Learn English OnlineWorld Class Learning will help you to improve your english skills. Learning english should be ones hobby. There are many ways of improving your skills. We have covered many topics of English Grammar which will help you a lot in your journey. While preparing tutorial we kept in mind student whose English is second Language (ESL) and English as foreign Langauge (EFL).

English GrammarParts of Speech

1) Noun

Plural Nouns

2) Pronoun

3) Learn English Verbs

Learn Verbs in all the three forms 1000 Verbs with its forms 200 Irregular Verbs with its forms Phrasal verb

o See Multi-word verb Phrasal-prepositional verb

o Multi-word verb Phrasal Verbs A-Z Auxiliaries

4) Adverb

5) Adjective

Degree of Comparison

6) Preposition

7) Conjunction

8) Interjection

NOUNS1) Noun

A noun is a word used to identify any of a class to people, places, or thing animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings.

Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner.

There are six distinct groups of nouns.

1) Common Nouns

It is a word that speaks of something only in a general way like books, person. Common Nouns can be written in singular form or plural.

Common Nouns are not capitalised.

2) Proper Nouns

Proper Nouns name a very specific person, place or a thing. Proper Nouns always begin with a capital letter. For Example : Madam Curie, Steve Jobs, London.

3) Concrete Nouns

Concrete Nouns is something that appeals to our senses. Any noun that we can experience or identify through one of our five senses (taste, touch, smell, see & hear)

For instance: Doughnut, Trees, Animals.

4) Abstract Nouns

On the contrary, Abstract Noun is a noun which cannot be identified by our five senses.

For Example: Intelligence, Stupidity, Anger

5) Collective Nouns

Collective Nouns are words used to name people, places and things in terms of Unit. They are naming words used for many animals, things, person and places taken together as units. For Instance: class, flock, heard & family etc.

 

6) Compound Nouns

New words can be formed by combining two or more words, thus creating a compound word.

For Example: Well-being, already

Plural NounsFor the plural form of most nouns, add s.

Regular Nouns

bottle – bottles cup – cups elephant - elephants pencil – pencils desk – desks sticker – stickers table - tables truck - trucks window – windows

Irregular Nouns

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, is or s sounds, add es.

box – boxes cross - crosses loss - losses watch – watches mass – masses bus – buses analysis - analyses crisis - crises

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

wolf – wolves wife – wives leaf – leaves

life – lives thief - thieves shelf - shelves

For nouns ending in o, change to oes.

echo – echoes hero – heroes tomato – tomatoes

But o change to os

auto - autos kangaroo - kangaroos kilo - kilos memo - memos photo - photos piano - pianos pimento - pimentos pro - pros radio – radios solo - solos soprano - sopranos studio - studios tattoo - tattoos video - videos zoo - zoos

Some nouns have different plural forms.

child – children woman – women man – men mouse – mice goose – geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

baby – babies toy – toys kidney – kidneys potato – potatoes memo – memos stereo – stereos criterion - criteria phenomenon - phenomena

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

sheep – sheep deer – deer series – series species – species

PRONOUN PRONOUN Pronoun takes the place of, or refer to, a specific noun in a sentence.

Categories and Cases 1. Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns can refer to the speaker/speakers (first person) or those being spoken to (second

person), or those who are spoken about (third person).

  Subjective Case Personal Pronouns    First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular I you he,she,itPlural we you they

Objective case pronouns are used as objects in a sentence.

  Objective Case Personal Pronouns    First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular me you him, her, itPlural us you them

Personal pronouns can also show possession - to whom something belongs.

  Possessive Case Personal Pronouns    First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular my, mine your, yours his, her, hers, itsPlural our, ours your, yours their, theirs

  2. Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used to show a subject performing some kind of action upon itself. Reflexive

pronouns can act only as objects in a sentence never as subjects.

  Reflexive Case Personal Pronouns    First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular myself yourself himself, herself, itselfPlural ourselves yourselves themselves

3. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns refer to things in relation to number and distance.

  Demonstrative Case Personal Pronouns  Near FarSingular This ThatPlural These Those

4. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns can refer to unspecified people, places or things.

Singular Plural Both ( Singluar/Plural)another anyone no one both allanybody anything nobody few mosteveryone everybody one many noneeach either somebody    something        

  5. Distributive Pronouns Distributive Pronoun refers to the members of the representative group and are called distributive

forms.  Each, everyone, either and neither are the distributive forms. 6. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that begin questions : who, whom, whose, which and what. 7. Relative Pronouns Relative Pronoun are that, which, who and whom - which relate to another noun that precedes it in

the sentence.

English - VerbsA verb is a word that used to denote an action, the condition of the subject or what is possessed by the subject.

Object of a Verb

If we ask what or whom after the verb, the answer we get is the object of the verb.

Kinds of Verbs

1) Transitive Verb

A verb which requires an object to complete its meaning is called a Transitive Verb.

2) Intrasitive Verb

A verb which does not require an object to complete its meaning, but makes good sense by itself, is called an intransitive verb.

3) Incomplete Predication

Transitive and intransitive verbs which need the help of some word or words to complete the sense of the sentences are called verbs of incomplete predication.

English - Auxiliariesam, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had are called Primary Auxiliaries.

Will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, must, need are called Modal Auxiliaries.

The Primary Auxiliaries can be used as helping verbs as well as principal verbs.

The Modal Auxiliaries are always used as helping verbs. In other words they cannot be used as Principal verbs.

Eg., AmI am a software professional. I am working for Wipro.

In the above first sentence ‘am’ was used as a principal verb and in the second it was used as a helping verb.

IsHe is a doctor. He is performing a surgery at the movement.

AreWe are students of Hansraj College. We are participating in a football tournament here.

WasKalidasa was a great poet. Gopal was riding a bi-cycle when he was hit by a scooter.

WereThey were my classmates in Dehradun. They were going to Goa when their train met with an accident.

HaveI have many grammar books at home. I have read all of them. 

Has He has a laptop with him.He has put it in his briefcase.

HadI had a beautiful pen. I had bought it in 2004.

DoThey do their work sincerely. They do not go home before 8 pm.

DoesHe does his work efficiently. He does not waste even a single minute.

DidShe did her job. Did she come to office yesterday?

Modal Auxiliaries Modal Auxiliaries can only be used as a helping verb. 

Will – It is used to express intention. It is normally used in future tense. We will go to Jaisalmer next week.

They will visit our place in February. Will they accompany you for lunch?

Would – It is the past form of will.He would complete his work by this time tomorrow. She would be going for her dance classes from next week. Would you like to have a glass of water?

Shall Shall I take leave tomorrow?Shall we go on a picnic next week?Shall we have coffee in CP?

Should You should pay attention in the class.Should I accompany her to her house?You should drink two glasses of water daily in the morning. 

May – It is used to indicate possibility. I may come to your house tomorrow. It may rain in the evening. Government may hike the price of petrol and diesel. May I borrow your book for a couple of days?

Might – It is the past form of may and is used to express less certain situations. I might take a leave tomorrow. Dad might come to office the day after tomorrow. Mid term elections might be announced in mid March.

1000 English Verbs FormsProper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct English. Every verb has three forms (Base Form, Past Form, Past Participle Form) followed by its ‘ing’ form. We are presenting you verb list in a easy to learn form. It has been segregated as follows :

 

