Lb Engleza -Sintaxa Frazei

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    LLR_2_LEC_2LIMBA SI LITERATURA ROMANA AN II SEM. 2 Limba EnglezaContemporana Sintaxa 2

    TRUE/FALSE

    1) Restrictive Relative Clauses can be extraposed.

    2) In case of the following string, phrasal coordination is the result of reduction: In severalmental disorders, one of the most evident symptoms is that reality and fantasy conflate in the

    patients mind.

    3) Certain matrix Verbs of communication may trigger the use of the Subjunctive in THATClauses functioning as Objects.

    4) With the Phrasal Verb to turn out, the Extraposition of the Subject THAT Clause is notcompulsory.

    5) There are various abstract Negators which are linguistically actualised as several differentrealisations.

    6) Negative Raising cannot apply in the following Complex Sentence:Many studies on animalbehaviour demonstrate that the use of tools is not exclusively human.

    7) The deletion of the Subordinate Clause occurrence of the identical element is not always anobligatory stage of the embedding by relativisation mechanism.

    8) The Subordinate Subject has to be deleted in Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clauses basedon Wh-movement.

    9) Deletion of the Complement Subject cannot apply with Infinitive Clauses functioning asAdverbials.

    10) A matrix Indirect Object and the Complement Subject of an Infinitive Clause functioning asSubject may be identical or not.

    11) Subject Control situations are the result of applying passive BE Deletion in the SubordinateClause.

    12) Appropriateness cannot account for connectedness of clauses within the string: We havealready probed the deep space far beyond the limits of our Solar System, yet we have merely

    scratched the surface of our planet.

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    13) Local logical negation is not pragmatically constrained.

    14) The Noun disastercannot take a THAT Clause as its sentential Subject.

    15) In the following string, the Gerund functions as Predicative: There are species that simply donot stand caging.

    16) One Deletion may affect the Complement Subject of Gerunds.

    17) There is a one-to-one correspondence between the general classification of semanticrelations and the various types of syntactic relations.

    18) The correspondent in propositional logic of local logical negation is the internal (or contrary)negation.

    19) In case of the following string, the Extraposition of the Complement Clause is optional: Themilitary keep it a secret that a special biohazard unit has been sent there.

    20) Half Gerunds featuring a pronominal Complement Subject are less typical as PrepositionalObjects than the Full Gerunds the Subject of which is also a pronoun.

    21) Structures of the type choose, elect, etc + Object Complement are the result of an optionaldeletion of a progressive BE in the Infinitive Complement Clause.

    22) The relativised elements in Non-Finite Participial Relative Clauses are replaced by complexrelative pronouns.

    23) The occurrence ofseldom in a sentence requires the co-occurrence of grammatical PolarityItems.

    24) The behaviour of Gerunds with respect to Coordination stands as a counter-argument of their

    sentencehood.

    25) Restrictive Relative Clauses may fill in lexical gaps, acting as substitutes for non-existent inthe lexicon labels.

    26) The Verbprohibitcannot be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger.

    27) With THAT Clauses, Tense distinctions are lost.

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    28) In case of the following string, phrasal coordination is basic:Linguistic factors and socialcircumstances intertwine in the evolution of any idiom.

    29) Coordinators are not the most explicit Relators.

    30) Matrix psychological transitive Verbs can only take extraposed THAT Clauses.

    31) If the identical element is an adverb, the Introducer of the Relative Clause can only be thatoras.

    32) The occurrence of Indefinite Free Relative Clauses typically employs a referential (deictic)use of the definite article as antecedent determiner.

    33) Gerunds functioning as Attributes of abstract Nouns undergo Preposition Deletion.

    34) The Adjective unlikely cannot be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger.

    35) Not all Relative Clauses are non-assertive environments.

    36) Lexemes bearing an inherent semantic negation are the result of morphological processes ofderivation, by means of which negative affixes are added.

    37) The fact that THAT Clauses pass the than-pattern test stands as a proof of their beingnon-phrases (or abstract nominals).

    38) Infinitive Clauses are not VP Complements.

    39) All Reduction Rules can operate upon the first conjunct.

    40) The following string is an instance of Complex NP Shift freely applying with a Full Gerund:Is the medias uncovering all his dirty wheeling-and-dealing really going to put an end to

    his scandalous political career?

    41) The syntactic function of a Free Relative Clause, and the function of its Introducer may beidentical or different.

    42) The metalinguistic use of Negation is not representational and conceptual.

    43) The Infinitival Complement Indirect Object cannot be promoted as Subject in the MainClause.

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    44) Asyndetic relations feature no explicit Connector.

    45) As a consequence of their nominal features, Gerunds can no longer be modified by adverbs.

    46) Matrix emotive Predicates prevent the occurrence of the Subjunctive in a THAT Clausefunctioning as Subject.

    47) THAT Deletion is not possible with clauses in topical position.

    48) The presence of an incomplete Negator does not suffice for the sentence featuring it to passthe Negativity Tests.

    49) In Subject-to-Subject Raising patterns, the embedded Infinitival Clause may function as anAdverbial or as a modifier.

    50) Both the FOR-TO Infinitive Construction and TO Complementation may evince aspectualdistinctions.

    51) The evaluative Adjective naturalcan take a Half Gerund as Subject.

    52) Notional concord cannot account for cases of agreement in the plural.

    53) The Zero Conjoiner does not occur in syndetic relations.

    54) Sentential logical Negation employs the speakers subjective attitude as a pragmatic variable.

    55) Within Cleft Constructions, the thematically focused element is not always placed afterCopula BE.

    56) Certain abstract Nouns co-occurring with THAT Clauses as Predicatives may also take suchclauses as Subjects or Attributes.

