.

The male female sex ratio in Layyah continues to be in the favor of male population as there were 107 males against every 100 females in 1998. This balance improved a bit as in 1981, there were 111 males against every 100 females.

Layyah is urbanizing at a very slow

LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE Demography Demography


Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2004-05

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Sex Ration (Census 1998) 106.8 males per 100 females

Average Household Size (Census 1998) 7.3

OccupancyRate (Census 1998) 3.2

Distt/

Tehsil

1981 (000’ Persons) 1998 (000’ Persons)Sex Ratios (Males

per 100 Females)

Both

Sexes

Male Female Both

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Male Female 1981 1988

Layyah

Distt. 666 351 315 1121 579 542 111 107

Chaubara94 49 45 161 84 77 109 109

Karor226 119 107 369 189 180 111 105

Layyah346 183 163 591 306 285 112 107

Percentage of Urban-Rural

Population (Census 1998)

12.86% Urban, 87.14% Rural

Proportion of Urban Population

(Historical Trends)

Census 1951: 10.8%

Census 1961:9.2%

Census 1972:8.5%

Census 1981: 9.4%

DisttTehsil

No. of UCs As per 1998 CensusEstimated as

2006

1998Urban

Proportion (%)Tot Urb Rur Total Urb Rura Total Urb Rur

Layyah Distt. 44 6 38 1121 144 977 1374 177

1197

12.8

Chaubara7 - 7 161 - 161 198 - 198 -

Karor14 2 12 369 38 331 447 47 400 10.3

Layyah23 4 19 591 106 485 729 130 599 17.9

pace. It is estimated that 13% population of the district is residing in the urban areas/settlements. It is interesting to note that urbanization has not happened at all in the Chobara Tehsil where all of the population resides in the rural settlements. The historical demographic trends suggest that share of the urban population in the overall population mix of the district has been static. In 1951 the proportion of urban population was 10.8% that had reduced to 9.4% by 1981. And during last 27 years, it is estimated that there has been only 3-4% point increase in the proportion of urban population. The urban settlements in the district are few (4 only) and small. The biggest settlement is Layyah town which had a population of 72,000 in the census 1998. According to Census 1998, 32.3% population of the district was comprised of children aged less than 10 years of age while more than half (51.4%) population aged less than 18 years.


Source: Punjab Population Atlas 1998


Source: Punjab Population Atlas 1998

Source: Punjab Development StatisticsAb

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Population Spread in Layyah District Population Spread in Layyah District

Source: 1998 Census Atlas of Punjab



MajorTowns and Their Population (Census 1998)

Layyah: 72319ChowkAzam:33541KaroLal Easan: 22595Fatehpur: 15748

Population Density (Census 1998) District: 178 persons/sq.km

TehsilsLayyah: 345.23 persons.sq.kmKaro: 202.25 persons/sq.kmChobara: 58.44 persons/sq.km

Population Density (Historical Tends)

Census 1951: 26 Persons/sq.kmCensus 1961: 43 Persons/sq.kmCensus 1972: 79 Persons/sq.kmCensus 1981: 106 Persons/sq.km

Layyah: 72319Chowk

LalFatehpur

Layyah: 72319Layyah: 72319ChowkChowkAzam:33541Azam:33541KaroKaroLalLal EasanEasan: 22595: 22595FatehpurFatehpur: 15748: 15748

ChowkChowkLalLal

FatehpurFatehpur

Major Towns of Layyah, their Location and Population (Census 1998)Major Towns of Layyah, their Location and Population (Census 1998)

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Total Housing Units (Census1998) 1,52,050

HousingTypes and their proportion Pacca: 28% Semi Pacca: 9%Katcha: 63%

Category Own Rent FreeSubsidized

RentTotal

% Distribution of H/H by Housing Tenure

Urban

94.97 2.53 2.50 0.00 100

Rural

83.84 12.67 3.49 0.00 100

Overall

97.31 0.40 2.29 0.00 100

RCC/RBC

Wood/Bamboo

Sheet/Iron/

CementOther Total

% Distribution of H/H by Material Used for Roof

Urban

6.55 50.91 33.67 8.86 100

Rural

17.82 27.51 49.19 5.48 100

Overall

4.18 55.83 30.41 9.57 100

Burnt BricksBlocks

Mud Bricks/Mud

Wood/Bamboo

Other Total

% Distribution of H/H by Material Used for Walls

Urban

62.47 36.69 0.65 0.20 100

Rural

90.19 9.81 0.00 0.00 100

Overall

56.64 42.33 0.79 0.24 100

Over the last one decade, the housing stock in the district appears to have been improved substantially. In 1998, 63% housing stock in both urban and rural areas was composed of katcha structures. In 2006-07, it was noted that this proportion had reduced to 10% in urban and 42% in rural areas (in terms of pacca walls).

Most of the houses both in urban and rural areas have 2-4 living rooms. 3/4th of the housing stock is composed of such houses.

More than half of the rural houses do not have any toilet facility whereas in urban areas, 95% household have got a toilet facility inside the house.

There are a considerable number of rural settlements in Layyah, which are yet not provided with electricity. 22% rural household are found to be living without this facility while in urban areas only 1% household are deprived of this facility.

Biomass continues to be used as fuel for cooking and heating by almost all rural and 9/10th of urban households. Piped gas supply is only provided to households in Layyah town.

1/5th of the urban and a small proportion of rural (5%) households have an access to piped water supply. Hand pumps are a major source of getting water for both urban and rural households. A considerable number of urban households have installed motor pumps whereas in rural areas, the motor pumps are slowly replacing the hand pumps.