Following is the list of Verbs in it's forms

S.No. Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form

1 abash abashed abashed abashes abashing

2 abate abated abated abates abating

3 abide abode abode abides abiding

4 absorb absorbed absorbed absorbs absorbing

5 accept accepted accepted accepts accepting

6 accompany accompanied accompanied accompanies accompanying

7 ache ached ached aches aching

8 achieve achieved achieved achieves achieving

9 acquire acquired acquired acquires acquiring

10 act acted acted acts acting

11 add added added adds adding

12 address addressed addressed addresses addressing

13 adjust adjusted adjusted adjusts adjusting

14 admire admired admired admires admiring

15 admit admitted admitted admits admitting

16 advise advised advised advises advising

17 afford afforded afforded affords affording

18 agree agreed agreed agrees agreeing

19 alight alit alit alights alighting

20 allow allowed allowed allows allowing

21 animate animated animated animates animating

22 announce announced announced announces announcing

23 answer answered answered answers answering

24 apologize apologized apologized apologizes apologizing

25 appear appeared appeared appears appearing

26 applaud applauded applauded applauds applauding

27 apply applied applied applies applying

28 approach approached approached approaches approaching

29 approve approved approved approves approving

30 argue argued argued argues arguing

31 arise arose arisen arises arising

32 arrange arranged arranged arranges arranging

33 arrest arrested arrested arrests arresting

34 ask asked asked asks asking

35 assert asserted asserted asserts asserting

36 assort assorted assorted assorts assorting

37 astonish astonished astonished astonishes astonishing

38 attack attacked attacked attacks attacking

39 attend attended attended attends attending

40 attract attracted attracted attracts attracting

41 audit audited audited audits auditing

42 avoid avoided avoided avoids avoiding

43 awake awoke awoken awakes awaking

44 bang banged banged bangs banging

45 banish banished banished banishes banishing

46 bash bashed bashed bashes bashing

47 bat batted batted bats batting

48 be (am,are) was / were been is being

49 bear bore born bears bearing

50 bear bore borne bears bearing

51 beat beat beaten beats beating

52 beautify beautified beautified beautifies beautifying

53 become became become becomes becoming

54 befall befell befallen befalls befalling

55 beg begged begged begs begging

56 begin began begun begins beginning

57 behave behaved behaved behaves behaving

58 behold beheld beheld beholds beholding

59 believe believed believed believes believing

60 belong belonged belonged belongs belonging

61 bend bent bent bends bending

62 bereave bereft bereft bereaves bereaving

63 beseech besought besought beseeches beseeching

64 bet bet bet bets betting

65 betray betrayed betrayed betrays betraying

66 bid bade bidden bids bidding

67 bid bid bid bids bidding

68 bind bound bound binds binding

69 bite bit bitten bites biting

70 bleed bled bled bleeds bleeding

71 bless blessed blessed blesses blessing

72 blossom blossomed blossomed blossoms blossoming

73 blow blew blown blows blowing

74 blur blurred blurred blurs blurring

75 blush blushed blushed blushes blushing

76 board boarded boarded boards boarding

77 boast boasted boasted boasts boasting

78 boil boiled boiled boils boiling

79 bow bowed bowed bows bowing

80 box boxed boxed boxes boxing

81 bray brayed brayed brays braying

82 break broke broken breaks breaking

83 breathe breathed breathed breathes breathing

84 breed bred bred breeds breeding

85 bring brought brought brings bringing

86 broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasting

87 brush brushed brushed brushes brushing

88 build built built builds building

89 burn burnt burnt burns burning

90 burst burst burst bursts bursting

91 bury buried buried buries burying

92 bust bust bust busts busting

93 buy bought bought buys buying

94 buzz buzzed buzzed buzzes buzzing

95 calculate calculated calculated calculates calculating

96 call called called calls calling

97 canvass canvassed canvassed canvasses canvassing

98 capture captured captured captures capturing

99 caress caressed caressed caresses caressing

100 carry carried carried carries carrying

101 carve carved carved carves carving

102 cash cashed cashed cashes cashing

103 cast cast cast casts casting

104 catch caught caught catches catching

105 cause caused caused causes causing

106 cease ceased ceased ceases ceasing

107 celebrate celebrated celebrated celebrates celebrating

108 challenge challenged challenged challenges challenging

109 change changed changed changes changing

110 charge charged charged charges charging

111 chase chased chased chases chasing

112 chat chatted chatted chats chatting

113 check checked checked checks checking

114 cheer cheered cheered cheers cheering

115 chew chewed chewed chews chewing

116 chide chid chid/chidden chides chiding

117 chip chipped chipped chips chipping

118 choke choked choked chokes choking

119 choose chose chosen chooses choosing

120 classify classified classified classifies classifying

121 clean cleaned cleaned cleans cleaning

122 cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cleaves cleaving

123 click clicked clicked clicks clicking

124 climb climbed climbed climbs climbing

125 cling clung clung clings clinging

126 close closed closed closes closing

127 clothe clad clad clothes clothing

128 clutch clutched clutched clutches clutching

129 collapse collapsed collapsed collapses collapsing

130 collect collected collected collects collecting

131 colour coloured coloured colours colouring

132 come came come comes coming

133 comment commented commented comments commenting

134 compare compared compared compares comparing

135 compel compelled compelled compels compelling

136 compete competed competed competes competing

137 complain complained complained complains complaining

138 complete completed completed completes completing

139 conclude concluded concluded concludes concluding

140 conduct conducted conducted conducts conducting

141 confess confessed confessed confesses confessing

142 confine confined confined confines confining

143 confiscate confiscated confiscated confiscates confiscating

144 confuse confused confused confuses confusing

145 congratulate congratulated congratulated congratulates congratulating

146 connect connected connected connects connecting

147 connote connoted connoted connotes connoting

148 conquer conquered conquered conquers conquering

149 consecrate consecrated consecrated consecrates consecrating

150 consent consented consented consents consenting

151 conserve conserved conserved conserves conserving

152 consider considered considered considers considering

153 consign consigned consigned consigns consigning

154 consist consisted consisted consists consisting

155 console consoled consoled consoles consoling

156 consort consorted consorted consorts consorting

157 conspire conspired conspired conspires conspiring

158 constitute constituted constituted constitutes constituting

159 constrain constrained constrained constrains constraining

160 construct constructed constructed constructs constructing

161 construe construed construed construes construing

162 consult consulted consulted consults consulting

163 contain contained contained contains containing

164 contemn contemned contemned contemns contemning

165 contend contended contended contends contending

166 contest contested contested contests contesting

167 continue continued continued continues continuing

168 contract contracted contracted contracts contracting

169 contradict contradicted contradicted contradicts contradicting

170 contrast contrasted contrasted contrasts contrasting

171 contribute contributed contributed contributes contributing

172 contrive contrived contrived contrives contriving

173 control controlled controlled controls controlling

174 convene convened convened convenes convening

175 converge converged converged converges converging

176 converse conversed conversed converses conversing

177 convert converted converted converts converting

178 convey conveyed conveyed conveys conveying

179 convict convicted convicted convicts convicting

180 convince convinced convinced convinces convincing

181 coo cooed cooed coos cooing

182 cook cooked cooked cooks cooking

183 cool cooled cooled cools cooling

184 co-operate co-operated co-operated co-operates co-operating

185 cope coped cope copes coping

186 copy copied copied copies copying

187 correct corrected corrected corrects correcting

188 correspond corresponded corresponded corresponds corresponding

189 corrode corroded corroded corrodes corroding

190 corrupt corrupted corrupted corrupts corrupting

191 cost cost cost costs costing

192 cough coughed coughed coughs coughing

193 counsel counselled counselled counsels counselling

194 count counted counted counts counting

195 course coursed coursed courses coursing

196 cover covered covered covers covering

197 cower cowered cowered cowers cowering

198 crack cracked cracked cracks cracking

199 crackle crackled crackled crackles crackling

200 crash crashed crashed crashes crashing

201 crave craved craved craves craving

202 create created created creates creating

203 creep crept crept creeps creeping

204 crib cribbed cribbed cribs cribbing

205 cross crossed crossed crosses crossing

206 crowd crowded crowded crowds crowding

207 crush crushed crushed crushes crushing

208 cry cried cried cries crying

209 curb curbed curbed curbs curbing

210 cure cured cured cures curing

211 curve curved curved curves curving

212 cut cut cut cuts cutting

213 cycle cycled cycled cycles cycling

214 damage damaged damaged damages damaging

215 damp damped damped damps damping

216 dance danced danced dances dancing

217 dare dared dared dares daring

218 dash dashed dashed dashes dashing

219 dazzle dazzled dazzled dazzles dazzling

220 deal dealt dealt deals dealing

221 decay decayed decayed decays decaying

222 decide decided decided decides deciding

223 declare declared declared declares declaring

224 decorate decorated decorated decorates decorating

225 decrease decreased decreased decreases decreasing

226 dedicate dedicated dedicated dedicates dedicating

227 delay delayed delayed delays delaying

228 delete deleted deleted deletes deleting

229 deny denied denied denies denying

230 depend depended depended depends depending

231 deprive deprived deprived deprives depriving

232 derive derived derived derives deriving

233 describe described described describes describing

234 desire desired desired desires desiring

235 destroy destroyed destroyed destroys destroying

236 detach detached detached detaches detaching

237 detect detected detected detects detecting

238 determine determined determined determines determining

239 develop developed developed develops developing

240 die died died dies dying

241 differ differed differed differs differing

242 dig dug dug digs digging

243 digest digested digested digests digesting

244 dim dimmed dimmed dims dimming

245 diminish diminished diminished diminishes diminishing

246 dine dined dined dines dining

247 dip dipped dipped dips dipping

248 direct directed directed directs directing

249 disappear disappeared disappeared disappears disappearing

250 discover discovered discovered discovers discovering

251 discuss discussed discussed discusses discussing

252 disobey disobeyed disobeyed disobeys disobeying

253 display displayed displayed displays displaying

254 dispose disposed disposed disposes disposing

255 distribute distributed distributed distributes distributing

256 disturb disturbed disturbed disturbs disturbing

257 disuse disused disused disuses disusing

258 dive dived  dived dives diving

259 divide divided divided divides dividing

260 do did done does doing

261 donate donated donated donates donating

262 download downloaded downloaded downloads downloading

263 drag dragged dragged drags dragging

264 draw drew drawn draws drawing

265 dream dreamt dreamt dreams dreaming

266 dress dressed dressed dresses dressing

267 drill drilled drilled drills drilling

268 drink drank drunk drinks drinking

269 drive drove driven drives driving

270 drop dropped dropped drops dropping

271 dry dried dried dries drying

272 dump dumped dumped dumps dumping

273 dwell dwelt dwelt dwells dwelling

274 dye dyed dyed dyes dyeing

275 earn earned earned earns earning

276 eat ate eaten eats eating

277 educate educated educated educates educating

278 empower empowered empowered empowers empowering

279 empty emptied emptied empties emptying

280 encircle encircled encircled encircles encircling

281 encourage encouraged encouraged encourages encouraging

282 encroach encroached encroached encroaches encroaching

283 endanger endangered endangered endangers entangling

284 endorse endorsed endorsed endorses endorsing

285 endure endured endured endures enduring

286 engrave engraved engraved engraves engraving

287 enjoy enjoyed enjoyed enjoys enjoying

288 enlarge enlarged enlarged enlarges enlarging

289 enlighten enlightened enlightened enlightens enlightening

290 enter entered entered enters entering

291 envy envied envied envies envying

292 erase erased erased erases erasing

293 escape escaped escaped escapes escaping

294 evaporate evaporated evaporated evaporates evaporating

295 exchange exchanged exchanged exchanges exchanging

296 exclaim exclaimed exclaimed exclaims exclaiming

297 exclude excluded excluded excludes excluding

298 exist existed existed exists existing

299 expand expanded expanded expands expanding

300 expect expected expected expects expecting

301 explain explained explained explains explaining

302 explore explored explored explores exploring

303 express expressed expressed expresses expressing

304 extend extended extended extends extending

305 eye eyed eyed eyes eyeing

306 face faced faced faces facing

307 fail failed failed fails failing

308 faint fainted fainted faints fainting

309 fall fell fallen falls falling

310 fan fanned fanned fans fanning

311 fancy fancied fancied fancies fancying

312 favour favoured favoured favours favouring

313 fax faxed faxed faxes faxing

314 feed fed fed feeds feeding

315 feel felt felt feels feeling

316 ferry ferried ferried ferries ferrying

317 fetch fetched fetched fetches fetching

318 fight fought fought fights fighting

319 fill filled filled fills filling

320 find found found finds finding

321 finish finished finished finishes finishing

322 fish fished fished fishes fishing

323 fit fit/fitted fit/fitted fits fitting

324 fix fixed fixed fixes fixing

325 fizz fizzed fizzed fizzes fizzing

326 flap flapped flapped flaps flapping

327 flash flashed flashed flashes flashing

328 flee fled fled flees fleeing

329 fling flung flung flings flinging

330 float floated floated floats floating

331 flop flopped flopped flops flopping

332 fly flew flown flies flying

333 fold folded folded folds folding

334 follow followed followed follows following

335 forbid forbade forbidden forbids forbidding

336 force forced forced forces forcing

337 forecast forecast forecast forecasts forecasting

338 foretell foretold foretold foretells foretelling

339 forget forgot forgotten forgets forgetting

340 forgive forgave forgiven forgives forgiving

341 forlese forlore forlorn forlese forlesing

342 form formed formed forms forming

343 forsake forsook forsaken forsakes forsaking

344 found founded founded founds founding

345 frame framed framed frames framing

346 free freed freed frees freeing

347 freeze froze frozen freezes freezing

348 frighten frightened frightened frightens frightening

349 fry fried fried fries frying

350 fulfil fulfilled fulfilled fulfils fulfilling

351 gag gagged gagged gags gagging

352 gain gained gained gains gaining

353 gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying

354 gash gashed gashed gashes gashing

355 gaze gazed gazed gazes gazing

356 get got got gets getting

357 give gave given gives giving

358 glance glanced glanced glances glancing

359 glitter glittered glittered glitters glittering

360 glow glowed glowed glows glowing

361 go went gone goes going

362 google googled googled googles googling

363 govern governed governed governs governing

364 grab grabbed grabbed grabs grabbing

365 grade graded graded grades grading

366 grant granted granted grants granting

367 greet greeted greeted greets greeting

368 grind ground ground grinds grinding

369 grip gripped gripped grips gripping

370 grow grew grown grows growing

371 guard guarded guarded guards guarding

372 guess guessed guessed guesses guessing

373 guide guided guided guides guiding

374 handle handled handled handles handling

375 hang hung hung hangs hanging

376 happen happened happened happens happening

377 harm harmed harmed harms harming

378 hatch hatched hatched hatches hatching

379 hate hated hated hates hating

380 have had had has having

381 heal healed healed heals healing

382 hear heard heard hears hearing

383 heave hove hove heaves heaving

384 help helped helped helps helping

385 hew hewed hewn hews hewing

386 hide hid hidden hides hiding

387 hinder hindered hindered hinders hindering

