What Is Leadership?What Is Leadership?Leadership

The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals.

Management

Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational members.

Trait TheoriesTrait Theories

Leadership TraitsLeadership Traits::

• Ambition and energyAmbition and energy

• The desire to leadThe desire to lead

• Honest and integrityHonest and integrity

• Self-confidenceSelf-confidence

• IntelligenceIntelligence

• High self-monitoringHigh self-monitoring

• Job-relevant Job-relevant knowledgeknowledge

Leadership TraitsLeadership Traits::

• Ambition and energyAmbition and energy

• The desire to leadThe desire to lead

• Honest and integrityHonest and integrity

• Self-confidenceSelf-confidence

• IntelligenceIntelligence

• High self-monitoringHigh self-monitoring

• Job-relevant Job-relevant knowledgeknowledge

Traits Theories of Leadership

Theories that consider personality, social, physical, or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

The Managerial

Grid(Blake and Mouton)

The Managerial

Grid(Blake and Mouton)

Managerial Grid• 1,1 – Impoverished Management

• 9,1 – Authority compliance

• 1,9 – Laissez-faire / Country Club Management

• 9,9 – Team Management

• 5,5 – Middle of the road

The Path-Goal TheoryThe Path-Goal Theory

Path Goal TheoryPath Goal Theory• Leader Behavior

– Directive – lets followers know what is expected, schedules work, gives specific guidance on tasks

– Supportive – friendly and shows concern for needs of followers

– Participative – consults with follower and uses their suggestions before making decision

– Achievement-Oriented – sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level

• Contingency factors

– Environmental: determine type of leader behavior

– Subordinate: determine how environment and leader behavior are interpreted

Inspirational Approaches to LeadershipInspirational Approaches to Leadership

Charismatics Influence Followers By:

1. Articulating the vision

2. Setting high performance expectations

3. Conveying a new set of values

4. Making personal sacrifices

Charismatics Influence Followers By:

1. Articulating the vision

2. Setting high performance expectations

3. Conveying a new set of values

4. Making personal sacrifices

Charismatic Leadership Theory

Followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors.

Transactional and Transformational LeadershipTransactional and Transformational Leadership

Transactional Leaders

Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.

Transformational Leaders

Leaders who provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation, and who possess charisma.

Characteristics of Transactional LeadersCharacteristics of Transactional Leaders

Contingent Reward: Contracts rewards in exchange of efforts, rewards performance, recognizes accomplishments

Management by Exception (active ): Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action.

Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes only if standards are not met.

Laissez-Faire: Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions.

Characteristics of Transformational LeadersCharacteristics of Transformational Leaders

Charisma: Provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust.

Inspiration: Communicates high expectations, uses symbols to focus efforts, expresses important purposes in simple ways.

Intellectual Stimulation: Promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving.

Individualized Consideration: Gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches, advises.

Contemporary Leadership Roles: Providing Team Leadership

Contemporary Leadership Roles: Providing Team Leadership

Team Leadership Roles:

• Act as liaisons with external constituencies.

• Serve as troubleshooters.

• Managing conflict.

• Coaching to improve team member performance

Team Leadership Roles:

• Act as liaisons with external constituencies.

• Serve as troubleshooters.

• Managing conflict.

• Coaching to improve team member performance

Contemporary Leadership Roles: MentoringContemporary Leadership Roles: Mentoring

Mentoring Activities:

• Present ideas clearly

• Listen well

• Empathize

• Share experiences

• Act as role model

• Share contacts

• Provide political guidance

Mentoring Activities:

• Present ideas clearly

• Listen well

• Empathize

• Share experiences

• Act as role model

• Share contacts

• Provide political guidance

Mentor

A senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee (a protégé).

Finding and Creating Effective LeadersFinding and Creating Effective Leaders

• Selection

– Review specific requirements for the job.

– Use tests that identify personal traits associated with leadership, measure self-monitoring, and assess emotional intelligence.

– Conduct personal interviews to determine candidate’s fit with the job.

• Training

– Recognize that all people are not equally trainable.

– Teach skills that are necessary for employees to become effective leaders.

– Provide behavioral training to increase the development potential of nascent charismatic employees.