Source: Layyah District Census Report, 1998

Source: PSLM 2006-07



LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE Housing

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CategoryTap

WaterHand Pump

Motor Pump

Dug Well

Others Total

% Distribution of H/H by Source of Drinking Water

Urban

7.79 79.44 12.77 0.00 0.00 100

Rural

19.69 43.19 37.13 0.00 0.00 100

Overall

5.29 87.06 7.65 0.00 0.00 100


Category Electricity Gas/Oil

Candle Other Total

% Distribution of H/H by Fuel Used for Lighting

Urban

81.93 18.07 0.00 0.00 100

Rural

98.89 1.11 0.00 0.00 100

Overall

78.36 21.64 0.00 0.00 100

ElectricityGas/Oil

Wood/Charcoal

Other Total

% Distribution of H/H by Fuel Used for Cooking

Urban

0.00 1.84 98.06 0.09 100

Rural

0.00 9.50 89.97 0.53 100

Overall

0.00 0.24 99.76 0.00 100


One Room 2-4 Rooms5 & More

RoomsTotal

% Distribution of H/H by No. of Rooms

Urban

19.47 75.16 5.37 100

Rural

14.28 81.78 3.94 100

Overall

20.57 73.77 5.67 100

Flush Non Flush No Toilet

% Distribution of H/H by Type of Toilet.

Urban 92.06 2.77 5.17

Rural 37.08 5.68 57.23

Total 46.63 5.18 48.19


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The official statistics show Layyah has made considerable progress in the education sector over last one decade in terms of enhancing the adult literacy and school enrollment. However some grave issues continue to overshadow the education sector in the district. Some of these issues are: - Exactly half of the adult population (15 years and above) and 43% population aged 10+ are illiterate. - The literacy among the adult rural women/girls is less than half of that among the urban ones.- The population that has ever attended school is considered as literate population. - Only 45% population in the district has completed primary or higher levels of education. 24% rural girls/women fall in this category compared to 60% urban girls/women.- The government sector primary schools have an extremely important place in educating the local population. 87% of the priarmy school going children are enrolled in the government primary schools in the district. In Rural areas these schools are catering to the needs of 94% children while in urban areas the priavate institutions have a slightly bigger share than the government ones (55% compared to 45% by the government schools)

Even the higher number of elementary educational institutions for girls than for boys has not translated into bringing the girls at par with boys in terms of literacy.

The higher level educational institutions for boys are almost double than those for girls showing diminishing educational facilities as the girls move for higher level education.

LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE Education and Literacy Education and Literacy

Category (%)

Urban Rural Total

Mal Fem Tot Male Fem Total Male Fem Total

AL 86 61 74 64 24 45 68 31 50

LP 87 67 77 69 35 53 72 41 57

PES 88 68 78 69 35 53 73 41 57

PCPHE 79 60 70 54 24 40 59 30 45

PEGS 49 44 47 94 93 94 87 87 87

Category

Number Enrolment (1000) Teaching Staff

Tot Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls

Govt. Primary Schools

960 422 538 102 49 53 2656 1325 1331

Govt.

Middle Schools

187 76 111 38 20 18 1487 739 748

Govt.

High School

84 55 29 48 31 17 1508 994 514

AL: Adult Literacy (among population 15 years and older) LP: Literacy among population 10 years and above PEGS: Primary Level Enrolment in Government Schools as percentage of total Primary Level Enrolment PCPHE: Percentage of Population having completed Primary Level or Higher

PES: Percentage of Population having ever Attended School

Category

Number Enrolment Teaching Staff

Tot Boy Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls

Govt.

Mosques Schools

356 - - 23397 - - 740 - -

Higher Sec.

Schools 2004-05

10 7 3 345 208 137 67 40 27

Arts &

Science Intermediate Colleges

2004-05

15 10 5 6889 4137 2752 240 193 47

Arts &

Science Degree Colleges

2004-05

12 7 5 6713 3961 2752 197 150 47


Source: Punjab Development Statistics

Source: Punjab Development Statistics

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Distt.Tehsil

Hospitals Dispensaries R.H Centers B.H Units T.B ClinicsS.H

CentersM.C.H

Centres

No Beds No Beds No Beds No Beds No Beds No No

Layyah Distt. 4 330 28 14 3 60 42 84 - - 15 3

Chaubara1 40 9 4 - - 7 14 - - 1 1

Karor1 40 10 10 1 20 18 36 - - 7 -

Layyah2 250 9 - 2 40 17 34 - - 7 2

CategoryPrivate

Disp/HospPublic

Disp/HospRHC/BHU

Hakeem/ Herbalist

Homeo Path

Chemist/ Pharmacy

Siana/ Siani

Other

Urban85.03 9.66 2.44 2.22 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00

Rural82.34 13.50 1.38 2.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Overall85.84 8.51 2.76 2.05 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00

Category

Urban Rural Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Based on Record & Recall-Fully Immunized

100 100 100 88 84 86 90 88 89

Category

Urban Rural Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Children Suffering from Diarrhea in Past-30 days

11 16 14 12 12 12 12 12 12


Health Facilities Health Facilities

Use of Health Facilities Use of Health Facilities

Percentage of Children (12-23 months) fully immunized (based on recordand recall) Percentage of Children (12-23 months) fully immunized (based on recordand recall)

Percentage of Children Under 5 Suffering from Diarrhoea (During 30 dayprior to the survey) Percentage of Children Under 5 Suffering from Diarrhoea (During 30 dayprior to the survey)

Source: Punjab Development Statistics 2005




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Category

Percentage of Diarrhea Cases

Urban Rural Total

Private Dispensary/Hospital 91 87 88

Govt. Hospital/Dispensary 0 6 5

RHC/BHU0 6 5

LHW0 0 0

LHV/Nurse0 0 0

Chemist/Pharmacy0 0 0

Hakeem/Homeo Path/Herbalist 9 0 2

Other0 0 0

Category

Percentage of Cases

Urban Rural Total

Health Facility Consulted 62 49 51

Person/Facility Consulted

Home TBA30 80 69

Home LHW9 13 12

Home LHV4 1 2

Home Doctors0 0 0

Govt. Hospitals/RHC/BHU 32 3 9

Private Hospital/Clinic 26 3 8

Others0 0 0


Type of Practitioner Consulted for Diarrhoea Cases Type of Practitioner Consulted for Diarrhoea Cases

Pre Natal Consultation Pre Natal Consultation



Health

Like the education sector, the health sector in Layyah also suffers from a number of issues especially affecting the lives and health of children and women. Some of these issues include:

- Despite an increase of 22.5% in the population of the district from 1998 to 2006, the number of public health establishment has remained same.