388 hiss hissed hissed hisses hissing

389 hit hit hit hits hitting

390 hoax hoaxed hoaxed hoaxes hoaxing

391 hold held held holds holding

392 hop hopped hopped hops hopping

393 hope hoped hoped hopes hoping

394 horrify horrified horrified horrifies horrifying

395 hug hugged hugged hugs hugging

396 hum hummed hummed hums humming

397 humiliate humiliated humiliated humiliates humiliating

398 hunt hunted hunted hunts hunting

399 hurl hurled hurled hurls hurling

400 hurry hurried hurried hurries hurrying

401 hurt hurt hurt hurts hurting

402 hush hushed hushed hushes hushing

403 hustle hustled hustled hustles hustling

404 hypnotize hypnotized hypnotized hypnotizes hypnotizing

405 idealize idealized idealized idealizes idealizing

406 identify identified identified identifies identifying

407 idolize idolized idolized idolizes idolizing

408 ignite ignited ignited ignites igniting

409 ignore ignored ignored ignores ignoring

410 ill-treat ill-treated ill-treated ill-treats ill-treating

411 illuminate illuminated illuminated illuminates illuminating

412 illumine illumined illumined illumines illumining

413 illustrate illustrated illustrated illustrates illustrating

414 imagine imagined imagined imagines imagining

415 imbibe imbibed imbibed imbibes imbibing

416 imitate imitated imitated imitates imitating

417 immerse immersed immersed immerses immersing

418 immolate immolated immolated immolates immolating

419 immure immured immured immures immuring

420 impair impaired impaired impairs impairing

421 impart imparted imparted imparts imparting

422 impeach impeached impeached impeaches impeaching

423 impede impeded impeded impedes impeding

424 impel impelled impelled impels impelling

425 impend impended impended impends impending

426 imperil imperilled imperilled imperils imperilling

427 impinge impinged impinged impinges impinging

428 implant implanted implanted implants implanting

429 implicate implicated implicated implicates implicating

430 implode imploded imploded implodes imploding

431 implore implored implored implores imploring

432 imply implied implied implies implying

433 import imported imported imports importing

434 impose imposed imposed imposes imposing

435 impress impressed impressed impresses impressing

436 imprint imprinted imprinted imprints imprinting

437 imprison imprisoned imprisoned imprisons imprisoning

438 improve improved improved improves improving

439 inaugurate inaugurated inaugurated inaugurates inaugurating

440 incise incised incised incises incising

441 include included included includes including

442 increase increased increased increases increasing

443 inculcate inculcated inculcated inculcates inculcating

444 indent indented indented indents indenting

445 indicate indicated indicated indicates indicating

446 induce induced induced induces inducing

447 indulge indulged indulged indulges indulging

448 infect infected infected infects infecting

449 infest infested infested infests infesting

450 inflame inflamed inflamed inflames inflaming

451 inflate inflated inflated inflates inflating

452 inflect inflected inflected inflects inflecting

453 inform informed informed informs informing

454 infringe infringed infringed infringes infringing

455 infuse infused infused infuses infusing

456 ingest ingested ingested ingests ingesting

457 inhabit inhabited inhabited inhabits inhabiting

458 inhale inhaled inhaled inhales inhaling

459 inherit inherited inherited inherits inheriting

460 initiate initiated initiated initiates initiating

461 inject injected injected injects injecting

462 injure injured injured injures injuring

463 inlay inlaid inlaid inlays inlaying

464 innovate innovated innovated innovates innovating

465 input input input inputs inputting

466 inquire inquired inquired inquires inquiring

467 inscribe inscribed inscribed inscribes inscribing

468 insert inserted inserted inserts inserting

469 inspect inspected inspected inspects inspecting

470 inspire inspired inspired inspires inspiring

471 install installed installed installs installing

472 insult insulted insulted insults insulting

473 insure insured insured insures insuring

474 integrate integrated integrated integrates integrating

475 introduce introduced introduced introduces introducing

476 invent invented invented invents inventing

477 invite invited invited invites inviting

478 join joined joined joins joining

479 jump jumped jumped jumps jumping

480 justify justified justified justifies justifying

481 keep kept kept keeps keeping

482 kick kicked kicked kicks kicking

483 kid kidded kidded kids kidding

484 kill killed killed kills killing

485 kiss kissed kissed kisses kissing

486 kneel knelt knelt kneels kneeling

487 knit knit knit knits knitting

488 knock knocked knocked knocks knocking

489 know knew known knows knowing

490 lade laded laden lades lading

491 land landed landed lands landing

492 last lasted lasted lasts lasting

493 latch latched latched latches latching

494 laugh laughed laughed laughs laughing

495 lay laid laid lays laying

496 lead led led leads leading

497 leak leaked leaked leaks leaking

498 lean leant leant leans leaning

499 leap leapt leapt leaps leaping

500 learn learnt learnt learns learning

501 leave left left leaves leaving

502 leer leered leered leers leering

503 lend lent lent lends lending

504 let let let lets letting

505 lick licked licked licks licking

506 lie lay lain lies lying

507 lie lied lied lies lying

508 lift lifted lifted lifts lifting

509 light lit lit lights lighting

510 like liked liked likes liking

511 limp limped limped limps limping

512 listen listened listened listens listening

513 live lived lived lives living

514 look looked looked looks looking

515 lose lost lost loses losing

516 love loved loved loves loving

517 magnify magnified magnified magnifies magnifying

518 maintain maintained maintained maintains maintaining

519 make made made makes making

520 manage managed managed manages managing

521 march marched marched marches marching

522 mark marked marked marks marking

523 marry married married marries marrying

524 mash mashed mashed mashes mashing

525 match matched matched matches matching

526 matter mattered mattered matters mattering

527 mean meant meant means meaning

528 measure measured measured measures measuring

529 meet met met meets meeting

530 melt melted melted melts melting

531 merge merged merged merges merging

532 mew mewed mewed mews mewing

533 migrate migrated migrated migrates migrating

534 milk milked milked milks milking

535 mind minded minded minds minding

536 mislead misled misled misleads misleading

537 miss missed missed misses missing

538 mistake mistook mistaken mistakes mistaking

539 misuse misused misused misuses misusing

540 mix mixed mixed mixes mixing

541 moan moaned moaned moans moaning

542 modify modified modified modifies modifying

543 moo mooed mooed moos mooing

544 motivate motivated motivated motivates motivating

545 mould moulded moulded moulds moulding

546 moult moulted moulted moults moulting

547 move moved moved moves moving

548 mow mowed mown mows mowing

549 multiply multiplied multiplied multiplies multiplying

550 murmur murmured murmured murmurs murmuring

551 nail nailed nailed nails nailing

552 nap napped napped naps napping

553 need needed needed needs needing

554 neglect neglected neglected neglects neglecting

555 nip nipped nipped nips nipping

556 nod nodded nodded nods nodding

557 note noted noted notes noting

558 notice noticed noticed notices noticing

559 notify notified notified notifies notifying

560 nourish nourished nourished nourishes nourishing

561 nurse nursed nursed nurses nursing

562 obey obeyed obeyed obeys obeying

563 oblige obliged obliged obliges obliging

564 observe observed observed observes observing

565 obstruct obstructed obstructed obstructs obstructing

566 obtain obtained obtained obtains obtaining

567 occupy occupied occupied occupies occupying

568 occur occurred occurred occurs occurring

569 offer offered offered offers offering

570 offset offset offset offsets offsetting

571 omit omitted omitted omits omitting

572 ooze oozed oozed oozes oozing

573 open opened opened opens opening

574 operate operated operated operates operating

575 opine opined opined opines opining

576 oppress oppressed oppressed oppresses oppressing

577 opt opted opted opts opting

578 optimize optimized optimized optimizes optimizing

579 order ordered ordered orders ordering

580 organize organized organized organizes organizing

581 originate originated originated originates originating

582 output output output outputs outputting

583 overflow overflowed overflowed overflows overflowing

584 overtake overtook overtaken overtakes overtaking

585 owe owed owed owes owing

586 own owned owned owns owning

587 pacify pacified pacified pacifies pacifying

588 paint painted painted paints painting

589 pardon pardoned pardoned pardons pardoning

590 part parted parted parts parting

591 partake partook partaken partakes partaking

592 participate participated participated participates participating

593 pass passed passed passes passing

594 paste pasted pasted pastes pasting

595 pat patted patted pats patting

596 patch patched patched patches patching

597 pause paused paused pauses pausing

598 pay paid paid pays paying

599 peep peeped peeped peeps peeping

600 perish perished perished perishes perishing

601 permit permitted permitted permits permitting

602 persuade persuaded persuaded persuades persuading

603 phone phoned phoned phones phoning

604 place placed placed places placing

605 plan planned planned plans planning

606 play played played plays playing

607 plead pled pled pleads pleading

608 please pleased pleased pleases pleasing

609 plod plodded plodded plods plodding

610 plot plotted plotted plots plotting

611 pluck plucked plucked plucks plucking

612 ply plied plied plies plying

613 point pointed pointed points pointing

614 polish polished polished polishes polishing

615 pollute polluted polluted pollutes polluting

616 ponder pondered pondered ponders pondering

617 pour poured poured pours pouring

618 pout pouted pouted pouts pouting

619 practise practised practised practises practising

620 praise praised praised praises praising

621 pray prayed prayed prays praying

622 preach preached preached preaches preaching

623 prefer preferred preferred prefers preferring

624 prepare prepared prepared prepares preparing

625 prescribe prescribed prescribed prescribes prescribing

626 present presented presented presents presenting

627 preserve preserved preserved preserves preserving

628 preset preset preset presets presetting

629 preside presided presided presides presiding

630 press pressed pressed presses pressing

631 pretend pretended pretended pretends pretending

632 prevent prevented prevented prevents preventing

633 print printed printed prints printing

634 proceed proceeded proceeded proceeds proceeding

635 produce produced produced produces producing

636 progress progressed progressed progresses progressing

637 prohibit prohibited prohibited prohibits prohibiting

638 promise promised promised promises promising

639 propose proposed proposed proposes proposing

640 prosecute prosecuted prosecuted prosecutes prosecuting

641 protect protected protected protects protecting

642 prove proved proved proves proving

643 provide provided provided provides providing

644 pull pulled pulled pulls pulling

645 punish punished punished punishes punishing

646 purify purified purified purifies purifying

647 push pushed pushed pushes pushing

648 put put put puts putting

649 qualify qualified qualified qualifies qualifying

650 quarrel quarrelled quarrelled quarrels quarrelling

651 question questioned questioned questions questioning

652 quit quit quit quits quitting

653 race raced raced races racing

654 rain rained rained rains raining

655 rattle rattled rattled rattles rattling

656 reach reached reached reaches reaching

657 read read read reads reading

658 realize realized realized realizes realizing

659 rebuild rebuilt rebuilt rebuilds rebuilding

660 recall recalled recalled recalls recalling

661 recast recast recast recasts recasting

662 receive received received receives receiving

663 recite recited recited recites reciting

664 recognize recognized recognized recognizes recognizing

665 recollect recollected recollected recollects recollecting

666 recur recurred recurred recurs recurring

667 redo redid redone redoes redoing

668 reduce reduced reduced reduces reducing

669 refer referred referred refers referring

670 reflect reflected reflected reflects reflecting

671 refuse refused refused refuses refusing

672 regard regarded regarded regards regarding

673 regret regretted regretted regrets regretting

674 relate related related relates relating

675 relax relaxed relaxed relaxes relaxing

676 rely relied relied relies relying

677 remain remained remained remains remaining

678 remake remade remade remakes remaking

679 remove removed removed removes removing

680 rend rent rent rends rending

681 renew renewed renewed renews renewing

682 renounce renounced renounced renounces renouncing

683 repair repaired repaired repairs repairing

684 repeat repeated repeated repeats repeating

685 replace replaced replaced replaces replacing

686 reply replied replied replies replying

687 report reported reported reports reporting

688 request requested requested requests requesting

689 resell resold resold resells reselling

690 resemble resembled resembled resembles resembling

691 reset reset reset resets resetting

692 resist resisted resisted resists resisting

693 resolve resolved resolved resolves resolving

694 respect respected respected respects respecting

695 rest rested rested rests resting

696 restrain restrained restrained restrains restraining

697 retain retained retained retains retaining

698 retch retched retched retches retching

699 retire retired retired retires retiring

700 return returned returned returns returning

701 reuse reused reused reuses reusing

702 review reviewed reviewed reviews reviewing

703 rewind rewound rewound rewinds rewinding

704 rid rid rid rids ridding

705 ride rode ridden rides riding

706 ring rang rung rings ringing

707 rise rose risen rises rising

708 roar roared roared roars roaring

709 rob robbed robbed robs robbing

710 roll rolled rolled rolls rolling

711 rot rotted rotted rots rotting

712 rub rubbed rubbed rubs rubbing

713 rule ruled ruled rules ruling

714 run ran run runs running

715 rush rushed rushed rushes rushing

716 sabotage sabotaged sabotaged sabotages sabotaging

717 sack sacked sacked sacks sacking

718 sacrifice sacrificed sacrificed sacrifices sacrificing

719 sadden saddened saddened saddens saddening

720 saddle saddled saddled saddles saddling

721 sag sagged sagged sags sagging

722 sail sailed sailed sails sailing

723 sally sallied sallied sallies sallying

724 salute saluted saluted salutes saluting

725 salvage salvaged salvaged salvages salvaging

726 salve salved salved salves salving

727 sample sampled sampled samples sampling

728 sanctify sanctified sanctified sanctifies sanctifying

729 sanction sanctioned sanctioned sanctions sanctioning

730 sap sapped sapped saps sapping

731 saponify saponified saponified saponifies saponifying

732 sash sashed sashed sashes sashing

733 sashay sashayed sashayed sashays sashaying

734 sass sassed sassed sasses sassing

735 sate sated sated sates sating

736 satiate satiated satiated satiates satiating

737 satirise satirised satirised satirises satirising

738 satisfy satisfied satisfied satisfies satisfying

739 saturate saturated saturated saturates saturating

740 saunter sauntered sauntered saunters sauntering

741 save saved saved saves saving

742 savor savored savored savors savoring

743 savvy savvied savvied savvies savvying

744 saw sawed sawn saws sawing

745 say said said says saying

746 scab scabbed scabbed scabs scabbing

747 scabble scabbled scabbled scabbles scabbling

748 scald scalded scalded scalds scalding

749 scale scaled scaled scales scaling

750 scam scammed scammed scams scamming

751 scan scanned scanned scans scanning

752 scant scanted scanted scants scanting

753 scar scarred scarred scars scarring

754 scare scared scared scares scaring

755 scarify scarified scarified scarifies scarifying

756 scarp scarped scarped scarps scarping

757 scat scatted scatted scats scatting

758 scatter scattered scattered scatters scattering

759 scold scolded scolded scolds scolding

760 scorch scorched scorched scorches scorching

761 scowl scowled scowled scowls scowling

762 scrawl scrawled scrawled scrawls scrawling

763 scream screamed screamed screams screaming

764 screw screwed screwed screws screwing

765 scrub scrubbed scrubbed scrubs scrubbing

766 search searched searched searches searching

767 seat seated seated seats seating

768 secure secured secured secures securing

769 see saw seen sees seeing

770 seek sought sought seeks seeking

771 seem seemed seemed seems seeming

772 seize seized seized seizes seizing

773 select selected selected selects selecting

774 sell sold sold sells selling

775 send sent sent sends sending

776 sentence sentenced sentenced sentences sentencing

777 separate separated separated separates separating

