LBJLBJ1945 and 1945 and Beyond-4Beyond-4

VietnamVietnam

Civil RightsCivil Rights

and more!and more!

The Great Society and the The Great Society and the War on PovertyWar on Poverty

LBJ really believed that we could end LBJ really believed that we could end poverty forever.poverty forever.

He believed that Civil Rights was the He believed that Civil Rights was the great moral issue of the day.great moral issue of the day.

He will get in trouble in VietnamHe will get in trouble in Vietnam The War and the Great Society Programs The War and the Great Society Programs

will be expensivewill be expensive Civil unrest with Civil Rights and Anti-War Civil unrest with Civil Rights and Anti-War

groups will cost the democrats in 1968 groups will cost the democrats in 1968 (the year from Hell)(the year from Hell)

The War on Poverty’s The War on Poverty’s LegislationLegislation

1965 Elementary and Secondary 1965 Elementary and Secondary School Act: much federal $ to schoolsSchool Act: much federal $ to schools

Job Corps: to train unskilledJob Corps: to train unskilled Office of Economic Opportunities: to Office of Economic Opportunities: to

help communities (Neighborhood help communities (Neighborhood Watches, etc)Watches, etc)

HUD: Housing and Urban HUD: Housing and Urban Development- a new cabinet-level dept: Development- a new cabinet-level dept: Weaver: first Black in cabinet Weaver: first Black in cabinet

LegislationLegislation

Immigration Act 1965Immigration Act 1965: abolished national : abolished national origins clause (no more quotas so less origins clause (no more quotas so less racist) but limited total # of immigrants racist) but limited total # of immigrants to 170,000 yearlyto 170,000 yearly

Medicare Act Medicare Act (extension of New Deal) (extension of New Deal) hospital and nursing home help to the hospital and nursing home help to the elderlyelderly

Medicaid ActMedicaid Act: federal medical benefits to : federal medical benefits to welfare recipientswelfare recipients

Baker v Carr 1962Baker v Carr 1962

Legislative districts should be as Legislative districts should be as equal in population as possible; 1 equal in population as possible; 1 person, 1 voteperson, 1 vote

Medicine: Organ transplants!Medicine: Organ transplants!

The PuebloThe Pueblo

American spy submarine in the Sea American spy submarine in the Sea of Japan- INTERNATIONAL of Japan- INTERNATIONAL WATERS- was surrounded by North WATERS- was surrounded by North Korean ships. Crew imprisoned for Korean ships. Crew imprisoned for 11 months. Charged with spying 11 months. Charged with spying

The OASThe OAS

LBJ sent troops to the Dominican LBJ sent troops to the Dominican RepublicRepublic

He feared threat of communismHe feared threat of communism Did not work through the OASDid not work through the OAS They got madThey got mad

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

Khrushchev fell from powerKhrushchev fell from power Was replaced by BrezhnevWas replaced by Brezhnev Little change in relationship with Little change in relationship with

U.S.U.S.

VietnamVietnam

After WWII French tried to reestablish After WWII French tried to reestablish itself there. Wanted U.S. helpitself there. Wanted U.S. help

Ho Chi Minh, a popular North Ho Chi Minh, a popular North Vietnamese leader and valuable U.S. Vietnamese leader and valuable U.S. ally during WWII wanted ally during WWII wanted independence and our help.independence and our help.

We helped FranceWe helped France Ho Chi Minh was a communistHo Chi Minh was a communist We still had the Policy of containmentWe still had the Policy of containment

VietnamVietnam

By 1953, the U.S. was paying for 80% of the By 1953, the U.S. was paying for 80% of the French war costsFrench war costs

They gave up in 1953 (Dien Bien Phu)They gave up in 1953 (Dien Bien Phu) Geneva Accords: Vietnam divided at 17Geneva Accords: Vietnam divided at 17thth // // The North (Ho Chi Minh) supported by The North (Ho Chi Minh) supported by

SovietsSoviets The South supported by U.S. (Ngo Dinh The South supported by U.S. (Ngo Dinh

Diem)Diem) Elections for all scheduled for 1956 then Elections for all scheduled for 1956 then

was to be reunitedwas to be reunited

19561956

The South (U.S.) refused to have The South (U.S.) refused to have elections…Ho Chi Minh would have won elections…Ho Chi Minh would have won (Containment now the Domino Theory in (Containment now the Domino Theory in Vietnam: If we allowed one country in Vietnam: If we allowed one country in SE Asia to fall to Communism, the rest SE Asia to fall to Communism, the rest would fall too…Like Dominos)would fall too…Like Dominos)