- The public health facilities has quite a less coverage in terms of providing the health services to the district’s population. This is evident from the fact that less than 1/10th of those fall sick consult a public hospital or dispensary.

- Even the performance or outreach of the primary health care facilities like BHUs etc is minimal. Only 1.38% people seeking medical care access these facilities.

- The target of fully immunizing the children has yet not been achieved. 10% male and 12% female children are yet to be fully immunized.

- The use of mobile health facilities like Lady Health Workers is quite less than desired. Only 12% women needing pre natal care, 13% women requiring post natal care and almost no children needing treatment for diarrhea benefit from the Lady Health Workers.

- More than half (58%) rural women and 1/5th of urban pregnant women do not receive tetanus toxoid injection.

- A large majority of deliveries (95% in rural and 85% in urban areas) continue to take place at home mostly in the presence of traditional birth attendants. - 3/4th of the women in both urban and rural areas do not have an access to postnatal care from a formal health facility.

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Category

Percentage of Pregnant Women

Urban Rural Total

Pregnant Women Injected Tetanus Toxoid

80 42 45

Child Delivery Location & Type of Assistance

Home85 95 93

Govt. Hospital/RHC/BHU 1 3 3


Other0 1 1

Total100 100 100

Person that Assisted with Delivery

Doctor11 5 6

Nurse4 2 2

Trained Dai/TBA/Dai 83 93 91

Family Member/Neighbour/Friend 1 0 0

Other1 0 0

Total100 100 100

Percentage of Pregnant Women Who Receive Tetanus Texoid Injection Percentage of Pregnant Women Who Receive Tetanus Texoid Injection

Source: PSLM 2006-07HE

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Category

Percentage of Cases

Urban Rural Total

Health Facility Consulted 24 26 25

Person/Facility Consulted

Home TBA23 70 62

Home LHW0 13 11

Home LHV10 0 2

Home Doctors10 3 4

Govt. Hospitals/RHC/BHU

14 10 11


Others0 0 0

Total100 100 100


Post Natal Consultation Post Natal Consultation


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Children with their elders at village Lohanch, District Layyah. These children demanded provision of boiled eggs by the government at schools during winter. The reason-to face extreme cold, children explained.

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Reported Area

Cultivated Area

Total Net Shown Current Fallow

628474 224 250

Uncultivated Area

TotalCultureable

WasteForest

Not Available for Cultivation

154 104 4 46

Cropped Area Area Shown

More than OnceTotal Kharif Rabi

453 175 277 228

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

43 49 48 59 49


Land Utilization in the District Land Utilization in the District

District Layyah has witnessed a transformation in the livelihood systems with the advent of canal irrigation system and introduction of diesel and electric powered tube wells. Huge tracts of lands that were earlier either grazing lands or could afford rain fed agriculture at maximum, were leveled into fields for year round cultivation. The introduction of canals opened the doors for the settlers mostly from the central districts of Punjab who came here as the lands were much cheaper than those they had migrated from. Besides huge tracts of lands were also allotted to civil and military bureaucracy mostly out of lands that used to be common grazing lands. With the arrival of new inhabitants great social, economic and political changes have occurred in Layyah’s traditional society. New towns like Chowk Azam began to emerge. Small scale service industries and trade opportunities also expanded in volume. However the local economy could not be expanded to an extent that it could absorb the local population looking for income earning opportunities.

A detailed account of local economic conditions and livelihood options adopted by the local population can be traced in the District Census report 1998. According to this document:

- 14% of the total population of the district was economically active (a proportion much less than other districts studied). Of those belonging to age group (10+), 20.5% were found to be economically active.

- Of the total male population, only 1/4th was noted to be economically active.

- 1.9% population was recorded to be working as domestic workers.

LivelihoodsLivelihoods

Source: Punjab Development Statistics2004-05

Source: Punjab Development Statistics2004-05

Use of Chemical Fertilizers Use of Chemical Fertilizers (000’ Nutrient Tons)

At work: A craftsman is making a Huqqa at his small shop in Chobara town, District Layyah.

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Category

No. of Diesel & Electric Tube wells Installed

Total Diesel Electric

Total 44995 44802 193

Private 44971 44801 170

Govt. 24 1 23

Category1994 Census September

2004 Census March

Number of Tractors 3746 6851

Average Use of Tractor Time

Days Per Year 206 163

Hours Per Day 6 6


Tubewells Tubewells

Category

Total Area Un-Irrigated

Irrigated495 71

Total 424

Canals 39

Wells -

Tube Wells 125

Canal Wells 4

Canal Tube Wells 223

Others 33

Means of Irrigation Means of Irrigation

Tractors and their UseTractors and their Use

- A very high level of unemployment rate among the economically active population was recorded-23.2%. The unemployment rate among the urban labor force was higher than that among the rural one- 25.2% and 22.8% respectively.

- More than half of the rural labor force (52%) was noted to have agriculture as the main profession followed by elementary occupations (29%).

- In the urban area some 40% labor force was noted to have skills of elementary occupations followed by services, trading etc (20%).

- 59% rural employed population was found to be engaged in agriculture and 20 % in the construction industry. In urban areas 31% employed labor force was noted to be engaged in community, social and personal services, followed by 24.4% in trading/hoteling and 19% depended on agriculture.

- 68% rural and 48% urban labor forces was recorded to be self employed. The jobs in the private sector were engaging 16% rural and 25% urban labor force. 18.2% urban and 6.3% rural economically active populations were in the government jobs.

