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Notes de lecture 133 Le texte de base est celui de l’édition de Janet Cowen, Penguin Classics (2 vol.). BOOK VII CHAPTER 14. How the lady [the Lady Lyonesse] that was besieged had word from her sister [Lynet] how she had brought a knight to fight for her, and what battles he had achieved § 1 So the book saith that the lady that was besieged had word of her sister’s coming by the dwarf, and a knight with her, and how he had passed all the perilous passages. What manner a man is he?’ said the lady. He is a noble knight, truly, madam,’ said the dwarf, ‘and but a young man, but he is as likely a man as ever ye saw any.’ What is he?’ said the damosel, ‘and of what kin is he come, and of whom was he made knight?Madam,’ said the dwarf, ‘he is the king’s son of Orkney, but his name I will not tell you as at this time; but wit ye well, of Sir Launcelot was he made knight, for of none other would he be made knight, and Sir Kay named him Beaumains.’ How escaped he,’ said the lady, ‘from the brethren of Persant? Madam,’ he said, ‘as a noble knight should. First, he slew two brethren at a passage of a water.’ Ah!’ said she, ‘they were good knights, but they were murderers, the one hight Garard le Breuse, and the other knight hight Sir Arnold le Breuse.’ Then, madam, he recountered with the Black Knight, and slew him in plain battle, and so he took his horse and his armour and fought with the Green Knight and won him in plain battle, and in like wise he served the Red Knight, and after in the same wise he served the Blue Knight and won him in plain battle.’ Then,’ said the lady, ‘he hath overcome Sir Persant of Inde, one of the noblest knights of the world.’ And the dwarf said, ‘He hath won all the four brethren and slain the Black Knight, and yet he did more tofore: he overthrew Sir Kay and left him nigh dead upon the ground; also he did a great battle with Sir Launcelot, and there they departed on even hands: and then Sir Launcelot made him knight.’ § 2 Dwarf,’ said the lady, ‘I am glad of these tidings, therefore go thou in an hermitage of mine hereby, and there shalt thou bear with thee of my wine in two flagons of silver, they are of two gallons, and also two cast of bread with fat venison baked, and dainty fowls; and a cup of gold here I deliver thee, that is rich and precious; and bear all this to mine hermitage, and put it in the hermit’s hands. And sithen go thou unto my sister and greet her Version 1

“Le Morte DArthur” : Notes de lecture ; volet 133

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Avec l’aval de son maître, le nain de Beaumains vient au Château Périlleux et renseigne dame Lionne sur la personnalité et les exploits du chevalier en route pour la délivrer (mais il n’en révèle pas l’identité). La dame, célibataire, se montre très intéressée par le portrait qui lui est tracé et charge l’émissaire de faire parvenir à son champion (auto-proclamé), avec ses compliments, vin et plats raffinés dans un ermitage extérieur. Après le repas à l’ermitage, sire Persant escorte le faux couple jusqu’à la lisière de la forêt et prend congé. De son côté, sa mission accomplie, le nain retourne au château (pour rapporter les bouteilles vides…) et est intercepté et questionné par le Chevalier Rouge des Landes Rouges, qui considère son futur adversaire comme quantité négligeable.

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Page 1: “Le Morte DArthur” : Notes de lecture ; volet 133

Notes de lecture

133 Le texte de base est celui de l’édition de Janet Cowen, Penguin Classics (2 vol.).

BOOK VII

CHAPTER 14. How the lady [the Lady Lyonesse] that was besieged had word from her sister [Lynet] how she had brought a knight to fight for her, and what battles he had

achieved § 1 So the book saith that the lady that was besieged had word of her sister’s coming by the dwarf, and a knight with her, and how he had passed all the perilous passages.

‘What manner a man is he?’ said the lady. ‘He is a noble knight, truly, madam,’ said the dwarf, ‘and but a young man, but he is as likely a man as

ever ye saw any.’ ‘What is he?’ said the damosel, ‘and of what kin is he come, and of whom was he made knight?’ ‘Madam,’ said the dwarf, ‘he is the king’s son of Orkney, but his name I will not tell you as at this time;

but wit ye well, of Sir Launcelot was he made knight, for of none other would he be made knight, and Sir Kay named him Beaumains.’

‘How escaped he,’ said the lady, ‘from the brethren of Persant?’ ‘Madam,’ he said, ‘as a noble knight should. First, he slew two brethren at a passage of a water.’ ‘Ah!’ said she, ‘they were good knights, but they were murderers, the one hight Garard le Breuse, and the

other knight hight Sir Arnold le Breuse.’ ‘Then, madam, he recountered with the Black Knight, and slew him in plain battle, and so he took his horse

and his armour and fought with the Green Knight and won him in plain battle, and in like wise he served the Red Knight, and after in the same wise he served the Blue Knight and won him in plain battle.’