Ngo Dinh Diem began to persecute Ho’s Ngo Dinh Diem began to persecute Ho’s followers in the South…to Vietnam Warfollowers in the South…to Vietnam War

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh

Army: the Vietminh (also political party)Army: the Vietminh (also political party) Viet Cong: South Vietnamese who Viet Cong: South Vietnamese who

supported Ho Chi Minhsupported Ho Chi Minh NLFNLF

Ngo Dinh Diem began to persecute Ngo Dinh Diem began to persecute Buddhist monks (he was Catholic)Buddhist monks (he was Catholic)

They protested by lighting themselves on They protested by lighting themselves on fire! fire!

Religious persecution in Religious persecution in VietnamVietnam

The issue with the monks embarrassed The issue with the monks embarrassed the Kennedy administrationthe Kennedy administration

Ngo told to stopNgo told to stop Persecution continuedPersecution continued Ngo assassinated by his own generals Ngo assassinated by his own generals

(U.S. government was not surprised)(U.S. government was not surprised) Then U.S. supported one strongman Then U.S. supported one strongman

after anotherafter another

Vietnam and KennedyVietnam and Kennedy

While Kennedy was in office, U.S. While Kennedy was in office, U.S. troops went from 685 to 16,000 (first troops went from 685 to 16,000 (first in were the elite Green Berets) in were the elite Green Berets)

We were only supposed to be We were only supposed to be supporting South Vietnamese Troopssupporting South Vietnamese Troops

LBJ in VietnamLBJ in Vietnam

LBJ was convinced by American LBJ was convinced by American Generals that if given the proper Generals that if given the proper troops and weapons, U.S. could end troops and weapons, U.S. could end it easilyit easily

We COULD defeat the North We COULD defeat the North Vietnamese Army but the Viet Cong Vietnamese Army but the Viet Cong will kick our butts!will kick our butts!

LBJ and VietnamLBJ and Vietnam

Johnson went to congress and claimed Johnson went to congress and claimed that the North Vietnamese sunk two that the North Vietnamese sunk two American Ships in the Gulf of Tonkin American Ships in the Gulf of Tonkin …unprovoked (was not true)…unprovoked (was not true)

Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution: authorized the President Resolution: authorized the President to do what was necessary to protect to do what was necessary to protect South VietnamSouth Vietnam

VietnamVietnam

1967…558,000 American soldiers in 1967…558,000 American soldiers in VietnamVietnam

LBJ’s plan: LBJ’s plan: PacificationPacification: to win the hearts : to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people with and minds of the Vietnamese people with democracydemocracy

NapalmNapalm BUT the governments we supported in BUT the governments we supported in

Vietnam were NOT democratic…Harsh, Vietnam were NOT democratic…Harsh, corruptcorrupt

By 1965 General Van ThieuBy 1965 General Van Thieu

VietnamVietnam

More and more anti-war protests, riotsMore and more anti-war protests, riots Largest anti-war group = SDS (Students Largest anti-war group = SDS (Students

for a Democratic Society)for a Democratic Society) Led by Tom Hayden (U of M)Led by Tom Hayden (U of M) Wrote the Wrote the Port Huron StatementPort Huron Statement: The : The

government must address the two issues of government must address the two issues of the day: Vietnam and Civil Rightsthe day: Vietnam and Civil Rights

Demonstrations, MoratoriumsDemonstrations, Moratoriums Civil Rights groups were anti-war too Civil Rights groups were anti-war too

(Black Panthers)(Black Panthers)

VietnamVietnam

Johnson could not escalate without Johnson could not escalate without involving the Chineseinvolving the Chinese

We could not withdraw because the We could not withdraw because the U.S. does not lose warsU.S. does not lose wars

Soldiers brought drug problems homeSoldiers brought drug problems home Vietnam brought a new lack of Vietnam brought a new lack of

respect for authorityrespect for authority My Lai massacre 1968My Lai massacre 1968

The Tet OffensiveThe Tet Offensive

Tet was the Vietnamese New YearTet was the Vietnamese New Year North Vietnam launch an attack on North Vietnam launch an attack on

over a dozen well-defended cities in over a dozen well-defended cities in South VietnamSouth Vietnam

They were totally unsuccessful BUTThey were totally unsuccessful BUT It was televised and the horror of it It was televised and the horror of it

turned the majority of the country turned the majority of the country against the war!against the war!