- 6.6% economically active population was noted to be comprised of unpaid family helpers.

AgricultureAs discussed above, agriculture is the source of livelihood for majority of the population in the district. Within the context of agriculture, the district can be divided into following zones:

1. Pacca Nasheb: The old flood plains of




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Category Area

Area Surveyed 246400

Saline Area 912

Water -Logged Area 39

Category

No. of Factories Employing Persons As 30th June 2001

No. of Factories Employing Persons

As on 30th June 2004

Total 9 49

Less Than 100 6 46

100 or More 3 3

Category Layyah

Number 758

Membership (Thousand) 30

Share Capital (Million Rs.) 4

Working Capital (Million Rs.) 97


Salinity and Waterlogging Salinity and Waterlogging

Factories/Industries in the District Factories/Industries in the District

CooperativesCooperatives

Indus which are now very much protected from the flooding through the construction of protection bunds.

2. Katcha Nasheb: The lands lying at the banks of Indus and are part of its active flood plain. These lands are affected whenever the river overflows its banks. 3. Layyah Thal Jandi and Karor Thal Jandi: The Plain areas in the desert of Thall where irrigated agriculture is made possible.

Thal Kalan: The strips of hard land locally known as pattis lying between the sand dunes. The irrigation thrugh tube wells is made possible. Here the agriculture largely depends upon timely and sufficient rains. Most of the agriculture in this area is not so laborious as the lands do not need to be leveled and prepared with much input.

Over the last 2-3 decades orchards have become quite common. In 1978-79 only 1100 acres of land were under the orchards. The amount land of such lands increased to 11000 acres by year 1998 (..).

The 1998 District Census Report mentions that around 10% of the district’s lands were severely water logged (0-2 meters deep water table) while another 10 were moderately water logged (2-3 meters water table) ( >>) . However according to Punjab Development Statistics, only 0.015% of district’s lands are water logged while 0.37% are affected with salinity.

A network of canals measuring 962 km (..) in length is spread mostly in the western part of the district.

The extent to which the settled agriculture in Layyah has reached can be




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Crop Area ( 1000 Hectares ) Production ( 1000 Metric Tons)

(CottonThousand Bales)

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

Wheat 178 182 180 379 423 510

Rice 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2

Sugarcane

15 14 16 15 13 537 499 674 716 753

Cotton 44 46 29 37 43 91 81 63 75 130

Production of Crops Production of Crops

LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE LIV

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Persian wheels are still operational especially in the desert zone of District Layyah. Most of the settlements in this part of the district are known by the names of wells.

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assessed from the fact that 75% area of the district is currently being cultivated. This is to be noted that lands now forming the district once used to house nomads carrying large herds of camels, goats and sheep wandering from place to place in search of fodder for their livestock. The agriculture at that time was limited to the banks of river Indus or in the strips (pattis) lying between the sand dunes through Persian wheels.

The extension in agriculture is made possible at the cost of riverine forests and common grazing lands. Currently only 0.63% area of the district is under some kind of tree cover.

Unlike other districts of Punjab and Sindh, the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers is not that large. From year 2000-2004, 14% increase in the use of chemical fertilizers was recorded in Layyah.

The expansion in agriculture activity and reduction in the availability of canal irrigation water has resulted in the ever increasing dependance upon the ground water. In 1998, out of the total irrigated area, 74% was canal fed. This proportion was noted to have reduced to 9.19% in 2004-05. At that time 26% areas was being fed by the tube wells. This proportion slightly increased to 29% whereas area dependant upon both canals and tube wells was noted to be 52.6% in 2004-05.

The expansion in agricultural activity in Layyah is also dependant upon increasing tractorization. In just one decade (1994-2004), 83% increase in the number of tractors was recorded. However the average working time of a tractor in a year, reduced by 21%.

Layyah is hot and dry, but the water intensive crops like sugarcane are being cultivated on vast areas. A 40% increase in the sugarcane production was recorded from 2000-01 to 2004-05.

Layyah has attained an important place in country’s agricultural and livestock production. This place can be assessed from following table:

Crop/Fruit/Livestock

Contribution

Wheat Main

Pulses Main

Edible Oil Secondary

Cotton Minor

Citrus Secondary

Cattle Main

Buffalos Secondary

Goat Secondary

Sheep Main

Source: Oxford Atlas of Pakistan

Total Compact

Protected Forest

Total Linear (Running

K.M.)

Compact

13896 1534

Area Under Provincial Govt. Area Transferred

to District Govt.

10791 -

Forests and their Management Forests and their Management

Source: Punjab Development Statistics, 2005

Livestock is an important livelihood source especially for the desert dwellers of District Layyah.

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CategoryMuch Worse

Worse Same Better Much Better

Don’t Know

Total

% Distribution of H/H by the Perception of the Economic Situation

Urban

0.86 13.62 38.19 45.60 0.73 0.00 100

Rural

0.47 15.60 54.25 26.92 0.75 0.00 100

Overall

0.94 13.20 34.82 49.53 0.51 0.00 100

% Distribution of H/H by the Perception of the Economic Situation of the Community

Urban 0.11 2.54 50.45 45.82 0.68 0.40 100

Rural 0.64 1.85 62.79 31.85 0.58 2.29 100

Overall 0.00 2.69 47.85 48.76 0.70 0.00 100

categoryBasic

Health UnitFamily

PlanningSchool Vatrinary Agriculture Police

% Distribution of H/H Satisfaction Urban

47.41 18.55 78.31 41.12 31.29 4.61

Rural

47.54 20.58 85.92 9.67 0.00 5.63

Overall

47.39 18.12 76.71 47.73 31.29 4.39


Percentage of the district population and their views on the economic situation Percentage of the district population and their views on the economic situation

Percentage of the population satisfied with the government services Percentage of the population satisfied with the government services

Economic Conditions Similarly, almost half of the urban and 1/3rd of the rural The PSLM 2006-07 survey notes that almost half of the household opined that the economic situation of their rural and 1/4th of the urban households in the district respective community improved. Compared to them are of the view that their economic condition have only 3% urban and almost equal proportion of improved. Compared to them 16% urban and 14% rural households were found to have an opposite view in this household think otherwise. regard.

