Leadership and Administrative DynamicsEckerd Fall 2011

Agenda

Read memos in class.

Memo Writing

• Maslow•Herzberg•McClelland•Expectancy Theory (valance)•Teaching Smart People•Learning Organizations•Supervision

Motivation

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic

• In Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985);• Distinguish between different types of motivation based on the

different reasons or goals that give rise to an action.

• Intrinsic motivation - which refers to doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable

• Extrinsic motivation - which refers to doing something because it leads to a separable outcome

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

• Intrinsic motivation is defined as the doing of

an activity for its inherent satisfactions rather

than for some separable consequence. When

intrinsically motivated a person is moved to

act for the fun or challenge entailed rather

than because of external prods,

pressures, or rewards.

Intrinsic motivation continued

• Active• Inquisitive• Curious• Explore

• No “extraneous” incentives required.

Unwrapping “intrinsic”

• The reward IS the activity.• Satisfaction of innate psychological needs.

• Competence• Autonomy and Self-Determined• Relatedness

Performance

Rewards, deadlines, threats and competition

Extrinsic Movitation

• Activities done to attain a separate outcome

• Fear of the consequence• Desire for a reward

STAFF:• Rational but selfish, opportunistic, and risk- and effort-averse.

They need strong incentives and close monitoring. • Rational and goal-directed. They map paths to the attainment of

rewards. Extrinsic rewards motivate only when the perceived probability of attainment is high

• Not Rational or goal-directed. Random behavior that is rewarded is reinforced. Behavior that is punished is extinguished

• Benchmark the value of their extrinsic rewards on those of others. Perceived inequity may be motivating ordemotivating

Freud on Motivation• First theories anchored motivation in notions of instincts (Freud)• Deterministic: ultimate cause of behavior comes from biology and

acquired impulses.• These control our desires, thoughts and feelings whether we like it

or not.• By puberty, the personality is formed and will change very little

later in life.• Motivational impulses of adult can be traced in childhood events.• Motivation happens to us, we don’t choose.

• “Instinct” gradually replaced by terms like need, motive, & drive

(Maslow; Herzberg, Alderfer, Deci)• Behaviorist approach (Skinner)

Motivation• Maslow and Herzberg began moving away from

“Instinct” as a response and replaced it with terms that express choice, such as “needs” and motivation.

Skinner - Behaviorist• “All we need to know in order to describe and explain behavior is this: actions followed by good outcomes are likely to recur, and actions followed by bad outcomes are less likely to recur.” (Skinner, 1953).

Operant Conditioning• POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing a behavior by administering a reward•NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when a behavior occurs• PUNISHMENT = decreasing a behavior by administering an aversive stimulus following a behavior OR by removing a positive stimulus• EXTINCTION = decreasing a behavior by not rewarding it

Punishment does not change behaviors;negative side effects and emotions can result.It is possible to create other undesirable behaviors through punishment.

PAVLOV - Conditioned Reflex

Make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original

Maslow – Needs Theory•People must strive to self-actualization as they define it.•Not doing so can be a “little death”•What does a supervisor need to consider?•Staff may not be functioning at the same level.•Staff have different needs.•Staff have different desires.•Staff may find “self-actualization” outside of the workplace.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological

Safety

Social

Esteem

SelfActualization

MASLOW

Expectancy Theory• Individuals tend to act in certain ways based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of the outcome.• Focus is on the linkages:

• Effort and Performance• Performance and Rewards• Attractiveness (Rewards and Individual Goals)

Valence

• Behavior is determined by a combination of personal and environmental forces.• People make decisions about their own behavior in

organizations.• Different people have different types of needs, desires,

and goals.• People choose among alternatives of behaviors in

selecting one that that leads to a desired outcome.

• Effort-to-Performance Expectancy• The individual’s perception of the probability that

effort will lead to a high level of performance.• Performance-to-Outcome Expectancy

• The individual’s perception of the probability that performance will lead to a specific outcome, or consequence or reward in an organizational setting.

Equity Theory• People compare their job Inputs-Outputs Ratio with relevant others•Adjust work motivation according to results.

I = Inputs -

employee’s

contribution to

employer

R = Referent

- compari

son person

S = Subject the employee who

is judging fairness of the

exchange

Example of Equity Theory

Work done on

time

Reward for work done

on time

Motivated

Work done on

time

Other’s do not get work done

on time without

consequence

Motivation

disrupted

Work done on

time

Reward exceeds

work product

Inefficient

Employees in these situations will:•Seek justice•Produce less work•Quit•Seek other jobs•Try to influence manager to resolve the inequity•Try to influence co-workers to produce work on time

McClelland’sThree-Needs Theory•Need for Achievement

• Drive to excel, strive to succeed• Want personal responsibility, feedback and an

intermediate amount of risk•Need for Power

• Desire to be influential• Best managers

•Need for Affiliation• Desire to be liked and accepted

Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Extremely SatisfiedExtremely Satisfied NeutralNeutral Extremely DissatisfiedExtremely Dissatisfied

Achievement

Recognition

Work Itself

Responsibility

Advancement

Growth

Company Policy

Supervisor

Relations

Working Conditions

Salary

Peers

Personal Life

Subordinate

Relations

Status

Security

LEADING ACROSS BOUNDARIES

Leaders• Listen to clients• Listen to each other•Multidisciplinary approach to solving problems• In order to “shift the frontier” we need to move past abstract to real solutions.• Excitement about learning• Arrogance in the positive sense:No problem too hard to solve.

Memos