778 set set set sets setting

779 sever severed severed severs severing

780 sew sewed sewn sews sewing

781 shake shook shaken shakes shaking

782 shape shaped shaped shapes shaping

783 share shared shared shares sharing

784 shatter shattered shattered shatters shattering

785 shave shove shaven shaves shaving

786 shear shore shorn shears shearing

787 shed shed shed sheds shedding

788 shine shone shone shines shining

789 shirk shirked shirked shirks shirking

790 shit shit shit shits shitting

791 shiver shivered shivered shivers shivering

792 shock shocked shocked shocks shocking

793 shoe shod shod shoes shoeing

794 shoot shot shot shoots shooting

795 shorten shortened shortened shortens shortening

796 shout shouted shouted shouts shouting

797 show showed shown shows showing

798 shrink shrank shrunk shrinks shrinking

799 shun shunned shunned shuns shunning

800 shut shut shut shuts shutting

801 sight sighted sighted sights sighting

802 signal signalled signalled signals signalling

803 signify signified signified signifies signifying

804 sing sang sung sings singing

805 sink sank sunk sinks sinking

806 sip sipped sipped sips sipping

807 sit sat sat sits sitting

808 ski skied skied skis skiing

809 skid skidded skidded skids skidding

810 slam slammed slammed slams slamming

811 slay slew slain slays slaying

812 sleep slept slept sleeps sleeping

813 slide slid slid/slide slides sliding

814 slim slimmed slimmed slims slimming

815 sling slung slung slings slinging

816 slink slunk slunk slinks slinking

817 slip slipped slipped slips slipping

818 slit slit slit slits slitting

819 smash smashed smashed smashes smashing

820 smell smelt smelt smells smelling

821 smile smiled smiled smiles smiling

822 smite smote smitten smites smiting

823 smooth smoothed smoothed smoothes smoothing

824 smother smothered smothered smothers smothering

825 snap snapped snapped snaps snapping

826 snatch snatched snatched snatches snatching

827 sneak snuck snuck sneaks sneaking

828 sneeze sneezed sneezed sneezes sneezing

829 sniff sniffed sniffed sniffs sniffing

830 soar soared soared soars soaring

831 sob sobbed sobbed sobs sobbing

832 solicit solicited solicited solicits soliciting

833 solve solved solved solves solving

834 soothe soothed soothed soothes soothing

835 sort sorted sorted sorts sorting

836 sow sowed sowed sows sowing

837 sparkle sparkled sparkled sparkles sparkling

838 speak spoke spoken speaks speaking

839 speed sped sped speeds speeding

840 spell spelt spelt spells spelling

841 spend spent spent spends spending

842 spill spilt spilt spills spilling

843 spin span/spun spun spins spinning

844 spit spat/spit spat/spit spits spitting

845 split split split splits splitting

846 spoil spoilt spoilt spoils spoiling

847 spray sprayed sprayed sprays spraying

848 spread spread spread spreads spreading

849 spring sprang sprung springs springing

850 sprout sprouted sprouted sprouts sprouting

851 squeeze squeezed squeezed squeezes squeezing

852 stand stood stood stands standing

853 stare stared stared stares staring

854 start started started starts starting

855 state stated stated states stating

856          

857 stay stayed stayed stays staying

858 steal stole stolen steals stealing

859 steep steeped steeped steeps steeping

860 stem stemmed stemmed stems stemming

861 step stepped stepped steps stepping

862 sterilize sterilized sterilized sterilizes sterilizing

863 stick stuck stuck sticks sticking

864 stimulate stimulated stimulated stimulates stimulating

865 sting stung stung stings stinging

866 stink stank stunk stinks stinking

867 stir stirred stirred stirs stirring

868 stitch stitched stitched stitches stitching

869 stoop stooped stooped stoops stooping

870 stop stopped stopped stops stopping

871 store stored stored stores storing

872 strain strained strained strains straining

873 stray strayed strayed strays straying

874 stress stressed stressed stresses stressing

875 stretch stretched stretched stretches stretching

876 strew strewed strewn strews strewing

877 stride strode stridden strides striding

878 strike struck struck/stricken strikes striking

879 string strung strung strings stringing

880 strive strove striven strives striving

881 study studied studied studies studying

882 submit submitted submitted submits submitting

883 subscribe subscribed subscribed subscribes subscribing

884 subtract subtracted subtracted subtracts subtracting

885 succeed succeeded succeeded succeeds succeeding

886 suck sucked sucked sucks sucking

887 suffer suffered suffered suffers suffering

888 suggest suggested suggested suggests suggesting

889 summon summoned summoned summons summoning

890 supply supplied supplied supplies supplying

891 support supported supported supports supporting

892 suppose supposed supposed supposes supposing

893 surge surged surged surges surging

894 surmise surmised surmised surmises surmising

895 surpass surpassed surpassed surpasses surpassing

896 surround surrounded surrounded surrounds surrounding

897 survey surveyed surveyed surveys surveying

898 survive survived survived survives surviving

899 swallow swallowed swallowed swallows swallowing

900 sway swayed swayed sways swaying

901 swear swore sworn swears swearing

902 sweat sweat sweat sweats sweating

903 sweep swept swept sweeps sweeping

904 swell swelled swollen swells swelling

905 swim swam swum swims swimming

906 swing swung swung swings swinging

907 swot swotted swotted swots swotting

908 take took taken takes taking

909 talk talked talked talks talking

910 tap tapped tapped taps tapping

911 taste tasted tasted tastes tasting

912 tax taxed taxed taxes taxing

913 teach taught taught teaches teaching

914 tear tore torn tears tearing

915 tee teed teed tees teeing

916 tell told told tells telling

917 tempt tempted tempted tempts tempting

918 tend tended tended tends tending

919 terminate terminated terminated terminates terminating

920 terrify terrified terrified terrifies terrifying

921 test tested tested tests testing

922 thank thanked thanked thanks thanking

923 think thought thought thinks thinking

924 thrive throve thriven thrives thriving

925 throw threw thrown throws throwing

926 thrust thrust thrust thrusts thrusting

927 thump thumped thumped thumps thumping

928 tie tied tied ties tying

929 tire tired tired tires tiring

930 toss tossed tossed tosses tossing

931 touch touched touched touches touching

932 train trained trained trains training

933 trample trampled trampled tramples trampling

934 transfer transferred transferred transfers transferring

935 transform transformed transformed transforms transforming

936 translate translated translated translates translating

937 trap trapped trapped traps trapping

938 travel travelled travelled travels travelling

939 tread trod trodden treads treading

940 treasure treasured treasured treasures treasuring

941 treat treated treated treats treating

942 tree treed treed trees treeing

943 tremble trembled trembled trembles trembling

944 triumph triumphed triumphed triumphs triumphing

945 trust trusted trusted trusts trusting

946 try tried tried tries trying

947 turn turned turned turns turning

948 type typed typed types typing

949 typeset typeset typeset typesets typesetting

950 understand understood understood understands understanding

951 undo undid undone undoes undoing

952 uproot uprooted uprooted uproots uprooting

953 upset upset upset upsets upsetting

954 urge urged urged urges urging

955 use used used uses using

956 utter uttered uttered utters uttering

957 value valued valued values valuing

958 vanish vanished vanished vanishes vanishing

959 vary varied varied varies varying

960 verify verified verified verifies verifying

961 vex vexed vexed vexes vexing

962 vie vied vied vies vying

963 view viewed viewed views viewing

964 violate violated violated violates violating

965 vomit vomited vomited vomits vomiting

966 wake woke woken wakes waking

967 walk walked walked walks walking

968 wander wandered wandered wanders wandering

969 want wanted wanted wants wanting

970 warn warned warned warns warning

971 waste wasted wasted wastes wasting

972 watch watched watched watches watching

973 water watered watered waters watering

974 wave waved waved waves waving

975 wax waxed waxed waxes waxing

976 waylay waylaid waylaid waylays waylaying

977 wear wore worn wears wearing

978 weave wove woven weaves weaving

979 wed wed wed weds wedding

980 weep wept wept weeps weeping

981 weigh weighed weighed weighs weighing

982 welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming

983 wend went went wends wending

984 wet wet wet wets wetting

985 whip whipped whipped whips whipping

986 whisper whispered whispered whispers whispering

987 win won won wins winning

988 wind wound wound winds winding

989 wish wished wished wishes wishing

990 withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdraws withdrawing

991 work worked worked works working

992 worry worried worried worries worrying

993 worship worshipped worshipped worships worshipping

994 wring wrung wrung wrings wringing

995 write wrote written writes writing

996 yawn yawned yawned yawns yawning

997 yell yelled yelled yells yelling

998 yield yielded yielded yields yielding

999 zinc zincked zincked zincs zincking

1000 zoom zoomed zoomed zooms zooming

200 Irregular Verbs FormsProper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct English. Every verb has three forms (Base Form, Past Form, Past Participle Form) followed by its ‘ing’ form. We are presenting you verb list in a easy to learn form. It has been segregated as follows :

 

Following is the list of Verbs in its forms

S.No. Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form

1 abide abode abode abides abiding

2 alight alit alit alights alighting

3 arise arose arisen arises arising

4 awake awoke awoken awakes awaking

5 be (am,are) was / were been is being

6 bear bore born/borne bears bearing

7 beat beat beaten beats beating

8 become became become becomes becoming

9 befall befell befallen befalls befalling

10 begin began begun begins beginning

11 behold beheld beheld beholds beholding

12 bend bent bent bends bending

13 bereave bereft bereft bereaves bereaving

14 beseech besought besought beseeches beseeching

15 bet bet bet bets betting

16 bid bade bidden bids bidding

17 bid bid bid bids bidding

18 bind bound bound binds binding

19 bite bit bitten bites biting

20 bleed bled bled bleeds bleeding

21 blow blew blown blows blowing

22 break broke broken breaks breaking

23 breed bred bred breeds breeding

24 bring brought brought brings bringing

25 broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasting

26 build built built builds building

27 burn burnt burnt burns burning

28 burst burst burst bursts bursting

29 bust bust bust busts busting

30 buy bought bought buys buying

31 cast cast cast casts casting

32 catch caught caught catches catching

33 chide chid chidden chides chiding

34 choose chose chosen chooses choosing

35 cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cleaves cleaving

36 cling clung clung clings clinging

37 clothe clad clad clothes clothing

38 come came come comes coming

39 cost cost cost costs costing

40 creep crept crept creeps creeping

41 cut cut cut cuts cutting

42 deal dealt dealt deals dealing

43 dig dug dug digs digging

44 do did done does doing

45 draw drew drawn draws drawing

46 dream dreamt dreamt dreams dreaming

47 drink drank drunk drinks drinking

48 drive drove driven drives driving

49 dwell dwelt dwelt dwells dwelling

50 eat ate eaten eats eating

51 fall fell fallen falls falling

52 fart fart fart farts farting

53 feed fed fed feeds feeding

54 feel felt felt feels feeling

55 fight fought fought fights fighting

56 find found found finds finding

57 fit fit fit fits fitting

58 flee fled fled flees fleeing

59 fling flung flung flings flinging

60 fly flew flown flies flying

61 forbid forbade forbidden forbids forbidding

62 forecast forecast forecast forecasts forecasting

63 forget forgot forgotten forgets forgetting

64 forgive forgave forgiven forgives forgiving

65 forsake forsook forsaken forsakes forsaking

66 freeze froze frozen freezes freezing

67 gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying

68 get got got gets getting

69 gird girt girt girds girding

70 give gave given gives giving

71 go went gone goes going

72 grave grove graven graves graving

73 grow grew grown grows growing

74 hang hung hung hangs hanging

75 have had had has having

76 hear heard heard hears hearing

77 heave hove hove heaves heaving

78 hew hewed hewn hews hewing

79 hide hid hidden hides hiding

80 hit hit hit hits hitting

81 hold held held holds holding

82 hurt hurt hurt hurts hurting

83 inlay inlaid inlaid inlays inlaying

84 input input input inputs inputting

85 keep kept kept keeps keeping

86 kneel knelt knelt kneels kneeling

87 knit knit knit knits knitting

88 know knew known knows knowing

89 lade laded laden lades lading

90 lay laid laid lays laying

91 lead led led leads leading

92 lean leant leant leans leaning

93 leap leapt leapt leaps leaping

94 learn learnt learnt learns learning

95 leave left left leaves leaving

96 lend lent lent lends lending

97 let let let lets letting

98 lie lay lain lies lying

99 light lit lit lights lighting

100 lose lost lost loses losing

101 make made made makes making

102 mean meant meant means meaning

103 meet met met meets meeting

104 mistake mistook mistaken mistakes mistaking

105 mow mowed mown mows mowing

106 partake partook partaken partakes partaking

107 pay paid paid pays paying

108 plead pled pled pleads pleading

109 put put put puts putting

110 quit quit quit quits quitting

111 read (રી�ડ) read (રી� ડ) read (રી� ડ) reads reading

112 rend rent rent rends rending

113 rid rid rid rids ridding

114 ride rode ridden rides riding

115 ring rang rung rings ringing

116 rise rose risen rises rising

117 run ran run runs running

118 saw sawed sawn saws sawing

119 say said said says saying

120 see saw seen sees seeing

121 seek sought sought seeks seeking

122 sell sold sold sells selling

123 send sent sent sends sending

124 set set set sets setting

125 sew sewed sewn sews sewing

126 shake shook shaken shakes shaking

127 shave shove shaven shaves shaving

128 shear shore shorn shears shearing

129 shed shed shed sheds shedding

130 shine shone shone shines shining

131 shit shit shit shits shitting

132 shoe shod shod shoes shoeing

133 shoot shot shot shoots shooting

134 show showed shown shows showing

135 shrink shrank shrunk shrinks shrinking

136 shrive shrove shriven shrives shriving

137 shut shut shut shuts shutting

138 sing sang sung sings singing

139 sink sank sunk sinks sinking

140 sit sat sat sits sitting

141 slay slew slain slays slaying

142 sleep slept slept sleeps sleeping

143 slide slid slid slides sliding

144 sling slung slung slings slinging

145 slink slunk slunk slinks slinking

146 slit slit slit slits slitting

147 smell smelt smelt smells smelling

148 smite smote smitten smites smiting

149 sneak snuck snuck sneaks sneaking

150 speak spoke spoken speaks speaking

151 speed sped sped speeds speeding

152 spell spelt spelt spells spelling

153 spend spent spent spends spending

154 spill spilt spilt spills spilling

155 spin spun spun spins spinning

156 spit spat spat spits spitting

157 split split split splits splitting

158 spoil spoilt spoilt spoils spoiling

159 spread spread spread spreads spreading

160 spring sprang sprung springs springing

161 stand stood stood stands standing

162 steal stole stolen steals stealing

163 stick stuck stuck sticks sticking

164 sting stung stung stings stinging

165 stink stank stunk stinks stinking

166 strew strewed strewn strews strewing

167 stride strode stridden strides striding

168 strike struck stricken strikes striking

169 string strung strung strings stringing

170 strive strove striven strives striving

171 swear swore sworn swears swearing

172 sweat sweat sweat sweats sweating

173 sweep swept swept sweeps sweeping

174 swell swelled swollen swells swelling

175 swim swam swum swims swimming

176 swing swung swung swings swinging

177 take took taken takes taking

178 teach taught taught teaches teaching

179 tear tore torn tears tearing

180 tell told told tells telling

181 think thought thought thinks thinking

182 thrive throve thriven thrives thriving

183 throw threw thrown throws throwing

184 thrust thrust thrust thrusts thrusting

185 tread trod trodden treads treading

186 understand understood understood understands understanding

187 wake woke woken wakes waking

188 way-lay way-laid way-laid way-lays way-laying

189 wear wore worn wears wearing

190 weave wove woven weaves weaving

191 wed wed wed weds wedding

192 weep wept wept weeps weeping

193 welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming

194 wend went went wends wending

195 wet wet wet wets wetting

196 win won won wins winning

197 wind wound wound winds winding

198 withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdraws withdrawing

199 wring wrung wrung wrings wringing

200 write wrote written writes writing

Phrasal Verbs A-ZA phrasal verb are usually two-word phrases consisting of preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.