    57) Referential and linguistic identity are the two compulsory prerequisites of relativisation.

    58) In relativisation, it is not possible for the Main Clause occurrence of the shared element to bemissing, while the one in the Subordinate is retained.

    59) The FOR-phrase is not an obligatory constituent in FOR-TO Infinitive Constructions.

    60) Sentences featuring only local negation are positive.

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    61) Complex NP Shift can occur in some patterns featuring a Direct Object THAT Clause.

    62) Object Control presupposes a referential identity between the Object in the Main Clause andthe Complement Subject.

    63) The modal Adjective certain cannot take a Gerund as Subject.

    64) Dependent Relative Clauses modify the head of their expressed antecedent.

    65) The relation of Coordination renders a parallelism, and a similarity of the conjoinedelements.

    66) The Extraposition from Object position of Gerundial Clauses is not obligatory.

    67) There is no systematic correspondence between idiomatic Affirmative and Negative PolarityItems.

    68) The Tense of the Predicative Verb of a THAT Clause does not depend in any way upon theTense of the matrix Predicative Verb.

    69) Half Gerunds are less nouny than Full Gerunds, and less sentency than Embedded (Indirect)Questions.

    70) The Coordinator OR may be used to express condition.

    71) Afor-NP occurring in a Tough Movement pattern is always a matrix constituent.

    72) Local negation triggers the occurrence of Negative Polarity Items.

    73) THAT Clauses functioning as Attributes of abstract Nouns evince Preposition Deletion.

    74) V-Gapping may also delete the identical Auxiliaries.

    75) Adjectives cannot take THAT Clauses as Direct Objects.

    76) Gerunds do not trigger the turning of a Direct Object into a Genitive Determiner.

    77) Polarity Items are derivationally marked as [ assertive].

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    78) Transitive Verbs taking Infinitive Clauses as their Subject obligatorily require the deletion ofthe Complement Subject.

    79) In case of Free Relative Clauses functioning as Subject, the replaced antecedent determinesthe singular or plural form of the matrix Verb.

    80) Free Relative Clauses function as Sentence modifiers.

    MULTIPLE CHOICE

    1) Choose the correct function of the embedded clause:The readings of the sensors also automatically trigger readjustments of the system,

    which is not the case now.

    a) Predicative

    b) Sentence modifier

    c) Adverbial of Manner

    d) VP modifier

    e) Nominal modifier

    2) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:Microscopic flaws in the material were ___ to detect.

    a) an idea

    b) the task

    c) believed

    d) not impossible

    e) careful

    3) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:Here is the list of people and materials ___ we need for this special operation.

    a) what

    b) whatever

    c) that

    d) which

    e) whichever

    4) Which of the following Nouns can take a sentential Subject?

    a) gear

    b) soil

    c) illusion

    d) ignition

    e) cup

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    5) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:Nobody there fully understood ___ he really meant by uttering those words.

    a) that

    b) as

    c) what

    d) which

    e) whence

    6) Choose the correct variant:Complement Clauses cannot function as:

    a) Attributes

    b) Direct Objects

    c) Indirect Objects

    d) Prepositional Objects

    e) Predicatives

    7) Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger?

    a) listen

    b) prove

    c) admit

    d) deny

    e) sleep

    8) Which of the following rules applies upon [- specific] and [- referential] constituents?

    a) N-Gapping

    b) Subject Control

    c) recursive embedding

    d) Negative Attraction

    e) Negative Raising

    9) Choose the correct function of the embedded clause:These small submarines are specially designed to operate in shallow waters.

    a) Prepositional Object

    b) Attribute

    c) Predicative

    d) Adverbial of Manner

    e) Adverbial of Purpose

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    10) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:We could find no fellow worker or client to have been ___ offended by his words or

    behaviour.

    a) somewhat

    b) somehow

    c) to a certain extent

    d) in any way

    e) at all

    11) Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer:Honestly, I dont have the slightest idea about who is going to get the promotion.

    a) Prepositional Object

    b) Indirect Object

    c) Subject

    d) Determiner

    e) Direct Object

    12) Choose the correct statement:

    a) Cases of weakly disjunctive OR trigger agreement by proximity.

    b) Inchoative Verbs are Subject-to-Object Raising triggers.

    c) Matrix Verbs of perceptual approximation allow Negative Raising.

    d) Complex NP Shift does not apply with Gerunds.

    e) Connectedness resides in the presence of Connectors.

    13) Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause:There is no aggressive elephant to beware of in this herd.

    a) TO Complementation Adverbial of Result

    b) Free Relative Clause Predicative

    c) Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause based on deletion Adverbial of Result

    d) Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause based on deletion modifier

    e) Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause based on Wh-movement modifier

    14) Choose the correct variant:The Noun miracle can take as its sentential Subject:

    a) a THAT Clause

    b) an Infinitive Clause

    c) a Gerundial Clause

    d) a Free Relative Clause

    e) any of the four types above

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    15) Which of the following items is a lexical Affirmative Polarity Item?

    a) still

    b) too

    c) long since

    d) at all

    e) once

    16) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:The technique presupposes the precise isolation of a certain DNA sequence, the

    structure of ___ would be then modified.

    a) that

    b) what

    c) which

    d) whatever

    e) whom

    17) Choose the correct variant:One Affirmative and one Negative conjunct in a Compound Subject NP trigger

    agreement:

    a) in the singular

    b) in the plural

    c) with the Affirmative conjunct

    d) with the Negative conjunct

    e) by proximity

    18) Choose the correct variant:The semantic equivalence between the initial string and the resulting one is a condition

    for:

    a) Wh-movement

    b) Negative Raising

    c) Negative Incorporation

    d) Preposition Deletion

    e) relativisation

    19) Choose the correct analysis (type, function, function of the Introducer) of the embeddedclause:

    The commanding officer hoped for what his soldiers hoped for, too.

    a) Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause, Adverbial of Purpose, Indirect Object

    b) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause, Adverbial of Purpose, Prepositional Object

    c) Restrictive Relative Clause, Prepositional Object, Indirect Object

    d) Free Relative Clause, Prepositional Object, Indirect Object

    e) Free Relative Clause, Prepositional Object, Prepositional Object

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    20) Choose the correct statement:

    a) Effective semantic relations imply a sequence of states of affairs.

    b) Semantically, the Full Gerund has an event interpretation.

    c) THAT Clauses behave similarly to NPs with respect to Coordination.

    d) The occurrence of Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses presupposes a [- specific]

    antecedent.

    e) The Either-Conjoining Test requires of both sentences to be Negative.

    21) Which of the following prepositions can co-occur with Gerunds with passive meaning?

    a) for

    b) about

    c) beyond

    d) upon

    e) on

    22) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:SEALS members are specially trained to be able to surpass ___ difficulties they may

    encounter during their missions.

    a) whither

    b) whatever

    c) that

    d) which

    e) whereat

    23) Which of the following strings contains an inherent semantic negation?a) He could no longer utter a word.

    b) John was so ill that he was unable to rise in bed.

    c) The defendant does not deny that he was in the bank at the time of the robbery.

    d) One can hardly imagine such recklessness!

    e) This may just as well be regarded as an illegal operation.

    24) Choose the correct rule(s) that has (have) applied in case of the following string:Peter has been but proves to be no longer a drug addict.

    a) Negative Raising

    b) Negative Raising; V-Gapping

    c) Conjunction Reduction; Subject-to-Object Raising

    d) Right Node Raising; Subject-to-Subject Raising

    e) Right Node Raising; Subject-to-Subject Raising; Conjunction Reduction

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    25) Which of the following Verbs can take two sentential arguments?

    a) imply

    b) amaze

    c) insist

    d) hear

    e) believe

    26) Which of the following strings features a metalinguistic use of Negation?

    a) She barely bothers telling her parents anything about her.

    b) He is ill-tempered, and she is not a very patient nature either.

    c) I told him to get some money, not to steal it!

    d) Joan has won the one-mile race, and this is unbelievable!

    e) Hardly can he recover in a months time, not even with the best medical care that money

    can buy.

    27) Which of the following operations implies the existence of a semantically indefiniteComplement Subject?

    a) Negative Raising

    b) nominalisation

    c) BE Deletion

    d) THAT Deletion

    e) One Deletion

    28) Which of the following Complex Sentences contains a Subordinate Clause functioning asSentence modifier?

    a) Democracy is often wrongly understood as ones liberty to put into practice whatever

    crazy idea may cross ones mind.

    b) The cars for sale which you can find in newspaper ads are not very expensive.

    c) The authorities in charge of the crisis had not complied with any of the demands, which

    outraged the leader of the hijackers.

    d) Leper, which is generally considered a disease of The Middle Ages, still claims victims

    even today.

    e) All the students who had not passed the exam were utterly disappointed.

    29) Choose the correct statement regarding the Complement Subject in the following string:It is not polite to talk in a loud voice in public places.

    a) It has been replaced by it.

    b) It has been deleted under indefiniteness.

    c) It has been promoted as Subject in the Main Clause.

    d) It has been promoted as Object in the Main Clause.

    e) It has been deleted under co-referentiality with some NP in the Main Clause.

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    30) Which of the following Verbs subcategorises for a clausal Direct Object (THAT Clause),and an Indirect Object or a Prepositional Object (/_ S-PNP/)?

    a) bother

    b) confuse

    c) suggest

    d) eat

    e) walk

    31) Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause:The footwear that would meet our explorers demands must be expensive.

    a) THAT Clause Direct Object

    b) Free Relative Clause Direct Object

    c) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    d) Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    e) Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier

    32) Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger?

    a) live

    b) appear

    c) hold

    d) come

    e) die

    33) Which of the following strings features an asymmetric use of a Coordinator?

    a) A good puppet show can amuse the children, and teach them something at the same time.

    b) Big cats can be raised as pets but this is not the way to treat a wild animal.

    c) We do not positively know whether it was suicide or murder.

    d) The cubs were doing what all cubs do: they were eating, sleeping, and playing.

    e) Politicians promise so many things and so solemnly, and they forget all about their

    commitments so quickly and easily!

    34) Choose the correct statement:

    a) Right Node Raising is a forward rule in English.

    b) THAT Clauses pass the pseudo-cleft test.

    c) The Accusative + Infinitive Construction is the result of passivising the Main Clause after

    Subject-to-Object Raising.

    d) Interrogative Sentences are [+ assertive] environments.

    e) Affirmative Sentences are pragmatically more constrained than Negative Sentences.