Economic Conditions

Governance do not inspire many with their performance as 4/5th of The PSLM 2006-07 notes that a minimal proportion of the respondents recorded their dissatisfaction with people in the district are satisfied with the performance these services. of Policy. Interestingly a large proportion of both urban and rural population is shown to be satisfied with the The agriculture extension services important especially performance of pubic schools and Basic Health Units. for the rural economy need much improvement. Some

70% rural population directly dependant on these The family planning services important for the services was noted to be dissatisfied with this population welfare and health of women and children department’s performance.

Governance



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LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE N

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Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI)

1. Community based adaptation to Climate Change2. Protection and conservation of grazing lands 3. Environmental education and awareness4. Mainstreaming non conventional but appropriate livelihood sources 5. Local governance6. Decentralized Disaster Risk Reduction

OrganizationOrganization Thematic Areas/Activities Thematic Areas/Activities

Doaba Foundation 1. Sustainable Livelihood for the riverine communities2. Community based flood management

www.rdpi.org.pk

www.doaba.org.pk

www.oxfam.org.uk

www.actionaid.org/pakistan/

Oxfam 1. Working by supporting Doaba Foundation

Pakistan Welfare Society (PWS)

Action Aid

South Asia Partnership (SAP-Pk)

1. Micro Credit2. Education3. Community Physical Infrastructure4. Agriculture support (seed banks)5. Health 6. Advocacy on social issues

Has declared Layyah as its Development Area (DA) and is working by supporting PWS

www.sappk.org

1. Lining of irrigation water courses 2. Sprinkle irrigation schemes

Works in partnership with local NGOs and CBOs and on its own

Aashiana Welfare Society

Mehmood Welfare Society

1. Sprinkle irrigation schemes in desert zone2. Lining of irrigation water courses 3. Education/Non formal schools 4. Adult literacy

1. Health 2. Free medical services 3. Environment

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LAYYAH LAYYAH DISTRICT PROFILE DISTRICT PROFILE T

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River Flooding

- Undertake a detailed mapping of villages and spots that are vulnerable to flooding, employing satellite imaging/GIS technology. If local government is not in a position to bear the cost of getting digitized/GIS maps in the short run, the local government should seek help from NDMA, Provincial P&D department, SUPARCO or Ministry of Environment in this regard. All these institutions are working with these technologies and have developed their databases. For instance NDMA is to prepare a national Vulnerability Atlas, Ministry of Environment is preparing a national land-use plan and so on.

- Improve conventional flood fighting plans by incorporating in them factors like 'community preparedness, maps, updated socioeconomic conditions of vulnerable villages etc.

- Impart training to the concerned departments like police,

revenue, agriculture, irrigation, education, health etc on how to deal with emergencies.

- Promote community based flood management /DRR models being carried out by some non government organizations in Layyah

- Take measures to address the both structural and non structural issues of flood management. The structural ones may include housing, mobility, embankments etc and non structural ones; early warning system, community mobilization and organization, evacuation mechanisms, improved Natural Resource Management and livelihood centred approaches etc. Issues

- Women, grown up children and youth should be made the driving force and centre of community mobilization and organization efforts for community based flood management/DRR.

- Promote CCDRR approaches by making the relevant stakeholders of the concepts and practices of Community based DRR, Child Centred DRR.

Tehsil Municipal Administration (TO Planning)

NDMA

SUPARCO

Ministry of Environment

District RevenueDepartment

Oxfam

District AgricultureDepartment

Plan International

District Works and Services DepartmentProvincial IrrigationDepartment


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River Flooding

- Improve efficiency and response capacity of concerned institutions especially Civil Defence, police etc by providing them necessary gadgets.

- Strengthen services like Rescue II22, Rescue 15

- Establish a District Volunteer Pool (DVP) or a District Voluntary Movement (DVM) by engaging youth of the district and especially from the vulnerable areas, and provide them necessary tools and trainings. This pool should be patronized or headed by a figure no less than a District Nazim, District Coordination Officer or District Policy Officer (DPO).

- Revive scouting in both government and private schools.

- The long term measures may include should not be limited to : a structural and non structural audit of existing hydrological or flood protection infrastructure (protection bunds, canals, spurs etc) to understand their contribution in increasing or decreasing the flood damages. The corrective measures should then be taken in light of this audit.

- Establish a District DRR Committee on patterns of District Development Committee. The DRR committee should have a capacity of understanding and vision for DRR, CCDRR and gender sensitive DRR approaches. This committee should screen every major development scheme to be launched in the district for the risk and potential it has related to disasters and DRR respectively. The recommendations of this committee should be seriously considered. Such a committee should be supported with required technical staff from local government, private sector and non government organizations.

- Establish a District Disaster Relief Fund. Such a fund should be managed by genuinely respectable local citizens. Common citizens should be encouraged to donate regularly even small amounts like 5-10 rupees in the fund. There can be various innovations to raise money for such a fund including proceeds from Zakat, donations, sale of sacrificial animals etc. This fund should not only fund the relief activities but also support communities through their representative CBOs/CCBs to undertake community based DRR.

Civil Defence

Police

District Nazim

District CoordinationOfficer

District Education and HealthDepartments

Union Councils andUnion Administration

District Council

CCBs

Climate Change


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Droughts

- Undertake a detailed drought risk, vulnerability and capacity study.

- Promote and support community seed banks especially in the desert zone of the district.

- Promote and support mass tree plantation campaigns. The government should take the lead by planting trees with the support of local communities on government lands (reserved grazing lands (Rakhookhs, road sides, canal banks and rive banks etc)

- Promote technology of making fodder blocks, and modern fodder storage and supplementing techniques

- Promote drought resistant and water efficient tree, fruit and crop varieties. The native trees like ber, jand, kareehn, jaali, kikar, khagal, lana, lai etc should be promoted.