‘Then,’ said the lady, ‘he hath overcome Sir Persant of Inde, one of the noblest knights of the world.’ And the dwarf said, ‘He hath won all the four brethren and slain the Black Knight, and yet he did more

tofore: he overthrew Sir Kay and left him nigh dead upon the ground; also he did a great battle with Sir Launcelot, and there they departed on even hands: and then Sir Launcelot made him knight.’ § 2 ‘Dwarf,’ said the lady, ‘I am glad of these tidings, therefore go thou in an hermitage of mine hereby, and there shalt thou bear with thee of my wine in two flagons of silver, they are of two gallons, and also two cast of bread with fat venison baked, and dainty fowls; and a cup of gold here I deliver thee, that is rich and precious; and bear all this to mine hermitage, and put it in the hermit’s hands. And sithen go thou unto my sister and greet her

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well, and commend me unto that gentle knight, and pray him to eat and to drink and make him strong, and say ye him I thank him of his courtesy and goodness, that he would take upon him such labour for me that never did him bounty nor courtesy. Also pray him that he be of good heart and courage, for he shall meet with a full noble knight, but he is neither of bounty, courtesy, nor gentleness; for he attendeth unto nothing but to murder, and that is the cause I cannot praise him nor love him.’ § 3 So this dwarf departed, and came to Sir Persant, where he found the damosel Lynet and Sir Beau-mains, and there he told them all as ye have heard; and then they took their leave, but Sir Persant took an ambling hackney and conveyed them on their ways, and then betook1 them to God; and so within a little while they came to that hermitage, and there they drank the wine, and ate the venison and the fowls baken.

And so when they had repasted them well, the dwarf returned again with his vessel unto the castle again; and there met with him the Red Knight of the Red Launds, and asked him from whence that he came, and where he had been.

‘Sir,’ said the dwarf, ‘I have been with my lady’s sister of this castle, and she hath been at King Arthur’s court, and brought a knight with her.’

‘Then I account her travail but lost; for though she had brought with her Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram, Sir Lamorak, or Sir Gawain, I would think myself good enough for them all.’ § 4 ‘It may well be,’ said the dwarf, ‘but this knight hath passed all the perilous passages, and slain the Black Knight and other two more, and won the Green Knight, the Red Knight, and the Blue Knight.’

‘Then is he one of these four that I have afore rehearsed?’ ‘He is none of those,’ said the dwarf, ‘but he is a king’s son.’ ‘What is his name?’ said the Red Knight of the Red Launds. ‘That will I not tell you,’ said the dwarf, ‘but Sir Kay upon scorn named him Beaumains.’ ‘I care not,’ said the knight, ‘what knight so ever he be, for I shall soon deliver him. And if I ever match

him he shall have a shameful death as many other have had.’ ‘That were pity,’ said the dwarf, ‘and it is marvel that ye make such shameful war upon noble knights.’

La dame assiégée [Lionne] apprend par sa sœur [Lionette] que cette dernière arrive accompagnée d’un chevalier prêt à jeter le gant pour elle

et qui a déjà remporté des combats § 1 Le livre l’assure : la dame assiégée apprit par le nain la venue de sa sœur, accompagnée d’un chevalier, vainqueur de tous les dangers qui lui faisaient obstacle. « Quel genre d’homme est-ce ? demanda la dame. — En vérité, madame, répondit le nain, un noble chevalier, bien que n’étant encore qu’un jeune homme, mais d’une beauté incomparable. — Mais qui est-ce donc ? insista la jeune femme, à quelle lignée appartient-il ? qui l’a fait chevalier ? — Madame, expliqua le nain, il est fils du roi des Orcades, mais le moment n’est pas venu de vous dire son nom ; sachez cependant que c’est par sire Lancelot qu’il a été fait chevalier (il n’aurait voulu confier ce soin à nul autre) et que sire Keu l’a surnommé Beaumains. — Comment s’y est-il pris, s’enquit la dame, pour échapper aux frères de Persant ? — Madame, répondit-il, en agissant comme le doit un noble chevalier. Tout d’abord, il tua deux frères à un gué. — Ah ! fit-elle, c’étaient de bons chevaliers, mais aussi des assassins ; l’un s’appelait Gérard Le Breuse et l’autre Arnoud Le Breuse. — Ensuite, madame, il se battit contre le Chevalier Noir, le tua en combat singulier et, lui ayant pris son cheval et son armure, affronta le Chevalier Vert et le vainquit en combat singulier, obtenant le même résultat contre le chevalier Rouge, puis le même encore contre le Chevalier Bleu, qu’il vainquit en combat singulier. — Ainsi donc, souligna la dame, il l’a emporté sur sire Persant d’Inde, l’un des plus valeureux chevaliers au monde. »