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    35) Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause:Under such terrible circumstances, they could no longer even think about what was to

    follow.

    a) Complement Clause Attribute

    b) Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier

    c) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause PNP modifier

    d) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Prepositional Object

    e) Free Relative Clause Prepositional Object

    36) Which of the following items is a [+ temporal] incomplete Negator?

    a) until

    b) not all that

    c) scarcely

    d) ever

    e) never

    37) Which of the following Verbs can take an Infinitive Clause as Prepositional Object?

    a) snore

    b) purr

    c) knit

    d) have

    e) consent

    38) Which of the following meanings can be rendered by an asymmetric use of AND?

    a) concessive

    b) consecutive

    c) conditional

    d) any of the three meanings above

    e) none of the three meanings above

    39) Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer:Could the ones whom we have voted for disappoint us again?!

    a) Indirect Object

    b) Direct Object

    c) Subject

    d) Genitive Determiner

    e) Prepositional Object

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    40) Which is the correct function of the underlined phrase?The prisoner was unanimously recognised as a real brute.

    a) (Derived) Subject Complement

    b) (Derived) Object Complement

    c) Prepositional Object

    d) Attribute

    e) Predicative

    41) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:This unstable structure would not bear ___ once again.

    a) that it shakes

    b) which is shaking

    c) that is shaking

    d) shaken

    e) shaking

    42) Which of the following Adjectives can take a THAT Clause as Subject?

    a) fresh

    b) wet

    c) blond

    d) unfair

    e) warm

    43) Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer:As a matter of fact, she knew practically nothing about the man to whom she had lent so

    much money.

    a) Subject

    b) Direct Object

    c) Indirect Object

    d) Prepositional Object

    e) Predicative

    44) Choose the correct function of the embedded clause:It was almost too good to be true.

    a) Object Complement

    b) Adverbial of Purpose

    c) Adverbial of Manner

    d) Adverbial of Result

    e) Predicative

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    45) Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer:In that impenetrable jungle, the soldiers had relied solely on the indications of the

    compass, which compass was now lost in the white water of the river.

    a) Subject

    b) Subject Complement

    c) Direct Object

    d) Indirect Object

    e) Determiner

    46) Choose the correct operation(s) or rule(s) that has (have) applied in case of the followingstring:

    It was not desirable for the third and last group to abort the mission either.

    a) IT-Cleaving

    b) Extraposition + IT Insertion

    c) Extraposition + IT Insertion; Negative Raising

    d) Extraposition + IT Insertion; Conjunction Reduction

    e) Conjunction Reduction; Negative Raising

    47) Identify the semantico-pragmatic factor involved in the relatedness of clauses in case of thefollowing string:

    Helen washed the dishes, wiped them dry, and put them into the cupboard.

    a) cause effect relatedness

    b) meaning relatedness among lexemes

    c) temporal relatedness

    d) relatedness by means of Relatorse) semantic equivalence

    48) Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s):Unexpectedly, crocodiles are so gentle and caring with their offspring as to carry the

    hatchlings in their mouth without harming them.

    a) Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Result

    b) Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Purpose

    c) Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause Adverbial of Purpose

    d) Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Result; Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object

    e) Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause Attribute; Gerundial Clause Attribute

    49) Which of the following Verbs corresponds to the subcategorisation frame /_ PNP-S/?

    a) kill

    b) seem

    c) drink

    d) agree

    e) tempt

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    50) Which of the following items is not a grammatical Negative Polarity Item?

    a) yet

    b) nevertheless

    c) ever

    d) either

    e) in any way

    51) Which of the following Nouns can occur in Tough Movement patterns?

    a) article

    b) education

    c) plum

    d) curse

    e) vow

    52) Which of the following statements is correct?a) Gapping deletes identical Adverbials.

    b) Thatcannot introduce a Relative Clause the antecedent of which is determined by a

    superlative.

    c) Only Full Gerunds can function as Subjects.

    d) The complete Negator NOT may trigger local negation.

    e) None of the four previous statements is correct.

    53) Choose the correct function of the embedded clause:The latest terrorist threat was serious enough to be discussed at the highest levels of the

    administration.

    a) Prepositional Object

    b) Indirect Object

    c) Attribute

    d) Adverbial of Manner

    e) Adverbial of Result

    54) Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string:She has forgotten it amazingly quickly working hard for an honest living.

    a) N-Gapping; Extraposition + IT Insertion

    b) N-Gapping; Extraposition + IT Insertion; progressive BE Deletion

    c) N-Gapping; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject

    d) Extraposition + IT Insertion; deletion under indefiniteness of the Complement Subject

    e) Extraposition + IT Insertion; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject

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    55) Which of the following Adjectives can be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger?

    a) sure

    b) dark

    c) loud

    d) young

    e) slim

    56) In which of the following environments the Polarity Reversal Rule is optional?

    a) Interrogative Sentences

    b) Conditional Clauses featuring the Complementizerif

    c) Comparative Clauses introduced by than oras

    d) any of the three environments above

    e) none of the three environments above

    57) Which type of construction is illustrated by the following string?What really worries me is her ever increasing greediness.a) Gerundial Construction, the Complement Subject being deleted under identity

    b) Wh-Cleft Construction (Free Relative Clause, focused element right to Copula BE)

    c) Nominative + Present Participle Construction

    d) Nominative + Past Participle Construction

    e) Nominative + (Derived) Subject Complement Construction

    58) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:There ___ be more such dedicated professors in every university!

    a) as well

    b) well

    c) either

    d) had better

    e) would rather

    59) Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses:What was even worse was the fans evidently going wild.

    a) Embedded (Indirect) Question Subject; Half Gerund Direct Object

    b) Restrictive Relative Clause Subject; Full Gerund Direct Object

    c) Free Relative Clause Subject; Half Gerund Predicative

    d) Free Relative Clause Subject; Restrictive Relative Clause Predicative

    e) Embedded (Indirect) Question Predicative; Complementizerless THAT Clause Direct

    Object

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    60) Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause:Our partners can bet on it that the promotion will have an enormous impact.