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Freedom Summer: College students Freedom Summer: College students (Black and White) went South during (Black and White) went South during the summer of 1964 to register Black the summer of 1964 to register Black voters.voters.

Three students disappearedThree students disappeared Johnson sent navy seals to dreg the Johnson sent navy seals to dreg the

waterswaters Found the kids. Had been torturedFound the kids. Had been tortured = much Civil Rights legislation = much Civil Rights legislation

Civil RightsCivil Rights

1964 1964 Civil Rights ActCivil Rights Act: No : No discrimination in public placesdiscrimination in public places

1964 1964 Amendment 24Amendment 24: Eliminated the : Eliminated the Poll TaxPoll Tax

1965 1965 Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act: federal : federal marshals to register Black voters in marshals to register Black voters in the Souththe South

1968: 1968: Fair Housing ActFair Housing Act: No : No discrimination in housingdiscrimination in housing

Civil RightsCivil Rights

King (SCLC)King (SCLC)SNCCSNCCCoreCoreBlack Muslims…Malcolm XBlack Muslims…Malcolm XBlack Panthers…Bobby Seale, Huey Newton, Black Panthers…Bobby Seale, Huey Newton,

Eldridge CleaverEldridge CleaverNAACP…legal arm of the movementNAACP…legal arm of the movementMarch on Washington 1967: tried to levitate the March on Washington 1967: tried to levitate the

PentagonPentagonAnti-war GroupsAnti-war GroupsWomen’s Rights, etc…The New Left: HippiesWomen’s Rights, etc…The New Left: Hippies

The New LeftThe New Left

Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, marchesSit-ins, Freedom Rides, marches Gay rights, Gray rights, bilingualismGay rights, Gray rights, bilingualism Women’s rights: began with a book:Women’s rights: began with a book: The Feminine Mystique…The Feminine Mystique…Gloria Gloria

SteinemSteinem Pant suits, bra-burning, etcPant suits, bra-burning, etc 1963 (Kennedy) 1963 (Kennedy) Equal Pay ActEqual Pay Act: :

women wanted comparable worthwomen wanted comparable worth

AssassinationsAssassinations

Malcolm X assassinated in 1965Malcolm X assassinated in 1965 Dr. King assassinated in 1968 James Dr. King assassinated in 1968 James

Earl RayEarl Ray Bobby Kennedy 1968 Sirhan SirhanBobby Kennedy 1968 Sirhan Sirhan

1967 on riots everywhere1967 on riots everywhere

1968 The Year from Hell1968 The Year from Hell Politics: RFK killed (champion of the Politics: RFK killed (champion of the

under classes and Civil Rights and anti-under classes and Civil Rights and anti-war)war)

Democratic National ConventionDemocratic National Convention Dr. King killed….no one to take his placeDr. King killed….no one to take his place 1968 Tet Offensive (majority against war)1968 Tet Offensive (majority against war) Draft Dodgers, etcDraft Dodgers, etc Republicans a shoe-in in 1968Republicans a shoe-in in 1968 Democrats had lost controlDemocrats had lost control

Election of 1968Election of 1968

Nixon Law and Order candidateNixon Law and Order candidate Secret plan to stop the warSecret plan to stop the war Represented the “Silent Majority”Represented the “Silent Majority”

Nixon (Republican) 301Nixon (Republican) 301 Hubert Humphrey LBJ’s VP (Dem) 191Hubert Humphrey LBJ’s VP (Dem) 191 George Wallace (Am. Independent) 46 George Wallace (Am. Independent) 46

Nixon and foreign affairsNixon and foreign affairs Played China and Russia against each otherPlayed China and Russia against each other Visit to both 1972Visit to both 1972 SALT ISALT I Shuttle Diplomacy in the Middle East Shuttle Diplomacy in the Middle East

(OPEC)(OPEC) Kissinger Sec. of StateKissinger Sec. of State Continued Containment BUT Nixon Continued Containment BUT Nixon

Doctrine: While the U.S. would participate Doctrine: While the U.S. would participate in the development and defense of its allies, in the development and defense of its allies, we would not take full responsibilitywe would not take full responsibility