1 Caxton (et à sa suite J. Cowen) : “belefte” ; Winchester, folio 126r : “betoke”.

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Le nain continua sur sa lancée : « Il a été victorieux des quatre frères et a tué le Chevalier Noir, mais ce n’est pas tout : il avait auparavant fait vider les arçons à sire Keu, le laissant presque mort sur le sol ; il s’est en outre mesuré à sire Lancelot, faisant armes égales avec lui, à la suite de quoi sire Lancelot le fit chevalier . » § 2 « Nain, décida la dame, je me réjouis de ces nouvelles. Tu vas donc te rendre dans un ermitage que je pos-sède à proximité et y apporter de mon vin dans deux gros flacons d’argent, d’une contenance de quelque cinq pintes chacun, six miches de pain, avec du gibier gras cuit au four et d’appétissantes volailles ; je te confie aussi une coupe en or, ouvrée et précieuse. Tu emportes l’ensemble à mon ermitage et le remets en mains propres à l’ermite. Va en-suite trouver ma sœur, salue-la comme il se doit, présente mes compliments à ce noble chevalier et prie-le de pren-dre des forces grâce à la nourriture et à la boisson ; dites-lui que je le remercie pour sa courtoisie et sa générosité, lui qui a décidé d’affronter de telles épreuves pour me secourir, moi qui n’ai jamais eu à son égard de geste de géné-rosité ni de courtoisie. Priez-le également de faire provision de courage et d’énergie, car il va faire face à un cheva-lier plein de prouesse, mais dépourvu de générosité, de courtoisie, de noblesse : il ne cherche qu’à tuer, et c’est pour cela qu’il m’est impossible d’en dire du bien ou de l’aimer. » § 3 Le nain partit donc, alla retrouver sire Persant, qu’il trouva en compagnie de la demoiselle Lionette et de sire Beaumains, et il leur rapporta ce qu’on vient d’entendre ; après quoi ils prirent congé, mais sire Persant, monté sur une haquenée allant à l’amble, les raccompagna jusqu’à leur route et là les confia à Dieu. Arrivés en peu de temps à l’ermitage, ils y burent le vin et y mangèrent venaison et volailles rôtis au four. Une fois qu’ils se furent bien restaurés, le nain, muni de ses bouteilles, regagna le château, devant lequel il trouva le Chevalier Rouge des Landes Rouges, qui lui demanda d’où il venait et où il était allé. « Messire, lui répondit le nain, je me suis rendu auprès de la demoiselle sœur de ma dame du château, demoiselle qui est allée à la cour du roi Arthur et en revient escortée d’un chevalier. — Dans ce cas, je considère qu’elle s’est donné bien du mal en pure perte car, quand bien même elle aurait ramené avec elle sire Lancelot, sire Tristan, sire Lamorat ou sire Gauvain, je m’estimerais de taille à régler leur sort à tous. » § 4 « C’est bien possible, repartit le nain, mais le chevalier dont je parle a surmonté tous les dangers qui lui faisaient obstacle, tué le Chevalier Noir et deux autres en plus, et vaincu le Chevalier Vert, le Chevalier Rouge et le Chevalier Bleu. — Est-il l’un des quatre que j’énumérais à l’instant ? — Il ne fait pas partie du groupe, expliqua le nain, mais il est fils de roi. — Comment s’appelle-t-il ? voulut savoir le Chevalier Rouge des Landes Rouges. — Je ne vous le dirai pas, trancha le nain, mais sire Keu, par mépris, l’a surnommé Beaumains. — Je n’ai que faire, ragea le chevalier, de savoir quel chevalier il peut bien être, puisque je ne tarderai pas à être débarrassé de lui ; et si jamais nous nous mesurons, il aura droit, comme tant d’autres avant lui, à une mort ignominieuse. — Ce serait dommage, conclut le nain, et il est incompréhensible que vous livriez une guerre aussi indigne à de preux chevaliers. »

№ 1 two brethren at a passage of a water où l’on reparle des deux chevaliers occis au volet 125. La gestion de leurs noms par J. Cowen laisse à désirer : appelés Garard et Arnold DE Breuse ici, ils deviennent G. et A. LE Breuse au volet 143. — Les folios 125v et 136v de Winchester s’accordent au moins sur LE. C’est chez Caxton que se trouve l’unique erreur typographique :

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Fyrſte he ſlewe two bretheren att a paſſage of a water / A ſaide ſhe they were good knyghtes but they were murtherers / the one hyght Gherard de breuſſe/ & the other knyght hyght ſir Arnolde le Brewſe /

№ 2 my wine in two flagons of silver, they are of two gallons OED :

1. A large bottle for holding wine or other liquors; in early use sometimes spec. a metal bottle with a screw top, such as was carried by pilgrims (cf. flacon, and quots. 1578, 1647, 1653). arch.