    a) THAT Clause Attribute

    b) Restrictive Relative Clause PNP modifier

    c) THAT Clause Direct Object

    d) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause PNP modifier

    e) THAT Clause Prepositional Object

    61) Choose the correct variant:The presence of an indefinite item in pre-Auxiliary1 position triggers:

    a) Subject-to-Object Raising

    b) Subject Control

    c) Dative Movement

    d) obligatory Negative Incorporation

    e) optional Polarity Reversal Rule

    62) Which of the following semantic relations is not a circumstantial one?

    a) manner

    b) purpose

    c) comparative

    d) temporal

    e) none of the four listed above

    63) Choose the correct statement:

    a) Negative Attraction (without Incorporation) is more frequent in post-Auxiliary position.

    b) In case of Adversative Coordination, the relation is a binary one.

    c) Subordination by complementation is grounded upon the referential identity between two

    nominals.

    d) Only Verbs of physical perception rendering accidental, non-intended and / or

    non-durative perception can be Subject-to-Object Raising triggers.

    e) With Gerunds functioning as Prepositional Objects, the preposition has to be deleted.

    64) Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause:

    I imagine you have double-checked the entire installation.

    a) Free Relative Clause Direct Object

    b) Free Relative Clause Predicative

    c) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Direct Object

    d) THAT Clause Prepositional Object

    e) THAT Clause Direct Object

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    65) Which of the following prepositions is obligatorily fronted in relativisation out of P-NPstrings?

    a) during

    b) about

    c) to

    d) at

    e) beyond

    66) Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string:The tall man was noticed by the shop assistant almost brutally scolding the child.

    a) Subject-to-Subject Raising; Main Clause passivisation

    b) Subject-to-Object Raising; Main Clause passivisation; progressive BE Deletion

    c) THAT Deletion; Main Clause passivisation

    d) THAT Deletion; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject; Copula BE Deletion

    e) THAT Deletion; deletion under indefiniteness of the Complement Subject

    67) Which of the following items can be a Relative Clause Introducer?

    a) as

    b) like

    c) or

    d) for

    e) to

    68) Which of the following Connectors cannot be preceded by another Connector?

    a) yet

    b) therefore

    c) because

    d) if

    e) or

    69) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:He was reluctant ___ details to the media.

    a) giving

    b) not giving

    c) that we give

    d) that he gives

    e) to give

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    70) Which of the following possible antecedent determiners triggers a preference forthatas aRelative Clause Introducer?

    a) the

    b) all

    c) both

    d) this

    e) my

    71) Which of the following constructions is the result of Copula BE Deletion applying in anInfinitival Direct Object pattern?

    a) IT-Cleft Construction

    b) Accusative + (Derived) Object Complement Construction

    c) Nominative + Present Participle Construction

    d) Object Complement Construction

    e) Gerundial Construction

    72) Choose the correct type and function of the embedded clause:The fossils which that lucky amateur has unearthed right here in the valley are 80

    million years old.

    a) THAT Clause Direct Object

    b) THAT Clause Subject

    c) Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    d) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    e) Free Relative Clause Attribute

    73) Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses:The lab assistant simply forgot I had asked for the results to be sent to your office, too.

    a) THAT Clause Prepositional Object; FOR-TO Infinitive Clause Direct Object

    b) THAT Clause Direct Object; FOR-TO Infinitive Clause Prepositional Object

    c) Free Relative Clause Direct Object; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause modifier

    d) Free Relative Clause Subject; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause modifier

    e) THAT Clause Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Direct Object

    74) Which of the following items can replace a PNP functioning as Manner Adverbial?a) whereby

    b) as

    c) much

    d) that

    e) none of the four items above

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    75) Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses:The relatives were not very happy that you consented to their getting married so soon.

    a) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier; Infinitive Clause Direct Object

    b) THAT Clause Prepositional Object; Infinitive Clause Direct Object

    c) THAT Clause Predicative; Infinitive Clause Prepositional Object

    d) THAT Clause Direct Object; Half Gerund Direct Object

    e) THAT Clause Prepositional Object; Full Gerund Prepositional Object

    76) Which of the following items is not a typical Relative Clause Introducer?

    a) why

    b) where

    c) what

    d) who

    e) which

    77) Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses:The editor, who was new in the business, had published the manuscript only to discover

    the plagiarism later.

    a) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier; Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Result

    b) Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier; Infinitive Clause Adverbial of Purpose

    c) Free Relative Clause Subject; Infinitive Clause Prepositional Object

    d) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause VP modifier; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause

    Attribute

    e) Free Relative Clause Attribute; Non-Finite Participial Relative Clause modifier

    78) Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s):Actually,John could not stand his young wifes permanently worrying about whatever

    might happen to the child.

    a) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier

    b) Free Relative Clause Indirect Object

    c) Half Gerund Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Indirect Object

    d) Full Gerund Indirect Object

    e) Full Gerund Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Prepositional Object

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    79) Indicate which operation(s) or rule(s) has (have) applied in the following string:By any means, it doesnt appear that the same stupid kind of so-called entertainment can

    be a delight for the viewers to watch almost every night on almost any channel.

    a) Subject-to-Object Raising; Negative Raising; deletion under indefiniteness of the

    Infinitival Complement Subject

    b) Extraposition (+ IT Insertion) of THAT Clause from Subject position; Negative Raising;

    Polarity Reversal Rule; deletion under identity of the Infinitival Complement Subject;

    Tough Movement

    c) IT-Cleaving; deletion under indefiniteness of the Infinitival Complement Subject; BE

    Deletion; Polarity Reversal Rule

    d) IT-Cleaving; Subject-to-Subject Raising

    e) Subject-to-Subject Raising

    80) Which of the following situations prevents THAT Deletion?

    a) The clause is an Object Clause, and it is questioned.

    b) The clause is an Object Clause, and it is relativised.

    c) The Complement Subject is a pronoun.

    d) The matrix Verb is an intransitive (existential) verb.

    e) The clause is an extraposed Object.