Phrasal Verbs : A | B

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs a-baccount for something

to explain

to give an explanation for something

Well, how do you account for the fact that there's £20,000 missing?

There's a lot of money not accounted for.

add something on (to)

to include in a calculation or on a list

It'll cost more once you've added the VAT on.

Buying a house is very expensive after you've added on the solicitor's costs.

OK, so we need a printer, a scanner and a webcam. What about speakers? Add them on to the list as well.

add something up

to total by adding

add up

to be satisfactory when you think about it

I've added all my expenses up and you owe me £250.

They say the company is very successful and there aren't any problems with staff, suppliers or customers. But they're selling it at a very low price. It just doesn't add up.

back down

to abandon your position in an argument

The argument lasted for hours because neither of them would back down.

He backed down when it became clear that nobody else supported him.

back out (of something)

to break an agreement

to not do what you said you would

The two companies were going to merge, but one of them backed out at the last minute.

One company backed out of the deal because of rumours about the other company's finances.

back someone/something up

to support

Everyone backed him up when he complained about the conditions at work.

I'll listen to your complaints about the conditions at work when you have some evidence to back them up.

Whenever you write a new report, remember to back it up on CD.

back-up (noun)

If you have problems with the new system, just phone our office and our staff will give you all the back-up

you need.

You must have a back-up copy in case anything goes wrong with the computer.

be down

to have decreased

to not be working (computers/phones)

Sales are down by nearly 30%, so we'll have to start thinking about reducing the number of staff.

The computers are down again, so we can't get the plane tickets over the internet.

The phones were down for three days after the floods.

be in on something

to know something that isn't common knowledge

to be involved in something

The takeover was a complete surprise to me. Were you in on it?

I wasn't in on the plan at the beginning, but then someone asked me to join.

be off

to not be at work

She's not here. She's off today. I think she's got a hospital appointment.

That's the fourth time she's been off this month.

be out of something

to not have any more

The printer's out of ink again. Have you got another cartridge?

The machine's out of coffee. You'll have to have tea or chocolate.

be up

to have increased

Profits are up 60% this year, so we'll be able to pay a dividend.

Sales were up so much we had to employ extra staff.

boss someone around

to tell people what to do (often and needlessly)

You'd think he owned the company the way he bosses everyone around.

Stop bossing me around! I've been working here longer than you have.

branch out (into something)

to expand into new areas

If you want the company to grow, the business will have to branch out into new areas.

We're involved in all areas of the hotel business now, but we started with a restaurant and then branched out.

break down

to stop working

break something down (by)

to analyse

to show separately

We must get a new photocopier. This one's always breaking down.

I don't want a total figure. I want everything broken down by departments so I can see who's spending what.

When you break the figures down by category, you can see that most of our spending is on R&D.

breakdown (noun)

There was a breakdown on the tube this morning, so everyone got to work late.

I want a complete breakdown of all those figures.

bring something forward

to arrange to have or do earlier

Next week's meeting has been brought forward from Tuesday to Monday.

We've decided to bring the launch date forward to take advantage of the pre-Christmas increase in trading.

bring something out

to launch a product

They're bringing out a new line of summer clothing next month.

That's not a new computer program,. They brought that out years ago.

bring something up

to mention

Who brought up the question of wage rises in the meeting?

Well, I was waiting for the manager to bring it up, but he didn't. So I had to.

brush something up

to renew your knowledge of something

Either the existing staff will have to go to evening classes to brush up their Spanish, or we'll have to employ

new staff who actually know the language.

If you brush your languages up, then that will help you get a better job.

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs ccall for something

to need

to demand

This situation calls for urgent action before it's too late.

The job calls for a great deal of tact as you'll be dealing with the public at all times.

You've been promoted to manager? This calls for champagne.

The shareholders are calling for a change in management because of last year's bad results.

call something off

to cancel

We had to call off the meeting because the manager was on a trip.

No one told me you'd called it off. I came all the way from Barcelona!

call (someone) up

to phone

call something up (on the computer)

to look for and open

I tried to call you up to tell you about the meeting, but your mobile was switched off.

It's difficult to get any work done because people are calling up all day.

I called up the document and added the new paragraphs.

When I tried to call the file up it wasn't there. I must have deleted it by mistake.

carry on

carry on (doing something)

carry on (with something)

to continue

Please don't let me interrupt you. Carry on as if I wasn't here.

The fire alarm is always ringing. Now people ignore it and carry on working.

I'll be out of the office this afternoon, so you can just carry on with whatever you were doing this morning.

carry something out

to do

to complete or perform

The job was carried out by an outside consultancy firm.

We're carrying out a survey at the moment to see which of our products is the most popular.

catch up (with someone)

to reach the same standard

catch up (on something)

(to reach the required standard)

to do work you should already have finished

You all know much more than I do about computers, but I haven't got time to study. I'll never catch up.

You've already finished two reports today. I'll have to stay late to catch up with you.

I'm afraid there was no one to cover you when you were off sick last week, so you've got a lot of work to

catch up on.

I'll just have a sandwich at my desk so I can catch up on the backlog.

change over (to something)

to change to a new system or position

Spain changed over to the euro at the beginning of 2002.

Your computer's got the program I need. We'll have to change over.

I'm on a late shift this week, but we change over next Monday.

We'll have to change over to a new computer system soon because the old system is overloaded.

changeover (noun)

Everything seemed to be cheaper before the changeover to the euro.

We had nothing but problems with the computers for a couple of months after the changeover.

climb down

to admit you were wrong

He had to climb down after his colleagues proved him wrong.

The others had a much stronger argument, and in the end he climbed down and admitted they were right.

climb-down (noun)

First he said we couldn't have a pay rise, but then when we threatened to go on strike he said he'd negotiate.

It was a complete climb-down.

close (something) down

to close permanently

If we don't improve production we'll have to close down the factory.

When the supermarket opened, the grocer's shop on the corner closed down.

close-down (noun)

The factory close-down made a lot of people unemployed.

come out

to be published or made public

When the annual report came out, there was a sudden rush to sell shares.

News of the merger came out last week. Now everyone's worried about losing their jobs.

come up

to be mentioned, to appear

Did anything interesting come up in the meeting?

The idea of moving the company out of the city came up in the meeting.

A new vacancy has come up because one of the managers has retired.

come up against something

to meet or face

You come up against all sorts of discrimination when you work for a big company.

We came up against a number of problems when we tried to open a branch in France.

come up with something

to think of

The manager's secretary came up with a really good idea in the meeting.

We've been trying to find a solution to the problem for a long time now, but we still haven't come up with

anything.

crack down (on something)

to act more strictly

Staff have been told they can't send personal emails from work. Management will be cracking down in future.

If we want to save money we should begin by cracking down on personal phone calls made from work.

crop up

to appear or happen unexpectedly

Something's cropped up, so I won't be able to come to the meeting.

If any problems crop up while I'm on holiday, just ask one of the other managers.

cross something/someone off (a list)

cross something out

to delete, to draw a line through

OK, I've phoned those two clients, so they can be crossed off.

The sales manager will be in London next week and can't come to the meeting, so you can cross him off.

Yes or No. Cross out whichever doesn't apply.

That's not how you spell it. Cross it out and write it again.

cut back (on) (something)

to reduce

If sales continue to fall, we'll have to cut back production until things improve.

We were spending far too much money on entertaining clients, but we've managed to cut back.

They need to cut back on their investment programme.

cut down (on something)

to reduce consumption

I'm still smoking too much. I've tried to cut down, but it's impossible.

If we cut down on photocopies we won't need to buy so much toner.

cut someone off

disconnect a phone call

I was just talking to someone in the sales department, but I was cut off.

I pressed the wrong button on the switchboard and cut him off. He'll phone back in a minute.

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs d-fdeal with something/someone

to take action on something

to be responsible for

to have as its subject

to do business with

We should deal with the staff problems now before they get too serious.

The computer maintenance team can deal with any type of emergency.

The report deals with the introduction of new technology.

This company has many years of experience in dealing with customers from abroad.

We have been dealing with a number of multinationals ever since we opened our office in London.

do away with something

to abolish

We've finally done away with the manual system for goods registration.

The profit margin has been much higher ever since the company did away with its labour intensive production

system.

drag on

to continue slowly and boringly

The meeting dragged on for hours and we still didn't come to a decision.

The chairman's speech seemed to drag on for ever. I had difficulty staying awake.

drag something out

to prolong unnecessarily

The presentation should only last two hours, but they want me to drag it out for three.

It's usually a four-day course, but I can drag it out with some practice sessions if you like.

draw something up

to prepare

to compose

If you decide to buy the company, we can draw up a contract within seven days.

We'll have to draw up a list of all the people who might want to attend the conference.

end up as something

end up somewhere

end up doing something

to eventually become

to eventually find oneself/itself

She started in the company as a secretary. Who would have thought she would end up as the managing

director?

The plane was diverted because of fog, so we ended up in Barcelona instead of Valencia.

That temporary secretary is completely useless! He made so many mistakes in the report that I ended up

doing it myself.

face up to something

to accept a situation and take action

You have to face up to the fact that things have changed since you opened the company. You need to

modernise.

We argued for hours, but he finally faced up to the problem and he's going to call a meeting to discuss it next

week.

fall off

to decrease

Sales have fallen off ever since we introduced the new packaging. Nobody likes it.

The number of people coming into the office has fallen off since we set up the website.

fall through

to not succeed

The plans we had to relocate the company fell through because we couldn't get planning permission.

We've put so much effort into this project that I'll be very annoyed if it falls through.

fill something in

to complete

fill in (for someone)

to substitute for someone at work

fill someone in (on something)

to give information about

Please fill in the application form and return it to us as soon as possible.

You have to fill in all the boxes marked with an asterisk, otherwise the computer rejects it.

Our usual receptionist is on maternity leave at the moment, but one of the secretaries is filling in for her.

I don't usually do this job. I'm just filling in.

Come into my office and I'll fill you in on everything that happened in the meeting.

Have you heard the news? Come down to the bar and I'll fill you in.

find (something) out

find out (about something)

to discover

Did you know that the sales manager is being replaced? I've only just found out.

You've got the number of his private line? How did you find that out? I've been trying to get it for months.

He found out about the redundancy plans from the union representative.

fit in (with something/people)

to work well with others in a group

to complement or be in harmony with

fit something/someone in

to have/find enough time

The new designer fits in really well. The team has done some excellent work since he arrived.

I think we'll have to terminate his contract because he doesn't fit in with the other people in the office.

No, I don't want to expand abroad. That doesn't fit in with the plans I have for the company.

Well, I'm busy on Monday and Tuesday, but I could fit you in on Wednesday morning at about 11 o'clock.

Everyone's got lots of work, but we've got to fit the meeting in before the end of the week.

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs gget something across

to make people understand

The advertising campaign should get it across to people that our product is the best.

The company is in financial trouble, and this meeting has been called to get that message across.

get down to something

to start

I'll just introduce everyone, and then we'll get down to business.

We've been chatting far too long. It's time we got down to some work.

get on (with something)

to continue

to progress

get on (with someone)

to have a good relationship

I must get on now or I'll never finish this report before the deadline.

You started a new job last month, didn't you? How are you getting on?

How are you getting on with that report? Nearly finished?

I wish my old boss hadn't retired. My new boss and I don't get on.

The old manager was very easy to get on with.

It's difficult to get on well with the new manager.

get through (to someone)

to contact by phone

At last! I've been ringing all morning. It's taken me ages to get through.

I was ringing you all day yesterday, but I couldn't get through.

I finally got through to the department I wanted, but they said it would be best to go to the office in person.

give something away

to give without receiving payment

When we renewed our computer system we gave all the old equipment away to the local secondary school.

It's such a terrible product you couldn't give it away.

give something out

to distribute

We'll be giving out copies of the chairman's speech at the end of the morning.

You need to give these feedback forms out before the end of the session. And make sure you collect them

back in again.

go ahead (with something)

to proceed

You're the expert. Go ahead and do whatever you think best.

I've spoken to the client and he says we can go ahead with the advertising campaign.

go-ahead (noun)

Have you got the go-ahead for the plans yet?