1470–85 Malory Arthur vii. xiv. 234 And there shalt thou bere with the of my wyn in two flagans of siluer they ar of two galons. 1494 Fabyan Chron. vii. 540, .ii. flaggonys of golde. 1527 Andrew Brun-swyke’s Distyll. Waters B ij b, Take a flatte flaccon or botell of glas. 1578 Lyte Dodoens v. xxxii. 592 Gourdes..be oftentimes used (especially of the Pilgrimes) in steede of flagons or bottelles. 1603 Drayton Odes v. 25 Bring forth your Flaggons (fill’d with sparkling Wine). 1647 R. Stapylton Juvenal 226 With thy netted knapsack, bisket, wine, And bursten⁓bellied flaggons. 1653 Urquhart Rabelais i. v. 26 What difference is there between a bottle and a flaggon? great difference, for the bottle is stopped..with a stoppel, but the flaggon with a vice. a 1794 Sir W. Jones Hymn to Indra Wks. 1799 VI. 340 While from their diamond flagons The feasting Gods exhaustless nectar sip. 1847 James J. Marston Hall ix, Having..divided the last drop in the flagon equally between himself and me.

№ 3 with fat venison baked… and the fowls baken le vieil-anglais bacan est un verbe fort (prétérit bōc, part. passé (ġe)bacen) ; allemand backen — buk/backte — gebacken/gebackt ; néerlandais bakken — bakte — gebakken.

№ 4 also two cast of bread MED :

‘?the amount of bread allowed for one day or for one meal’

John Nichols, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, II (1823), p. 391 (ex-trait) :

A Compendium of Collective Nouns: From an Armory of Aardvarks to a Zeal of Zebras (2013), Mark Faulkner, Eduardo Lima Filho, Harriet Logan and Miraphora Mina of Woop Studios, text by Jay Sacher, p. 31 :

Cast is an archaic unit of quantity specific to bread—it is the amount of bread made with one bushel of flour.

L’auteur renvoie, dans l’avant-propos, à l’article de John Hodgkin, Proper Terms in Trans-actions of the Philological Society (1910), p. 130 :

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№ 5 I have been with my lady’s sister of this castle ‘my lady of this castle’s sister’

№ 6 I account her travail but lost (Caxton : I accompte her trauaille but loſte)

Winchester, folio 126, a une forme plus intéressante : I a compte her travayle but lorne (cf. folio 81r [volet 95] theire hedys had they lorne) ‖ MED :

lēsen (v.(4)) Also les(e, leze, leis, lise, lesse & (S, SW, WM) leose(n, loese, leuse, luese, luse, (early SW) leosien, lease, (K) liese, lyese. Forms: sg. 2 lēsest, lessest, leosest, (N) lēses & lēst, leost, lūst, liest; sg. 3 lēseth, lēset, leoseth, lūseth, lessyȝt, (early) leosað, (chiefly N) lēses & lēst,leost, lūst(e, liest; pl. lēseth, lesseth, leoseth, lēses, leoses, (K) liesed, lyeseþ, lyezeþ; pl. impv. lēseth, lēses, lesses; p. lēs(e, (chiefly early SW) leas, læs, leos, (K) lyeas & (?errors) lyse, lys & las & lēst(e, (?error) liste; sg. 2 & sbj. lōre; pl. lōre(n, lōrn, (early SW) lure & lēst, last & (early SW) leoseden; ppl. lōre(n, lōrn(e, ilōrn, ilōr(e(n, jlōrn, (error) lōrd & lēst(e & (early SW) ileosed & (esp. N) lōse(n.

[OE ; cp. forlēosan; sg. 3 ( WS ) -līest, -lȳst; p. -lēas; sg. 2 & sbj. -lure; pl. -luron; ppl. -loren; also cp. belēosan.]

Comparer allemand verlieren et néerlandais verliezen ; famille de λύω et latin soluō.

L’anglais a ‘lost’ mais ‘forlorn’.

L’encerclement du Château Périlleux (Castle Perilous) n’est pas étanche et ne vise pas à affamer les occupants.

Le nain qui renseigne dame Lionne ne peut être que celui de Beaumains, toujours présent (même quand il n’est pas mentionné — c’est aussi le cas du page) depuis le volet 120, où il apparaît à pied à côté des nouveaux arrivants à cheval.