    81) Which of the following constructions is the result of progressive BE Deletion applying in aSubject-to-Subject Raising pattern?

    a) Nominative + Present Participle Construction

    b) Wh-Cleft Construction

    c) IT-Cleft Construction

    d) Gerundial Construction

    e) Nominative + (Derived) Subject Complement Construction

    82) Choose the correct statement:

    a) Out of two or several elements in a sentence that are potentially capable of incorporating

    the NEG, only the first one actually attracts and incorporates it.

    b) Causal, consecutive, concessive, conditional, and purpose relations belong to the class of

    circumstantial semantic relations.

    c) Sentences containing grammatical Negative Polarity Items always have Affirmative

    counterparts.d) Subordination can be manifest at the level of phrases or of words.

    e) Coordination can only express equivalence in both formal and semantico-pragmatic

    terms.

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    83) Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer:Nobody was showing any consideration for whatever these people had been anymore.

    a) Prepositional Object

    b) Direct Object

    c) Predicative

    d) Determiner

    e) Subject

    84) Which of the following strings contains an idiomatic Negative Polarity Item?

    a) Although Kevin and Roger were the real ones to be blamed for all that had happened,

    they did not even bother asking about our brothers health.

    b) You could scarcely get a worse piece of advice!

    c) Nobody will care to take over any of your responsibilities.

    d) I dont want to hear anything about this being likely to happen to anyone any longer!

    e) I cannot translate this pile of documents till tomorrow, since I didnt sleep a wink last

    night either.

    85) Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string:The woman realised her son intended trying once more to climb that deadly mountain.

    a) Subject-to-Subject Raising; Copula BE Deletion; N-Gapping

    b) Extraposition; deletion under indefiniteness of the Complement Subject

    c) Subject-to-Object Raising; Copula BE Deletion

    d) Subject-to-Object Raising; progressive BE Deletion

    e) THAT Deletion; deletion under identity of the Gerund and the Infinitive Complement

    Subjects

    86) Which of the following Connectors triggers agreement by proximity?

    a) both and

    b) not only but also

    c) equally and

    d) neither nor

    e) inclusive, weakly disjunctive OR

    87) Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string:The players quickly judged the newcomer as an individualist.a) Complex NP Shift; THAT Deletion

    b) Subject-to-Subject Raising; Complex NP Shift

    c) Subject-to-Object Raising; Copula BE Deletion

    d) Subject-to-Subject Raising; passive BE Deletion

    e) Subject-to-Subject Raising; progressive BE Deletion

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    88) Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s):Their grossly ignoring the most elementary safety regulations almost killed this poor

    young worker.

    a) Non-Finite Participial Relative Clause modifier

    b) Full Gerund modifier

    c) Full Gerund Subject

    d) Complementizerless THAT Clause Subject; Full Gerund Direct Object

    e) Free Relative Clause Subject; Full Gerund Predicative

    89) Choose the correct variant:The obligatory deletion under (referential) identity or under indefiniteness of the

    Complement Subject is a prerequisite of:

    a) relativisation

    b) Subject Control

    c) Conjunction Reduction

    d) Subject-to-Object Raising

    e) Tough Movement

    90) Which of the following items can occur in a string featuring a Gerund with passive meaning?

    a) above

    b) across

    c) under

    d) over

    e) past

    91) Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Subject Raising trigger?

    a) grasp

    b) occur

    c) fill

    d) rehearse

    e) apply

    92) Which of the following Nouns can take a sentential Subject?

    a) pity

    b) devil

    c) poverty

    d) candy

    e) soap

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    93) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:Considering the immense resources of that company, they could hire ___ they want to.

    a) which

    b) whichever

    c) whomever

    d) whatever

    e) what

    94) Choose the correct function of the embedded clause:Her father must be a devil to do such awful things to a poor little puppy!

    a) Attribute

    b) Direct Object

    c) Predicative

    d) Adverbial of Purpose

    e) Adverbial of Reason (or Condition)

    95) Which of the following prepositions is obligatorily fronted in relativisation out of P-NPstrings?

    a) through

    b) by

    c) concerning

    d) beneath

    e) out

    96) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:This snake is ___ to touch, for it rarely bites something larger than its usual prey.

    a) the chosen

    b) an idea

    c) wanted

    d) not so dangerous

    e) out of danger

    97) Choose the correct variant:The Nounfactcan take a THAT Clause functioning as:

    a) Attribute

    b) Predicative

    c) Subject

    d) any of the three functions above

    e) none of the three functions above

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    98) Which of the following constructions may feature either a Free or a Restrictive RelativeClause, and render a thematic focus occurring right to Copula BE?

    a) Wh-Cleft Construction

    b) IT-Cleft Construction

    c) Wh-movement Infinitival Relative Clause Construction

    d) Participial Construction

    e) none of the four constructions above

    99) Identify the semantico-pragmatic factor involved in the relatedness of clauses in case of thefollowing string:

    The engine of my car does no longer start presently and smoothly, and I suspect a

    malfunction of the ignition system.

    a) meaning relatedness among lexemes

    b) relatedness due to compatibility, common topic

    c) relatedness due to the presence of Relators

    d) temporal relatedness

    e) cause effect relatedness

    100) Which is the correct function of the underlined phrase?In a split second, he felt the bear as ready to attack.

    a) Subject Complement

    b) (Derived) Subject Complement

    c) (Derived) Object Complement

    d) Predicative

    e) Prepositional Object

    101) Which of the following Adjectives can take a THAT Clause as Subject?

    a) cold

    b) sheer

    c) eager

    d) anxious

    e) incorrect

    102) Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s):One of the outstanding leaders of the opposition has publicly declared his unconditioned

    support for the majoritys initiative, which bewildered everyone.

    a) Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier; Free Relative Clause Prepositional

    Object

    b) Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    c) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause Sentence modifier

    d) Gerundial Clause Attribute; Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    e) Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object; Non-Restrictive Relative Clause VP modifier

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    103) Choose the correct statement regarding the Complement Subject in the following string:How selfish it was of her to spend all the money on furs, jewels, and gambling!

    a) It has been promoted as Subject in the Main Clause.

    b) It has been promoted as Object in the Main Clause.

    c) It has been deleted under referential identity with the Prepositional Object in the Main

    Clause.

    d) It has been deleted under indefiniteness.

    e) It has been replaced by it.