We have to wait for the director to give us the go-ahead.

go along with something

to agree to

OK, I'll go along with that idea.

He never has any suggestions to make. He just goes along with what everyone else says.

go down (well/badly etc)

to be received

The ideas we had for the future didn't go down well at the meeting.

How did your suggestion go down?

So you told your boss that he didn't know how to manage people. I can imagine how that went down.

go into something

to talk about in detail

"What about the plans for the new building?" " We can go into that later, after this meeting."

You don't need to go into all the details. Just tell me yes or no.

go on (with something)

go on (doing something)

to continue

go on

to happen

Sorry I'm late. Please go on.

OK, go on. I'm ready.

While everyone else was looking out of the window at what was happening in the street, he just went on with

his work.

She went on working until the day before she had the baby.

What's going on? Why isn't anyone working?

go through

to be completed successfully

go through something

to check/examine

to experience

If we get the buyer's signature this afternoon, the deal can go through by the end of the week.

My application to join the club went through last month.

Go through your notes before the presentation to make sure you haven't forgotten anything.

Don't mention taxes! We don't want to go through that again.

I don't want to go through a journey like that again. It took nine hours to get here from Madrid.

go under

to go bankrupt

We'll have to cut the number of staff, otherwise the company will go under.

Some of our smaller competitors have gone under because they got into too much debt.

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs h-lhand something out

to distribute

Can you hand out the brochures to everyone who attends the presentation, please?

Wouldn't it be better to hand them out afterwards? People might not concentrate on what we're saying

otherwise.

hand-out (noun)

The hand-outs need to be photocopied.

Stop asking me for money! If you want a hand-out, ask someone rich!

hand something over

to give to someone else

When the managing director retired, she handed over the running of the company to her son.

Responsibility will be handed over to you at the end of the financial year.

handover (noun)

The official handover took place at the Shareholders' Annual Meeting.

hang on (and hold on)

to wait

hang on to something

to keep in your possession

Hang on a minute. I've just got to make a phone call.

Can you hang on while I check for you, or would you like me to ring you back?

Do we really need to hang on to these old files? They're all on computer now.

You should hang on to those old typewriters - they're really useful for completing forms.

hit on something

to think of

We've hit on a brilliant idea for the new advertising campaign!

I think you've hit on something very important there.

hold on (see hang on)

hold something up

to delay

Sorry I'm late. I was held up by my last appointment.

We can hold the process up till the end of the week, but we'll need to have everything ready for Monday.

hold-up (noun)

The leaflets aren't ready yet. There's been a hold-up at the printer's.

keep someone on

to not dismiss from work

When the factory closed, the only person kept on was the accountant.

I realise we'll have to lose a lot of the staff, but the minimum number we need to keep on is twenty.

key something in

to type into the computer

All the new data needs to be keyed in. Make sure you take a break from time to time so you don't strain your

eyes.

The figures don't tally. Someone must have keyed the information in wrongly.

lay someone off

to dismiss from work

We're going to have to lay off some staff until we get some more orders.

It's seasonal work, so he generally gets laid off at the end of October.

lay-off (noun)

There's not much money around because of all the lay-offs at the factory.

leak out

to become known

News of the redundancies has leaked out, and now the union representatives want to have a meeting with you.

Well, I don't know how that leaked out, but it was only discussed by the Board of Directors yesterday.

look down on someone

to consider inferior

He looks down on everyone else because he's the only one in the department who went to Oxford.

He's not the right person to be in charge of customer services because he looks down on anyone who hasn't

got the same accent as he has.

look forward to something

to anticipate with pleasure

I look forward to hearing from you.

I'm looking forward to the weekend. At last I'll be able to have a good rest.

look into something

to investigate

What about that problem with the agency? Have you looked into it yet?

I apologise for the delay. We're looking into the causes now, and hope to have everything back to normal by

this afternoon.

look up

to improve

look something up

to find information (when you know where it is)

We've got new orders worth £25,000. Things are looking up at last!

Things must be looking up - we're getting a Christmas bonus this year!

Can you look the phone number up for me, please?

I looked it up in the dictionary, but it wasn't there. Maybe it's under a different spelling.

look up to someone

to respect

If the staff don't feel they can look up to you, then you can't be the right person for the job.

Everyone looked up to the old manager because he always listened to what people had to say.

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs m-pmake something out

to manage to see or hear

make it out to someone

to write a cheque

What's this figure here in the accounts? I can't make it out.

You'll really have to improve your accent when you speak Spanish. I can't make out what you're saying.

Who shall I make it out to?

Shall I make the cheque out for cash?

make up for something

to compensate for

At least the sales contract from the Ministry will make up for the orders we lost because of the transport

strike.

When everyone comes back from holiday we'll have to work extra hours to make up for lost time.

miss something out

to not include

Can you check through the list and see if I've missed anything out?

If you miss out the @ in an email address, the message won't get sent.

own up (to something)

to admit to

OK. Own up! Who's taken my cigarettes?

The boss is never going to forget about that report being lost. I suppose I should own up to having left it in a

taxi.

pass someone over

to not consider for promotion

If they pass me over for promotion again this year I'm going to find a new job.

He's depressed because he's been passed over again.

pay something off

to finish paying money you owe

Once we pay off the bank loan, we'll be able to invest our profits in the company.

If you took out a 25-year mortgage in 1995 to buy your house, it won't be paid off until 2020.

phase something in

to introduce gradually

The changes in pension contributions can be phased in gradually as people join the firm.

We'll be phasing the changes in over the next few years so as to minimise disruption to the production

process.

pick up

to improve

pick something up

to learn by experience

Sales are often slow in the summer. Things should pick up around October.

If orders don't pick up soon we'll have to think about reducing production.

Probably the best way to learn the job is to sit with one of the staff and see what they do. You'll soon pick it

up.

The new secretary speaks four languages. Apparently she picked them up while travelling around Europe.

point something out

to draw attention to

I really must point out how important this meeting is. The company's future depends on it.

I pointed it out to him in the meeting but he didn't seem to think it was important.

pull something off

to succeed in doing something

The negotiations went on and on, but he finally pulled off the deal.

He's pulled it off! We've won the order!

pull out (of something)

to not continue

Once the other company discovered the size of the order, they pulled out.

We made it completely clear that we wouldn't sell for less than £3m, so the buyer pulled out of the deal.

put something forward

to make a suggestion

The new manager put forward her ideas for cutting costs as soon as the meeting started.

She wanted a ban on overtime, but I put that forward at the last meeting and everyone thought it was a

terrible idea.

put in for something

to request officially

I've put in for three weeks' holiday next August, but they probably won't let me have more than two.

There's a job going now that the Head of Personnel has retired. Why don't you put in for it?

put something off

to postpone

put someone off

to dissuade

to distract

The report isn't finished yet, so we'll have to put the meeting off until next week.

The expansion programme has been put off until the economy improves.

What do you mean, he wants to come to the office this afternoon? Can't you put him off?

Can I borrow your office? The roadworks outside my window are putting me off my work.

put someone through

to connect by phone

Hello, could you put me through to the Sales Department, please?

I'm sorry, you were put through to this extension by mistake. I'll transfer you to the right department.

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs r-sreckon on something

to expect

He's decided to resign from his job? Well, I hadn't reckoned on that happening.

I think we can probably reckon on a minimum of 25 people coming to the training course.

ring (someone) back

to phone again

He'll be in the office after 3 o'clock, if you'd like to ring back then.

Sorry, I've got a meeting now. I'll ring you back as soon as it's finished.

ring off

to end a phone call

I was speaking to him earlier, but his boss called him into the office so he rang off without telling me the

news.

I'll have to ring off now because the meeting's about to start. See you later.

rule something/someone out

to eliminate

So who gets the manager's job when he leaves? Well, both of us can be ruled out because we've only been

working here six months.

If we lower the prices of our products, we can't rule out the possibility that our competitors will do exactly the

same.

run out (of something)

to have no more

I can't print any more copies. The ink's run out.

I can't print any more copies. The printer's run out of ink.

run through something

to check by repeating

I want to run through the presentation just once more to make sure I've got it right.

Let's run through the names again and see if we can think of anyone else.

rush into something

to decide too quickly

I'm not going to rush into anything now. Leave me the details and I'll look at them when I have a bit more

time.

Let's not rush into a decision on this. Think about it over the weekend, and we'll meet back here at 10 o'clock

on Monday morning.

scale something down

to reduce in size

We're going to have to scale down the plans for expansion until there's an upturn in the economy.

Your projected costs will have to be scaled down. Remember, there are other departments that want money

for new equipment too!

see to something

to do, to deal with

I'll see to the arrangements for next week's meeting if you deal with the work outstanding for today.

The photocopier needs seeing to. It hasn't been working properly for at least a week.

set someone back something

to cost

I know that this building isn't big enough for us now, but a new building will set the company back millions of

pounds.

The new equipment we bought for the R&D Department set us back over £500,000.

set off

to leave on a journey

I had to book you on the early flight because the usual one was full. You'll need to set off really early.

If we set off from here at around eleven, we should be there in plenty of time for the meeting.

set something up

to start, to establish, to install equipment

The company was set up by the current director in 1987.

We can set up a committee to look at the possibility of changing the company's pension scheme.

Set up the screen and the camera in front of the table so we can see them and they'll be able to see us.

shoot up

to increase rapidly

The number of accidents in the factory has shot up recently. We'll have to check our safety measures because

something's clearly going wrong.

The price of raw materials is shooting up, and soon we'll have to think about passing the cost on to the

consumer.

sink in

to be slowly understood

How long is it going to take to sink in? The company's in trouble and something needs to be done about it

now!

The news of the company cutbacks may take a while to sink in, but you should prepare yourself to deal with

lots of queries from the staff.

sort something out

to solve a problem

I'll speak to you as soon as I've sorted out this problem with the Inland Revenue.

We're still having problems with the internet connections. I thought you were going to sort it out.

speak up

to speak more loudly

I'm sorry, this is a very bad line. Can you speak up?

You'll have to speak up or the people at the back won't be able to hear.

stand for something

to represent

This company has always stood for quality and reliability, and that's not going to change.

The letters R&D stand for Research and Development.

stand in (for someone)

to take someone's place

I'm sorry, I can't help you. I'm just standing in (for her) until she comes back to work tomorrow. Could you

ring back then?

The personnel manager's just phoned in sick, so we need to find someone to stand in for him on the training

course.

step something up

to increase

If we get any more orders we'll need to step up production.

The speed with which we deal with complaints needs to be stepped up.

sum (something) up

to summarise the main points

So, to sum up, the main points to remember are that we need to find new markets, invest in new

technology....

If I had to sum it up in one word, I would say that the image of this company is reliability.

Grammar notes: phrasal verbs t-ztake something down

to note information

You'll need to take down everything we say in the meeting, enter it on the computer, then print it out and

give everyone a copy.

OK, I'll take down all your details and then your complaint can be passed to the relevant department.

take something on

to assume responsibility

to employ

Your secretary can take on the extra work until we find a permanent replacement.

I don't really want to be promoted because I don't want to take on the extra responsibility.

We'll need to take on extra staff over the summer to cover the people on holiday.

take something out

to obtain a legal or official document

The company can take out a short-term loan to pay for the new computer system, and then pay it back with

the money saved by reducing the number of staff.

We took out extra insurance to cover possible losses caused by computer viruses.

take something over

to gain control

take over from someone

to replace

The shop was taken over by one of its competitors.

We took the company over in 1996, and since then we have doubled profits.

We need to recruit a new secretary to take over from yours while she's on maternity leave.

touch on something

to mention

I'd like to touch on a number of subjects in this meeting.

The manager didn't touch on the subject of staff reductions in the meeting with the union rep.

turn something down

to refuse, reject, to reduce

I'm afraid your application has been turned down again.

I'd love to accept your offer of a job, but I'll have to turn it down because I'm happy with my present

company.

It's so hot in this office! Can't we turn the heating down?

turn (something) out

to produce

turn out to be

turn out that

to end as

Once we get the new machinery installed, the factory will be able to turn out twice the number of cars it

produces today.

Your plan for cutting costs turned out to be very successful, so we've decided to give you a bonus.

It turned out that the new manager went to school with the director, but they hadn't seen each other for 20

years.

walk out

to leave in protest

The factory staff walked out when they heard that the union representative had been disciplined for attending

a meeting.

If you walk out now you won't have the opportunity to come back!

weigh something up

to assess

We'll have to weigh the situation up very carefully before we take any action.

I weighed up all the pros and cons before I decided to leave the old job and take the new one.

wind (something) down

to reduce business

The business has been winding down ever since the director left it to his brother.

When production was relocated to Manchester, the London branch was gradually wound down.

work something out

to solve a problem

work out

to be all right in the end

Can you give me a hand? I can't work this calculation out at all.

I've read the instructions, but I still can't work out how this program works.

Don't worry. It'll all work out OK.

Phrasal Verb Meaning Sentence

Abide by Accept or follow a decision or rule  

Account for To explain  

Ache for Want something or someone a lot  

Act on /Act uponTo take action because of something like information received.

 

Act on /Act upon Affect  

Act out Perform something with actions and gestures  

Act out Express an emotion in your behaviour  

Act up Behave badly or strangely  

Add on Include in a calculation  

Add up To make a mathematical total  

Add up Be a satisfactory explanation for something  

Add up to Have a certain result  

Add up to Come to a certain amount or figure  

Agree withAffect- usually used in the negative to show that something has had a negative effect, especially is it makes you feel bad.