- Improve on farm water conservation and management

techniques including sprinkle, drip and pitcher irrigation

Undertake a Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation study for

the district. Such a study should include all the sectors that are or

susceptible to be affected by climate change. These sectors may

include agriculture, water sector, forests, livestock, biodiversity,

health, housing, energy, food security etc.

DO Environment

District Disaster Management Authority RDPI

Oxfam Action Aid PWS

Dry Net (being coordinated by SCOPE, Karachi

Ministry of Environment/SustainableLand Management

Project/UNDP

SAP Pk/Aashian

Welfare Society

District Agriculture Department

Provincial Forest Department

Local NGOs and CBOs

DO Environment

District Disaster Management Authority RDPI

Oxfam Action Aid PWS

Dry Net (being coordinated by SCOPE, Karachi

Ministry of Environment/SustainableLand Management

Project/UNDP

SAP Pk/Aashian

Welfare Society



Local NGOs and CBOs

DO Environment

RDPI

Oxfam/Doaba Foundation

Lead Pakistan


DO Environment

RDPI

Oxfam/Doaba Foundation

Lead Pakistan



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River Erosion

- Undertake a comprehensive assessment of lands that have been, are being or will be eroded by the river. The assessment should also document the lands reclaimed from the river.

- Conserve and replant bela or riverine forests through community support.

- Promote grasses that are known to enhance the strength of river banks. Such grasses are quite common in Bangladesh.

- Discourage agriculture and construction activity in areas that

are at the risk of erosion. The District and Tehsil governments

should make appropriate land use plans for these areas and

ensure their compliance with the support of riverine

communities, union administration, members of Union

Councils and revenue staff.

Communities

Union Councils and Union Administration

DO Environment


Local NGOs and CBOs especially those working in riverine areas of the district.

Tehsil Municipal Administration

Brackish Drinking Water

- Promote appropriate/low cost water purification technologies like SODIS, sand filters, water boiling and desalination etc.

- Make available drinking water testing facilities at local level.

- Launch mass awareness campaigns especially targeting

schools and educational institutions and make them centers

of activity.

Communities

District Education DepartmentPCRET

Organizations promoting SODIS and other water purification technologies

LHWs

Ministry of Environment Ministry of Industries (Special Initiatives Cell which is responsible for installation of Water Filteration plants.

Communities

District Education DepartmentPCRET

Organizations promoting SODIS and other water purification technologies

LHWs

Ministry of Environment Ministry of Industries (Special Initiatives Cell which is responsible for installation of Water Filteration plants.


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Frost

- Promote tunnel farming techniques

- Document existing/traditional technologies for frost

protection being employed by farmers and undertake

scientific research for their effectiveness and improvement.

Communities

District agriculture department Local NGOs

Communities

District agriculture department Local NGOs

Dust Storms

- Promote tree plantation

- Construct emergency shelters in the vast grazing areas where many shepherd children are caught up in dust storms and do not find any place of refuge for themselves and their livestock (this suggestion was specifically made by shepherd children)

- Restore natural vegetation cover especially on denuded sand dunes and in the grazing areas/Rakhookhs

- Promote such plat varieties that spreads on soil and protects

it from being eroded.

Deforestation

- Stop encroachments on the government grazing lands.

- Regulate the operation of charcoal kilns (currently more than 500 such kilns are operating in the district)

- Enforce stricter penalties on illegal logging of reserved tree stock

- Bring in place transparent and effective system for regular monitoring of government tree stock.

- Promote tree plantation by involving schools and educational

institutions.

Union councils and Union administrations

DO Environment

Provincial forest department

Local non government organizations

District Education Department

Union councils and Union administrations

DO Environment

Provincial forest department

Local non government organizations


Communities

District Disaster Management Authority

Forest Departments (as it manages the grazing lands)

Works and Services Dept.

Communities

District Disaster Management Authority

Forest Departments (as it manages the grazing lands)

Works and Services Dept.


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Road Accidents

- Ensure that highways, main corridors of movement within the district/intra-district roads and city roads are provided with proper road furniture and safety measures

- Educate children and common citizen about road/traffic sense and precautionary measures

- Strengthen road patrolling mechanisms

- Establish first aid/emergency centres at convenient distances and locations on roads. These centres should be adequately staffed and equipped, and during normal days should render health services to common citizens.

- Strengthen rescue 1122 service

- Undertake a study to document existing coordination mechanism between police, government rescue services, health facilities and non government emergency services like EDHI ambulance. Introduce appropriate reforms in the light of the findings of the said study.

Traffic policy


National Highway Authority

Police Department

National Road Safety Program

Schools/EDO education

Traffic policy


National Highway Authority

Police Department

National Road Safety Program

Schools/EDO education

Pollution caused by Sugar

Mill

- Ensure that big industrial Units comply with National Environment Quality standards and Self Monitoring and Reporting Tools.

- Strengthen Citizen Watch Groups to ensure the industrial units

compliance with the environmental standards.

- Employ polluters pay principle. A study can be undertaken to assess the environmental and health damages being caused by such units.

- These actions which may appear against these powerful concerns require citizen support and political will on part of those who are in charge of affairs. The institution of District Officer Environment and monitoring committees need to be strengthened. The District Council may form a District Environment Monitoring Committee. Such a committee should also include local environmental experts and activists. The committee can also take technical support from relevant provincial and federal government departments like EPAs and non government organizations.

Executive District Officer Law and District Officer Environment

Local, national and international non government organizations.

Monitoring committees

Environment Protection Agency and Department

Management of concerned industrial units.

Executive District Officer Law and District Officer Environment

Local, national and international non government organizations.

Monitoring committees

Environment Protection Agency and Department

Management of concerned industrial units.