    104) Choose the correct variant:Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses cannot be:

    a) AP modifiers

    b) NP modifiers

    c) nominal modifiers

    d) Sentence modifiers

    e) PNP modifiers

    105) Which of the following Verbs can be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger?

    a) fly

    b) occur

    c) remove

    d) swim

    e) make

    106) Which of the following items is a [- temporal] incomplete Negator?a) still

    b) scarcely

    c) at all

    d) until

    e) seldom

    107) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:After a weeks search, the missing members of the crew were declared ___ at sea.

    a) that they are lost

    b) that they have been lost

    c) to lose

    d) (to be) lost

    e) to disappear

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    108) Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s):In a relatively short time, the sole survivor realised he had practically no recollection of

    him crawling out of the wreck of the plane and nearly 200 meters away.

    a) Half Gerund Prepositional Object

    b) THAT Clause Direct Object; Half Gerund Attribute

    c) THAT Clause Predicative

    d) Free Relative Clause Direct Object

    e) Free Relative Clause Attribute; Non-Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier

    109) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:The camera installed by an extremely frustrated bird lover captured the squirrels ___

    the seemingly unreachable, and yet mysteriously vanishing seeds placed in suspended

    bowls.

    a) that they steal and eat

    b) that they stole and ate

    c) stolen and eatend) to be stolen and eaten

    e) (to be) stealing and eating

    110) Which of the following statements is correct?

    a) The metalinguistic use of Negation employs a distinctive stress with contrastive function.

    b) Whenever it occurs in a string, the Negator NOT has scope over an entire sentential

    constituent.

    c) The Neither Tag Test requires of two conjoined sentences that the second one should be

    Negative.

    d) The inherently [ assertive] marking of a Polarity Item has to oppose the derivationally

    assigned [ assertive] feature.

    e) None of the four previous statements is correct.

    111) Choose the correct types and functions of the embedded clauses:A normal endowment of common sense ought to tell one that reality may not always be

    what one expects of it.

    a) THAT Clause Direct Object; Free Relative Clause Predicative

    b) THAT Clause Direct Object; Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clause Predicative

    c) Infinitive Clause Direct Object; Infinitive Clause Predicatived) Restrictive Relative Clause Attribute; Infinitive Clause Direct Object

    e) Restrictive Relative Clause Prepositional Object; Free Relative Clause Direct Object

    112) Which of the following items cannot be a Relative Clause Introducer?

    a) as

    b) whither

    c) whatsoever

    d) either

    e) that

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    113) Which of the following Verbs is a bisentential one?

    a) feel

    b) plan

    c) indicate

    d) understand

    e) commence

    114) Which type of construction is illustrated by the following string?The more and more evident decay of cultural and moral values is what should actually

    arrest our attention.

    a) Accusative + Present Participle Construction

    b) Nominative + Present Participle Construction

    c) Nominative + (Derived) Subject Complement Construction

    d) Wh-Cleft Construction (focused element left to Copula BE, Free Relative Clause)

    e) Infinitival Construction, the Complement Subject being deleted under indefiniteness

    115) Which of the following Verbs can take two Prepositional Objects, out of which one may beclausal?

    a) argue

    b) deny

    c) instruct

    d) remember

    e) blame

    116) Choose the correct statement:

    a) Right Node Raising deletes identical prepositions.

    b) Matrix exercitive Verbs of command or of permission trigger the occurrence of the

    Subjunctive in Subject THAT Clauses.

    c) Aspectual distinctions are lost in Infinitival and Gerundial Complement Clauses.

    d) Gerunds are not allowed as internal clauses.

    e) Infinitive Clauses are less sentency than THAT Clauses.

    117) Which of the following Nouns can occur in Tough Movement patterns?

    a) death

    b) instinct

    c) burden

    d) noise

    e) silence

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    118) Indicate which operation(s) or rule(s) has (have) applied in the following string:The local clergy considered there were still two more churches to be built in town.

    a) Preposition Deletion; Subject-to-Object Raising; passivisation (of the Subordinate

    Clause)

    b) THERE Insertion; N-Gapping; passivisation (of the Subordinate Clause)

    c) THERE Insertion; THAT Deletion; passivisation (of the Subordinate Clause); deletion by

    relativisation of the Subordinate Subject; deletion under indefiniteness of the SubordinatePrepositional Object

    d) Preposition Deletion; THAT Deletion; Subject-to-Object Raising; deletion under identity

    of the Subordinate Prepositional Object; Right Node Raising

    e) Passivisation (of the Subordinate Clause)

    119) Which of the following Nouns can take an Infinitival sentential Subject?

    a) velocity

    b) ordeal

    c) array

    d) pin

    e) sparrow

    120) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:The spokesman of the Government declared yesterday that there ___ a significant

    modification in the value added tax collecting system after January, 2007.