 

Aim at To target  

Aim at Intend to achieve  

Allow for Include something in a plan or calculation  

Allow of Make possible, permit  

Angle forTry to get something indirectly by hinting or suggesting

Answer back To reply rudely to someone in authority  

Answer for Be held responsible for a problem  

Answer forSpeak on behalf of someone or from knowing them

 

Argue downBeat someone in a debate, discussion or argument

 

Argue downPersuade someone to drop the price of something they're selling.

 

Argue down Argue about a problem to find a solution.  

Ask aboutAsk how someone is doing, especially professionally and in terms of a health

 

Ask afterEnquire about someone's health, how life is going.

 

Ask aroundAsk a number of people for information of help.

 

Ask around Invite someone.  

Ask for To provoke a negative reaction  

Ask for Request to have or be given.  

Ask in To invite somebody into your house  

Ask out To invite someone for a date.  

Ask over Invite  

Ask round Invite someone.  

Auction off Sell something in an auction.  

English - Auxiliariesam, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had are called Primary Auxiliaries.

Will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, must, need are called Modal Auxiliaries.

The Primary Auxiliaries can be used as helping verbs as well as principal verbs.

The Modal Auxiliaries are always used as helping verbs. In other words they cannot be used as Principal verbs.

Eg., AmI am a software professional. I am working for Wipro.

In the above first sentence ‘am’ was used as a principal verb and in the second it was used as a helping verb.

IsHe is a doctor. He is performing a surgery at the movement.

AreWe are students of Hansraj College. We are participating in a football tournament here.

WasKalidasa was a great poet. Gopal was riding a bi-cycle when he was hit by a scooter.

WereThey were my classmates in Dehradun. They were going to Goa when their train met with an accident.

HaveI have many grammar books at home. I have read all of them. 

Has He has a laptop with him.He has put it in his briefcase.

HadI had a beautiful pen. I had bought it in 2004.

DoThey do their work sincerely. They do not go home before 8 pm.

DoesHe does his work efficiently. He does not waste even a single minute.

DidShe did her job. Did she come to office yesterday?

Modal Auxiliaries Modal Auxiliaries can only be used as a helping verb. 

Will – It is used to express intention. It is normally used in future tense. We will go to Jaisalmer next week.They will visit our place in February. Will they accompany you for lunch?

Would – It is the past form of will.He would complete his work by this time tomorrow. She would be going for her dance classes from next week. Would you like to have a glass of water?

Shall Shall I take leave tomorrow?Shall we go on a picnic next week?Shall we have coffee in CP?

Should You should pay attention in the class.Should I accompany her to her house?You should drink two glasses of water daily in the morning. 

May – It is used to indicate possibility. I may come to your house tomorrow. It may rain in the evening. Government may hike the price of petrol and diesel. May I borrow your book for a couple of days?

Might – It is the past form of may and is used to express less certain situations. I might take a leave tomorrow. Dad might come to office the day after tomorrow. Mid term elections might be announced in mid March.

ADVERBAdverbs are used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb:

Kinds of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of MannerThe Adverbs like wisely, foolishly, well, fast, slowly, bravely shows how (or the manner in which) an action is done. Such Adverbs are called Adverbs of Manner. Adverb of Manner answer the question -'How'?

For Example:

1. She ran fast.

2. Adverbs of PlaceThe Adverbs like outside, everywhere, here, there, hither, thither, out, forward shows where an action is done. Such Adverbs are called Adverbs of Place. Adverb of Place answer the question -'where'?

For Example:

1. School children are playing outside.

3. Adverbs of TimeThe Adverbs today like yesterday, tomorrow, daily, early, presently, immediately show when an action is done are called Adverbs of time. Adverb of time answer the question -'when'?

For Example:

1. School children do their homework daily.

4. Adverbs of NumberThe Adverbs which shows how often an action is done like twice, always, done. Adverb of Number answer the question -'How often'?

For Example:

1. He seldom came here.

5. Adverbs of DegreeThese Adverbs, which show how much or to what extent a thing is done, are called Adverb of Degree.

For Example:

1. The coffee was extremely hot.

6. Interrogative AdverbsAdverbs which are used for asking questions are called 'Interrogative Adverbs'.

For Example:

1. When did he come?

ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES

Adjective gives more specific about noun or pronoun.

It may answer any of three specific questions about the noun(s) or pronoun(s) : what kind?, which one(s)? or how many?

Adjectives are also called modifiers because they modify the image of noun we have in mind. For example if we say Car which is noun, It is very general term now if we specify more clearly white BMW car it gives more clear picture of the same.

Articles are kind of Adjectives which give information about Nouns

Read More on Articles

Proper Adjectives

They look like proper nouns because they are captialized but they are modifying nouns, and therefore are called adjectives.

It will answer the question what kind or which one? about the noun.

For Example : Darjeeling Tea is very famous around the world.

Now, kind of Tea is Darjeeling (which is a place in India). Here, it is Proper Adjective.

Possessive Adjectives

A possessive adjective ("my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their") is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase.

Demonstrative Adjectives

The demonstrative adjectives "this," "these," "that," "those," and "what" are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrase.

Interrogative Adjectives

An interrogative adjective ("which" or "what") is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own.

Indefinite Adjectives

An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.

ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES : Degree of Comparison

Adjective change in form when they show comparison.

Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison.

Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparitive degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns.

Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more than two nouns/pronouns. We use the article 'the' before the superlative degrees.

Formation of Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative degrees:

1) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

bright brighter brightest

black blacker blackest

bold bolder boldest

clever cleverer cleverest

cold colder coldest

fast faster fastest

great greater greatest

high higher highest

kind kinder kindest

long longer longest

rich richer richest

small smaller smallest

strong stronger strongest

sweet sweeter sweetest

tall taller tallest

thick thicker thickest

young younger youngest

2) by addition of '-r' and '-st' to the positive degree ending in 'e'

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

brave braver bravest

fine finer finest

large larger largest

nice nicer nicest

noble nobler noblest

pale paler palest

simple simpler simplest

wise wiser wisest

white whiter whitest

3) When the positive ends in 'y' and has a consonant before it, we change 'y' into 'i' and then add 'er' and 'est'.

By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ and ‘iest’

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

costly costlier costliest

dry drier driest

easy easier easiest

happy happier happiest

heavy heavier heaviest

lazy lasier lasiest

mercy mercier merciest

wealthy wealthier wealthiest

4) when the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it, we double the consonant & then add '-er' and '-est'

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

big bigger biggest

dim dimmer dimmest

fat fatter fattest

hot hotter hottest

thin thinner thinnest

5) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree when it ends in '-y'

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

gay gayer gayest

grey greyer greyest

5) by placing 'more' and 'most' before the positive form

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

active more active most active

attractive more attractive most attractive

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

brilliant more brilliant most brilliant

careful more careful most careful

courageous more courageous most courageous

cunning more cunning most cunning

difficult more difficult most difficult

famous more famous most famous

faithful more faithful most faithful

important more important most important

proper more proper most proper

popular more popular most popular

splendid more splendid most splendid

suitable more suitable most suitable

Some adjectives do not follow any of the rules explained earlier. They are compared irregularly. Here are the different forms of such adjectives.

 

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

bad worse worst

evil worse worst

good better best

ill worse worst

far farther farthest

well better best

late later latest (time)

late later last (position)

little less least

much more most

many more most

near nearer nearest

old older oldest

old elder eldest

 

PREPOSITIONSPrepositions is a word that connects one thing with another, showing how they are related.

Types of Prepositions

--- OF PLACE

Prepositions that gives us information about the place, location or position of a noun or pronoun in relation to something else are called prepositions of place.

For Example:

1) My uncle lives at Lahore in Pakistan.

 

 

* A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.

For Example:

My brother is jumping into the pool.

* Some prepositions are used to talk about time.

For Example:

We have dinner at 9:00 AM.

CONJUNCTIONSA conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but. Conjuctions are used to connect words or sentences.

Conjuctions of Time:

Before, after, as, when, while, until, since are also conjuctions of time because they tell when something has happen.

Conjunctions are divided into two classes: -

a) Co-ordinative

b) Subordinative

a) Co- ordinative Conjuctions : join sentences of equal rank.

Co-ordinative Conjunctions

And Sprouts and juice is healthy breakfast.

But He is good person but he is short tempered.

Else Take precautions else you will fell ill.

Or Would you like to have coffee or tea?

b) Sub- ordinative Conjuctions : join sentences of unequal parts.

Co-ordinative Conjunctions

after  

although  

as  

because  

before

but that  

if  

in order that  

lest  

no matter  

how  

since  

so that  

supposing  

than  

that  

though  

till  

unless  

until  

what  

when  

whenever  

where  

whereas  

wherever  

whether  

which  

while  

who  

why  

even though  

INTERJECTIONSAn Interjection is a word that expresses a sudden feeling such as suprise, pain or pleasure. Often exclamation point (!) is used after interjections.

For Example :- Cheers! Ssh!Ouch!Hooray!Aah!Wow!

 

English - TensesWe express our ideas mostly in terms of time. Tenses come to the aid of communicator in this regard.

There are three type of Tenses :

I) Present TenseII) Past TenseIII) Future Tense

Each Tense has four sub categories. They are :

I) Present Tensea) Simple Present

b) Present Continuousc) Present Perfect

d) Present Perfect Continuous

English - Present TensesEnglish :: Tenses :: Present Tenses  I) Present Tense

(a) Simple Present : This Tense is used to express the habits, daily routine and universal truths. In this tense the first form of the verb is used.

Taking the verb ‘eat’ we can make sentences in the following manner :

The formula for simple present is Subject + V1

I eat an apple everyday. We eat apples everyday. You eat apples everyday. He eats an apple everyday. She eats an apple everyday. It eats an apple everyday. They eat apples everyday.

(b) Present Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is continuing or taking place now. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.

The formula for present continuous is Subject + Aux +V4 (ing form)

I am eating an apple now. We are eating apples now. You are eating an apple now. He is eating an apple now. She is eating an apple now. It is eating an apple now. They are eating apples now.

(c) Present Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which is over just now or completed today. In this tense the third form of the verb is used.

The formula for present perfect is Subject +Auxiliary Verb + V3 (Past Participle Form)

I have eaten an apple today. We have eaten apples today. You have eaten an apple today.He has eaten an apple today.She has eaten an apple today.It has eaten an apple today.They have eaten apples today.

(c) Present Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which began at some point of time in the past and is still continuing. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.

The formula for present perfect continuous is Subject+Aux+Aux+V4(ing form)

I have been eating apples for the last three months. We have been eating apples for the last three months. You have been eating apples for the last three months. He has been eating apples for the last three months. She has been eating apples for the last three months.It has been eating apples for the last three months. They have been eating apples for the last three months.

 

II) Past Tensea) Simple Pastb) Past Continuousc) Past Perfectd) Past Perfect Continuous

English - Past TensesEnglish :: Tenses :: Past Tenses  II) Past Tense

(a)  Simple Past : This Tense is used to express an action which is over or completed at some point of time in the past. In this tense the second form of the verb is used.

The formula for simple past is Subject + V2

I ate an apple yesterday.We ate apples yesterday.You ate an apple yesterday.He ate an apple yesterday.She ate an apple yesterday.It ate an apple yesterday.They ate apples yesterday.

(b)  Past Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which was continuing at some point of time in the past. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.

The formula for past continuous is Subject +Aux + V4(ing form)

I was eating an apple yesterday.We were eating apples yesterday.You were eating an apple yesterday.He was eating an apple yesterday.She was eating an apple yesterday.It was eating an apple yesterday.They were eating apples yesterday.

(c)  Past Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which was over long ago. In this tense the third form of the verb is used.

The formula for past perfect is Subject +Aux + V3

I had eaten an apple six years ago.We had eaten apples six years ago.You had eaten an apple six years ago.He had eaten an apple six years ago.She had eaten an apple six years ago.It had eaten an apple six years ago.They had eaten apples six years ago.

(d)  Past Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which began at some point of time in the past, continued for some time and was subsequently discontinued. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.

The formula for past perfect continuous is Subject +Aux +Aux + V4(ing form)

I had been eating apples until last year.We had been eating apples until last year.You had been eating apples until last year.He had been eating apples until last year.She had been eating apples until last year.It had been eating apples until last year.They had been eating apples until last year.

 

III) Future Tensea) Simple Futureb) Future Continuousc) Future Perfectd) Future Perfect Continuous

English - Future TensesEnglish :: Tenses :: Future Tenses  III) Future Tense

(a)  Simple Future : This Tense is used to express intention. In this tense the first form of the verb is used.

The formula for simple future is Subject + Aux + V1

I will eat an apple tomorrow. We will eat apples tomorrow. You will eat an apple tomorrow. He will eat an apple tomorrow. She will eat an apple tomorrow. It will eat an apple tomorrow. They will eat apples tomorrow.

Here it may be mentioned that strict grammar rules prefer the use of ‘shall’ for ‘I’ and ‘We’ – First person singular and plural. However, in interrogative sentences ‘shall’ has to be used with ‘I & We’ instead of ‘will’.