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HOUSING

Weak (katcha) housing

structures especially in

riverine area

- Make available to poor riverine households (especially women) technology options on safer but low-cost and appropriate housing designs, construction materials and building techniques.

- Low interest housing loans with easy repayment schedules for

poor households

District Works and Services Department

Housing and Physical Planning Department

RDPI

Doaba Foundation

Akhuwat Foundation

PRSP

Khushhali Bank

House Building Finance Corporation

District Works and Services Department

Housing and Physical Planning Department

RDPI

Doaba Foundation

Akhuwat Foundation

PRSP

Khushhali Bank

House Building Finance Corporation

More than half of the

rural houses do not have

any toilet facility

- Facilitate communities access 'Open Defecation Free Initiative

- Health and hygiene awareness campaigns

- Low interest housing improvement loans with easy repayment schedules

- Promote Community Led Total Sanitation and Village level Integrated Sanitation approaches

Khushhal Pakistan Fund

PRSP

Doaba Foundation

MUAWIN

Orangi Piltot Project

Water Aid

Khushhal Pakistan Fund

PRSP

Doaba Foundation

MUAWIN

Orangi Piltot Project

Water Aid


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More than 90%

households are dependent

on biomass fuels for

heating and cooking using

conventional stoves that

consume lot more fuel and

emit smoke that is

dangerous especially for

the health of women and

young children

- Promote Improved mud, ceramic and metal cook stoves - Promote biogas plants in villages by making available technical

support, subsidy and low or zero interest loans.

- Promote efficient solar heating and cooking devices by promotional campaigns and making available technical support, subsidy and low or zero interest loans

District Works and Services Department (DO Energy)

PCRET

RDPI

PRSP

Akhuwat Foundation (to provide zero interest loans)

District Works and Services Department (DO Energy)

PCRET

RDPI

PRSP

Akhuwat Foundation (to provide zero interest loans)

Ground water is

extensively used for

drinking and other

household purposes. The

issues of contamination,

poor quality,

brackishness, and wastage

are common

- Introduce appropriate and low cost water purification

techniques especially SODIS, sand filters, water filteration

plants (especially in urban areas), and desalination etc.

Local Print and electronic media

Communities

Education Department

PCRET

PCRWR

CAP (Promotes SODIS technology)

LHWs

Local Print and electronic media

Communities


PCRET

PCRWR

CAP (Promotes SODIS technology)

LHWs


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EDUCATION

Almost half of the adult

population is illiterate.

The literacy levels in the

disaster prone

communities especially in

flood prone and desert

areas are quite low. The

literacy among rural

women is quite low and

in many riverine and

desert communities it is

almost zero.

- Encourage and support adult literacy initiatives of local, provincial and federal government

- Introduce and promote peer-literacy programmes (teaching each other within a community and household)

- The unemployed educated youth both male and female of the district can be encouraged to work as part time teachers provided they are provided with training and incentives. The district government should allocate sufficient funds in the annual budgets for literacy enhancement and take it as a top priority.

- The local non government organizations have established cost effective and efficient education and literacy improvement programs. Such organizations need recognition, appreciation and support to extend their programs. However mechanism needs to be devised where such organizations could work in partnership with local governments.

- Employ ICTs for increasing education and literacy. Such ICTs

may include community radio, TV, village computer centres and

mobile school programs.

EDO literacy

EDO Education

National Education Foundation

Plan International

PWS

Aashiana Welfare

Punjab Education

Foundation

EDO literacy

EDO Education

National Education Foundation

Plan International

PWS

Aashiana Welfare

Punjab Education

Foundation


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Local print and electronic media

District EducationDepartment

District Council

District Administration Education

Monitoring Committees of Union, Tehsil and District Councils

NGOs


District EducationDepartment

District Council

District Administration Education

Monitoring Committees of Union, Tehsil and District Councils

NGOs

Girl children desirous of

continuing their education

beyond primary levels

have to face functional

(non availability of

schools/colleges) and

cultural issues.

- Launch rigorous media and social campaigns for changing societal attitudes towards girls' education. These campaigns should specifically be targeted at opinion makers and local role models.

- Ensure the availability of school teachers and basic facilities especially toilets, rooms and boundary walls in girls' schools.

- The riverine and desert areas need preferential treatment in

this regard.

Primary Health Care

District Council and Administration

District Health Department

Health Sector NGOS

Plan International

District Council and Administration


Health Sector NGOS

Plan International

The health facilities are

almost non-existent in

riverine and desert

settlements.

- Poor mobility due to non availability of all-weather roads is one

of the leading reasons which hinder people accessing health

facilities and health staff reaching to them. The government

find an excuse for not providing road, health and other

infrastructure/services in the riverine locations on the grounds

that this investment is on risk due to floods. While in desert

location population is very thinly distributed due to which

governments find it uneconomical to provide basic facilities.

This official mind set need a paradigm shift by giving

preferential treatment to these areas in providing government

services to reduce poverty and vulnerability. An effective

delivery of mobile health services can be a starting point.


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District and Tehsil Administrations


Health Monitoring Committees of Union, Tehsil and District Councils

District Nazim and EDO

Health (to manage a

complaint system)

District and Tehsil Administrations


Health Monitoring Committees of Union, Tehsil and District Councils

District Nazim and EDO

Health (to manage a

complaint system)

The public health facilities

have poor coverage.

- The staff absenteeism and non availability of medicines, and poor accessibility are the major reasons. The strategies to address them may include:

- More investment in primary health care

- Encouragement of private sector and philanthropists to provide health facilities. However an effective and transparent regulatory mechanism is required at local level.

- Monitoring of the health delivery system by operationalizing and strengthening health monitoring committees of Union, Tehsil and District Councils.

- An effective complaint registration and redress mechanism.

10% male and 12% female

children are yet to be fully

immunized.

- The vaccinators often remain unable to fully cover the fringing

or harder to reach areas which include riverine and desert

locations and thus many children in these areas missed out.