VietnamVietnam

Plan: Vietnamization: To train the Plan: Vietnamization: To train the South Vietnamese to fight for themselves South Vietnamese to fight for themselves while removing American soldierswhile removing American soldiers

Secretly began to bomb bases in Laos Secretly began to bomb bases in Laos and Cambodiaand Cambodia

The Pentagon Papers were published The Pentagon Papers were published telling the truth of the Tonkin Gulf telling the truth of the Tonkin Gulf incident…we discovered that the whole incident…we discovered that the whole war was based on a liewar was based on a lie

The War Powers ActThe War Powers Act

Said the President had to account for Said the President had to account for his actions within 30 days of his actions within 30 days of committing American troops to committing American troops to foreign landsforeign lands

War ended 1974 with the Paris War ended 1974 with the Paris AccordsAccords

Nixon called it “Peace with Honor”Nixon called it “Peace with Honor” Amendment 26: 18-year old voteAmendment 26: 18-year old vote

The Berger Court The Berger Court in some ways more liberal in some ways more liberal

that Warren Court!that Warren Court! 1973 1973 Roe v WadeRoe v Wade 1962 Engle v Vitale 1962 Engle v Vitale (prayer in schools (prayer in schools

illegal)illegal) 1964 1964 Escobedo v IllEscobedo v Ill (access to a lawyer (access to a lawyer

before questioning)before questioning) 1963 1963 Gideon v Wainwright Gideon v Wainwright (felons entitled (felons entitled

to a lawyer if unable to pay for one)to a lawyer if unable to pay for one) 1966 1966 Miranda v ArizonaMiranda v Arizona rights must be rights must be

read at time of arrestread at time of arrest

Still the New LeftStill the New Left

Kent State shootings May 4, 1970Kent State shootings May 4, 1970 Woodstock 1969 3 days of music Woodstock 1969 3 days of music

and mudand mud 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act: 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act:

Reservation Indians guaranteed Bill Reservation Indians guaranteed Bill of Rights protectionof Rights protection

Wounded Knee (S. Dakota) 1970Wounded Knee (S. Dakota) 1970

EconomicsEconomics

OPECOPEC StagflationStagflation: inflation even when : inflation even when

economic growth is slowedeconomic growth is slowed NixonomicsNixonomics: Jumping from a tight $ : Jumping from a tight $

policy to curb inflation to a spending policy to curb inflation to a spending policy to curb recessionpolicy to curb recession

Price and wage and rent controls Price and wage and rent controls (usually a DEMOCRAT thing. (usually a DEMOCRAT thing. Objections by conservative Objections by conservative Republicans (Reagan))Republicans (Reagan))

Environmentalism and Environmentalism and ConsumerismConsumerism

Rachel Carson Rachel Carson Silent SpringSilent Spring Ralph Nadar Ralph Nadar Unsafe at any SpeedUnsafe at any Speed __________________________________________________________

Agnew (VP) resigned…tax issuesAgnew (VP) resigned…tax issues Break in at Daniel Elsburg’s Break in at Daniel Elsburg’s

Psychiatrist’s officePsychiatrist’s office

Election 1972Election 1972 Republicans: Nixon 520Republicans: Nixon 520 Democrats: McGovern 17 (very scary Democrats: McGovern 17 (very scary

liberal)liberal)

Watergate: First TermWatergate: First Term Cover up: Second TermCover up: Second Term

No proof of Nixon’s involvement in No proof of Nixon’s involvement in WatergateWatergate

BUT for sure in Cover upBUT for sure in Cover up

WatergateWatergate

Nixon and CREEPNixon and CREEP Dirty TricksDirty Tricks Phone Tapping in break in of Phone Tapping in break in of

Democratic National Committee Democratic National Committee Headquarters at Watergate HotelHeadquarters at Watergate Hotel

Intruders were arrested with Intruders were arrested with business cards from the White Housebusiness cards from the White House

Investigations, Articles of Investigations, Articles of Impeachment, Resigned 1974Impeachment, Resigned 1974

Gerald Ford (Nixon’s VP)Gerald Ford (Nixon’s VP)

Granted Nixon “Full, Free and Granted Nixon “Full, Free and Absolute Pardon”Absolute Pardon”

Was political suicideWas political suicide BUT the right thing to doBUT the right thing to do The country needed to healThe country needed to heal

Economic problems; energy crisis Economic problems; energy crisis due to OPEC and oil embargodue to OPEC and oil embargo