    a) will be

    b) would be

    c) would have been

    d) would occur

    e) would have occurred

    121) Indicate which transformations have occurred in case of the following string:In this story, the stepmother does not turn out malevolent.

    a) Negative Attraction; deletion under identity of the Complement Subject

    b) Subject-to-Object Raising; Negative Attraction

    c) Subject-to-Subject Raising; progressive BE Deletion; Negative Raising

    d) Subject-to-Subject Raising; Copula BE Deletion; Negative Raising

    e) Subject-to-Subject Raising; Negative Raising

    122) Which of the following Nouns cannot take a THAT clausal Predicative?

    a) reason

    b) advantage

    c) problem

    d) fear

    e) revision

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    123) Which of the following Nouns often co-occurs with an Infinitive Clause as Attribute?

    a) plaster

    b) engine

    c) wish

    d) strawberry

    e) dust

    124) Which of the following Subject-to-Object Raising triggers requires the removal of the raisedNP from post-verbal position?

    a) know

    b) certify

    c) attest

    d) regard

    e) recognise

    125) Choose the correct statement:

    a) Relative Clauses cannot be extraposed.

    b) Within Restrictive Relative Clauses, which can also function as a Determiner.

    c) The preposed constituent in Non-Finite Infinitival Relative Clauses based on

    Wh-movement is always a Prepositional Phrase.

    d) Free Relative Clauses never function as Indirect Objects.

    e) Thatcan relativise a Genitive.

    126) Which of the following strings features an asymmetric use of a Coordinator?

    a) 5 minutes to launch, and counting.

    b) The kittens are healthy, and they are growing with every passing day.

    c) We either come up with something really important quickly, or the University will cut off

    our funding.

    d) In fact, yesterday I found the recommended book to be available at Amazon.com but it

    was too expensive for me to purchase it on the spot.

    e) The witness could not tell whether the white van that he saw was a Ford or a Mercedes.

    127) Which of the following Verbs can take two sentential arguments?

    a) cut

    b) glitter

    c) run

    d) prove

    e) give

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    128) Choose the correct variant:Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses modifying long and heavy NPs allow:

    a) Dative Movement

    b) passive BE Deletion

    c) Subject Control

    d) Extraposition and IT Insertion

    e) Extraposition (not followed by IT Insertion)

    129) Which of the following Verbs can co-occur with Gerunds with passive meaning?

    a) guess

    b) deserve

    c) become

    d) elect

    e) persist

    130) Which of the following statements is correct?

    a) Causative Verbs are Tough Movement triggers.

    b) With Verbs taking a clausal Infinitival Direct Object, and also an Indirect Object or

    Prepositional Object, the identity between the Complement Subject and the Object in the

    Main Clause is an obligatory condition.

    c) Semantically, the Half Gerund has a manner interpretation.

    d) Gerunds never undergo Extraposition from Object position.

    e) None of the four previous statements is correct.

    131) Which of the following Verbs cannot be a Subject-to-Object Raising trigger?a) let

    b) hold

    c) occasion

    d) agree

    e) say

    132) Choose the appropriate to fill in the blanks variant:Astronomers are now ___ to have overestimated the number of possibly similar to ours

    planetary systems in the galaxy.

    a) essential

    b) correct

    c) common

    d) certain

    e) natural

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    133) Choose the correct function of the Relative Clause Introducer:The lioness the tracks of which they had lost was later spotted by the bushmen.

    a) Genitive Determiner

    b) Prepositional Object

    c) Predicative

    d) Subject

    e) Indirect Object

    134) Which of the following items can introduce an Infinitive Clause functioning as anAdverbial?

    a) if

    b) if only

    c) only

    d) unless

    e) else

    135) Which of the following strings contains an inherent semantic negation?

    a) To the great surprise and sorrow of the defence, the judge did not dismiss the charges

    against the two under age accomplices.

    b) For a second or two, the thought that that was a time to run for his life, not to take

    pictures, had flashed through Johns terrified mind but professional habitude proved

    even stronger than the self-preservation instinct.

    c) It is a commonplace that true heroes are not fearless persons.

    d) Lost and disoriented in the endlessness of the sub-Arctic tundra, the explorers could

    scarcely appreciate the distance they had covered.e) It was barely her transient beauty but her inexhaustible wit that had so deeply and

    irreversibly seduced him.

    136) Which of the following possible antecedent determiners prevents the occurrence ofNon-Restrictive Relative Clauses?

    a) this

    b) these

    c) both

    d) each

    e) the

    137) Which of the following items is a [- assertive] Relative Clause antecedent determiner?

    a) by no means

    b) a(n)

    c) as

    d) if

    e) scarcely

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    138) Choose the correct type(s) and function(s) of the embedded clause(s):Present day brain surgery makes use of cutting-edge techniques and technology,

    whereby doctors succeed in performing operations nobody dreamed of just a few years

    ago.

    a) Gerundial Clause Adverbial of Purpose

    b) Non-Restrictive Relative Clause NP modifier; Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object;

    Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    c) Gerundial Clause Predicative

    d) Free Relative Clause Attribute; Restrictive Relative Clause nominal modifier

    e) Gerundial Clause Prepositional Object; Non-Restrictive Relative Clause VP modifier

    139) Which of the following items is a [- negative] [- assertive] environment?

    a) contradictory negation

    b) local negation

    c) metalinguistic negation

    d) Comparative Clause

    e) Object Clause

    140) Which of the following operations presupposes the existence of an iterated and sequentiallyordered co-referentiality?

    a) Tough Movement

    b) One Deletion

    c) Independent relativisation

    d) recursive embedding

    e) Conjunction Reduction at PNP level