The vaccination staff should be provided with proper transport

facilities to reach these areas. Further there is a need to create

more education and awareness as in certain sections of society

there are reservations regarding the effectiveness of the

vaccination. These misconceptions and concerns should be

addressed.


Local print and electronic media (an FM radio airs program from Layyah)

Health sector NGOs

Plan International

PWS


Local print and electronic media (an FM radio airs program from Layyah)

Health sector NGOs

Plan International

PWS

The LHW program is not

fulfilling its objectives.

Health Monitoring Committees of Union Councils, Tehsils and District

Health sector Non

Government Organizations

Health Monitoring Committees of Union Councils, Tehsils and District

Health sector Non

Government Organizations

- An effective community monitoring program led by the health monitoring committees of Union, Tehsil and District Councils can contribute to great extent in making LHW program deliver its objectives.

- The LHW program needs support and encouragement as it provides a vast network of somewhat trained and organized workforce. The non government organizations can make useful programme linkages with them.


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LHW programme

Provincial Government Health Department

Local and national NGOs

PRSP


LHW programme

Provincial Government Health Department

Local and national NGOs

PRSP

Majority of deliveries takes place at home mostly assisted by Traditional Birth Attendants. Many delivery-related complications and avoidable deaths occur due to limited capacity, knowledge and health facilities on part of these birth attendants.

- In the absence of formal health facilities and staff, the role of

traditional birth attendants should not be overlooked. They are

rendering a valuable service. However, these attendants need

proper training. The local government or some non government

organization should take the lead by establishing a proper and

fully equipped training centre for training of traditional birth

attendants. It can also provide employment opportunity to

educated unemployed female youth at local level.

LIVELIHOODS

Unemployment and

underemployment are

rampant in both urban and

rural areas. The disaster

prone areas have extremely

limited livelihood options

to fulfill the needs of their

inhabitants.

- Skill creation and skill enhancement programs are the need of the hour. The technical training institutions capable of imparting marketable skills both in the government and non government sector are required.

- Credit institutions offering affordable and appropriate credit schemes both for men, women and youth are required.

- In the poorer households both male and female children have important roles in contributing to household incomes. Special programs are needed that could help these children get education along with income earning skills. The 'karkhana schools (schools where children are provided education along with income earning skills. The products made by children are sold to market with which children are provided with stipends) hold lot of potential in this regard.

EDO Finance and Planning (as he is responsible to promote investment in the district)

TEVTA

SMEDA

Akhuwat

PRSP

PWS

RDPI

Doaba Foundation

Oxfam and Action Aid

EDO Community Development


EDO Finance and Planning (as he is responsible to promote investment in the district)

TEVTA

SMEDA

Akhuwat

PRSP

PWS

RDPI

Doaba Foundation

Oxfam and Action Aid

EDO Community Development



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DO Environment




Communities

PWS

RDPI

Doaba Foundation



DO Environment




Communities

PWS

RDPI

Doaba Foundation



Only 0.63% area of the

district is under some kind

of tree cover.

- Members of every union council are required by the Local Government System 2001 to launch tree and promote tree plantation campaigns. This legal provision should be operationalized. The local government should set plantation targets for each planting season and bring in place an effective mobilization, financing and monitoring mechanism.

- The culture of raising tree sapling nurseries should be promoted especially among women and youth. This can provide them with additional incomes, livelihood options and sapling for plantation in the district.

- The 'green school initiatives' and school environment clubs can provide impetus to tree plantation campaigns.

The river banks and vast common grazing/forest lands and

vast areas in the desert zone provide ample space to plant

trees. The tree stocks in these areas can bring multiple

benefits including protection against river erosion in riverine

areas, protection against wind erosion and dust storms in the

desert zone and cash income for their owners/planters. In

districts like Layyah where huge tracts of lands are available

the local government should the target of gradually increasing

the forest/tree cover area to at least 5-10% of the total area of

the district.

Ever increasing

dependence on ground

water for irrigation

- Rigorous campaigns to promote on-farm water conservation and management

- Innovative techniques like sprinkle and drip irrigation need to

be promoted by providing soft loans to interested farmers.

District Agriculture Department SAP Pk

Aashiana Welfare Society PWS

RDPI

Oxfam

Action Aid

District Agriculture Department SAP Pk

Aashiana Welfare Society PWS

RDPI

Oxfam

Action Aid


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District Government District Agriculture Department

District Health and Education Departments

Monitoring Committees of Union, Tehsils and District Councils


Local Activists


Action Aid

RDPI

Doaba Foundation

District Government District Agriculture Department

District Health and Education Departments

Monitoring Committees of Union, Tehsils and District Councils


Local Activists


Action Aid

RDPI

Doaba Foundation

Governance

- Address genuine needs of institutions like agriculture and livestock extension departments (transport facilities), police (removal of political interventions etc), lady health workers, basic health units and rural health centres.

- Ensure citizen monitoring through monitoring committees of Union Council, Tehsil and District Councils.

- Riverine and desert locations should be declared underdeveloped areas of the district and each year special fund should be allocated for their development.

- The local government can give special incentives to local, national and international non government organizations to work in these areas and provide basic facilities.

- The local non government organizations should establish 'Farmer Resource Centres' especially in the riverine and desert areas in partnership with local government.

- Strengthen the institution of District Ombudsman to improve the local government service delivery.

- Strengthen the institutions like “Citizen Police Liaison Committee', 'Public Safety Commission', Musalihat Anjuman etc to improve law and order situation and redress people's grievances with the police department. The establishment of these institutions has been provided in the Local Government Ordinance 2001.

- Low levels of satisfaction with government services including police, agriculture extension, veterinary and family planning etc.

- Absence of government

services and facilities in

riverine and desert

locations.

Documents

Layyah District Profile 2nd Draft - rdpi.org.pk › ... › 06 › Layyah-District-Profile.pdf · Development Profile Neighboring Risk . Neighboring Risk: An Alternative Approach