(b)  Future Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to be continuing at some point of time in future. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.

The formula for future continuous is Subject +Aux+Aux+ V4(ing form)

I will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.We will be eating apples tomorrow in the evening.You will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.He will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.She will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.It will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.They will be eating apples tomorrow in the evening.

 

(c)  Future Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to have been completed at some point of time in future. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used. 

The formula for future perfect is Subject+Aux+Aux+V3

I will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.We will have eaten apples by this time tomorrow.You will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.He will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.She will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.It will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.They will have eaten apples by this time tomorrow.

(d)  Future Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to began at some point of time in future and continue for sometime. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used.  In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.

The formula for future perfect is Subject+Aux+Aux+Aux +V4

I will have been eating apples from next year. We will have been eating apples from next year. You will have been eating apples from next year. He will have been eating apples from next year. She will have been eating apples from next year. It will have been eating apples from next year. They will have been eating apples from next year.

 

And English grammar has classified human beings, animals and things into 7 categories.

They are : I, We, You, He, She, It and They.

‘I’ is called First Person Singular.‘We’ is called First Person Plural. ‘You’ is called Second Person Singular / Plural. ‘He’ is called Third Person Singular. ‘She’ is called Third Person Singular.‘It’ is called Third Person Singular.‘They’ is called Third Person Plural.

One should be extremely careful in the use of third person singular especially in Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses.

English - VerbsProper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct English. Every verb has three forms (Base Form, Past Form, Past Participle Form) followed by its ‘ing’ form. We are presenting you verb list in a easy to learn form. It has been segregated as follows :

Verbs in which all the three forms are differentVerbs in which all two forms are identical

Verbs in which all three forms are identical

Following is the list of Verbs in which all the three forms are different

Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form ‘ing’ form

Abide Abided Abided/Abidden Abiding

Arise Arose Arisen Arising

Awake Awoke Awoken Awaking

Be Was/Were Been Being

Bear Bore Born/Borne Bearing

Beat Beat Beaten Beating

Begin Began Begun Beginning

Bid Bade Bidden Bidding

Bite Bit Bitten Biting

Blow Blew Blown Blowing

Break Broke Broken Breaking

Choose Chose Chosen Choosing

Do Did Done Doing

Draw Drew Drawn Drawing

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking

Drive Drove Driven Driving

Eat Ate Eaten Eating

Fall Fell Fallen Falling

Fly Flew Flown Flying

Forbid Forbade Forbidden Forbidding

Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Foreseeing

Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgetting

Forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgiving

Forsake Forsook Forsaken Forsaking

Freeze Froze Frozen Freezing

Give Gave Given Giving

Go Went Gone Going

Grow Grew Grown Growing

Hide Hid Hidden Hiding

Know Knew Known Knowing

Lie Lay Lain Lying

Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistaking

Mow Mowed Mown Mowing

Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Overdrawing

Overtake Overtook Overtaken Overtaking

Re-prove Re-proved Re-proven/Re-proved Re-proving

Ride Rode Ridden Riding

Ring Rang Rung Ringing

Rise Rose Risen Rising

Rive Rived Riven/Rived Riving

Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed Sawing

See Saw Seen Seeing

Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed Sewing

Shake Shook Shaken Shaking

Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved Shaving

Show Showed Shown Showing

Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinking

Sing Sang Sung Singing

Sink Sank Sunk Sinking

Slay Slew Slain Slaying

Slide Slid Slid/Slidden Sliding

Sow Sowed Sown Sowing

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking

Spin Span/Spun Spun Spinning

Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit Spitting

Split Split Split Splitting

Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled Spoiling

Spread Spread Spread Spreading

Spring Sprang Sprung Springing

Stand Stood Stood Standing

Steal Stole Stolen Stealing

Stride Strode/Strided Stridden Striding

Strike Struck Struck/Stricken Striking

Strive Strove Striven Striving

Swear Swore Sworn Swearing

Swell Swelled Swollen Swelling

Swim Swam Swum Swimming

Take Took Taken Taking

Thrive Throve/Thrived Thriven/Thrived Thriving

Throw Threw Thrown Throwing

Tread Trod Trodden Treading

Undergo Underwent Undergone Undergoing

Undertake Undertook Undertaken Undertaking

Wake Woke Woken Waking

Wear Wore Worn Wearing

Weave Wove Woven Weaving

Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Withdrawing

Write Wrote Written Writing

Verbs in which all two forms are identical

Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form ‘ing’ form

Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted Alighting

Bend Bent Bent Bending

Become Became Become Becoming

Behold Beheld Beheld Beholding

Bleed Bled Bled Bleeding

Bring Brought Brought Bringing

Buy Bought Bought Buying

Bind Bound Bound Binding

Broadcast Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcasting

Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned Burning

Build Built Built Building

Breed Bred Bred Breeding

Catch Caught Caught Catching

Cost Cost Cost Costing

Clap Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt Clapping

Clothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed Clothing

Come Came Come Coming

Creep Crept Crept Creeping

Dare Dared Dared Daring

Deal Dealt Dealt Dealing

Dig Dug Dug Digging

Dream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed Dreaming

Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Dwelling

Feed Fed Fed Feeding

Feel Felt Felt Feeling

Fight Fought Fought Fighting

Find Found Found Finding

Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted Fitting

Foretell Foretold Foretold Foretelling

Flee Fled Fled Fleeing

Fling Flung Flung Flinging

Forecast Forecast/Forecasted Forecast/Forecasted Forecasting

Get Got Got/Gotten Getting

Grind Ground Ground Grinding

Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged Hanging

Have Had Had Having

Hear Heard Heard Hearing

Hold Held Held Holding

Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Inlaying

Input Input/Inputted Input/Inputted Inputting

Interlay Interlaid Interlaid Interlaying

Keep Kept Kept Keeping

Kneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled Kneeling

Knit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted Knitting

Lay Laid Laid laying

Lead Led Led Leading

Lean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned Leaning

Leap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped Leaping

Learn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned Learning

Leave Left Left Leaving

Lend Lent Lent Lending

Lie Lied Lied lying

Light Lit Lit Lighting

Lose Lost Lost Losing

Make Made Made Making

Mean Meant Meant Meaning

Meet Met Met Meeting

Melt Melted Molten/Melted Melting

Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Misunderstanding

Miswed Miswed/Miswedded Miswed/Miswedded Miswedding

Mislead Misled Misled Misleading

Overhear Overheard Overheard Overhearing

Pay Paid Paid Paying

Preset Preset Preset Presetting

Prove Proved Proven/Proved Proving

Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded Ridding

Run Ran Run Running

Say Said Said Saying

Seek Sought Sought Seeking

Sell Sold Sold Selling

Send Sent Sent Sending

Shear Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared Shearing

Shine Shone Shone Shining

Shoe Shod Shod Shoeing

Shoot Shot Shot Shooting

Sit Sat Sat Sitting

Sleep Slept Slept Sleeping

Sling Slung Slung Slinging

Slink Slunk Slunk Slinking

Smell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled Smelling

Sneak Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck Sneaking

Soothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid Soothsaying

Speed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded Speeding

Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled Spelling

Spend Spent Spent Spending

Spill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled Spilling

String Strung Strung Stringing

Strip Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped Stripping

Stick Stuck Stuck Sticking

Sting Stung Stung Stinging

Stink Stank Stunk Stinking

Sweat Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated Sweating

Sweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped Sweeping

Sunburn Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburning

Swing Swung Swung Swinging

Teach Taught Taught Teaching

Tell Told Told Telling

Think Thought Thought Thinking

Tear Tore Torn Tearing

Understand Understood Understood Understanding

Vex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed Vexing

Wed Wed/Wedded Wed/Wedded Wedding

Weep Wept Wept Weeping

Wend Wended/Went Wended/Went Wending

Wet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted Wetting

Win Won Won Winning

Wind Wound Wound Winding

Withstand Withstood Withstood Withstanding

Wring Wrung Wrung Wringing

Withhold Withheld Withheld Withholding

Zinc Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked Zincking

Verbs in which all three forms are identical

Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form ‘ing’ form

Bet Bet Bet Betting

Burst Burst Burst Bursting

Bust Bust Bust Busting

Bid Bid Bid Bidding

Cast Cast Cast Casting

Cut Cut Cut Cutting

Hit Hit Hit Hitting

Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting

Let Let Let Letting

Put Put Put Putting

Quit Quit Quit Quitting

Read Read Read Reading

Set Set Set Setting

Shed Shed Shed Shedding

Slit Slit Slit Slitting

Shut Shut Shut Shutting

Sublet Sublet Sublet Subletting

Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusting

Upset Upset Upset Upsetting

English - Articles‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are the three articles used in English language. ‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite Articles and ‘the’ is called the definite article.

‘a’ and ‘an’ are used in the sense of ‘one’. The indefinite Article ‘a’ is used before words beginning with consonants or consonantal sound. The indefinite Article ‘an’ is used before words beginning with vowels or vowel sound.

Eg. :Ragu ate a banana. The young boy saw a tiger. The Principal declared a holiday for the college tomorrow.

In all the above three examples the article ‘a’ was used in the sense of one.

Sita ate an apple in the morning. Ravi saw an elephant in the circus. An old man was walking across the street. Eating an orange everyday is also good for health. Raghu lost an umbrella in class. Gita wanted an ink-stand.

In all the above three examples the article ‘an’ was used in the sense of one.

Here it has to be emphasized that students should be careful in noticing the vowel sound. In certain cases the word may begin with a vowel but it may have a consonantal sound. In such a case the indefinite article ‘a’ should be used.

Eg. :He gave the beggar a one-rupee coin. I met a European in Karol-Bagh. Screwdriver is a useful instrument. This is a University.

Similarly, in other cases the word may begin with a consonant but it may have a vowel sound. In such a case the indefinite article ‘an’ should be used.

Eg. :He is an honest officer. There are 60 minutes in an hour. He is an heir to crores of property.

The definite article ‘the’ is used before the names of rivers, mountain ranges and things which are unique in the world.

Eg. :

The Ganges is a polluted river now. The Yamuna flows through Delhi. The Himalayas are the highest mountain ranges in the world. The Sun rises in the east. The Moon has a cycle of one month. The definite article ‘the’ is used before superlatives.

Eg. :

Kumar is the cleverest boy in the class. Geeta is the tallest girl in the class. Cheeta is the fastest animal.

The definite article ‘the’ is used to refer to a particular person or thing.

Eg. :

The patient who was admitted in the hospital yesterday, died today morning. The apple which was kept on the table is rotten. The computer we bought last month is infected by virus.

The definite article ‘the’ is used before Holy books.

The Ramayana, The MahabhartaThe Quran, The Bible, The Bhagwatgita

It is also used in comparison :

Eg :

Mumbai is considered the Manchester of India. Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India.

nglish - Active & Passive VoiceThe most famous sentence, most of us are familiar is:

Ram killed Ravana. - Active Voice Ravana was killed by Ram. - Passive Voice

Here the first sentence is said to be in Active Voice and the second sentence in Passive Voice.

A sentence is said to be in Active Voice when the subject does something. Similarly, a sentence is said to be in Passive Voice when something is done to the subject.

In the above sentence Ram is the ‘subject’ and Ravana is the ‘object’. In the active voice sentence Ram i.e., the subject has killed the object Ravana. In the second sentence Ravana is the subject but he allowed himself to be killed by subject Ram. Here the subject is Passive. Therefore, it is called Passive voice.

Eg. :

Raghu kicked the ball.

In this sentence Raghu is the ‘subject’ and ball is the ' object'. The word kicked is the verb.

Here it must be noted that:

‘I’ becomes ‘me’ in Passive voice ‘We’ becomes ‘us’ ‘You’ remains ‘you’ ‘He’ becomes ‘him’ ‘She’ becomes ‘her’ ‘It’ remains ‘it’ ‘They’ becomes ‘them.’

Here also the active voice and passive voice are expressed in different tenses.

 

I) Present Tense

a) Simple Present

I watch movies every week. - Active VoiceMovies are watched by me every week. - Passive Voice

We watch movies every week. Movies are watched by us every week.

You watch movies every week. Movies are watched by you every week.

He watches movies every week. Movies are watched by him every week.

She watches movies every week. Movies are watched by her every week.

It watches movies every week. Movies are watched by it every week.

They watch movies every week. Movies are watched by them every week. 

b) Present Continuous

I am watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by me now.

We are watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by us now.

You are watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by you now.

He is watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by him now.

She is watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by her now.

It is watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by it now.

They are watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by them now.

c) Present Perfect

I have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by me today.

We have watched a movie today.A movie has been watched by us today.

You have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by you today.

He has watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by him today.

She has watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by her today.

It has watched a movie today.A movie has been watched by it today.

They have watched a movie today.A movie has been watched by them today.

d) Present Perfect Continuous

Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.

II) Past Tense

a) Simple Past

I watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by me yesterday.

We watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by us yesterday.

You watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by you yesterday.

He watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by him yesterday.

She watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by you yesterday.

It watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by it yesterday.

They watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by them yesterday.

b) Past Continuous

I was watching a movie yesterday.A movie was being watched by me yesterday.

We were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by me yesterday.

You were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by you yesterday.

He was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by him yesterday.

She was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by her yesterday.

It was watching a movie yesterday.A movie was being watched by it yesterday.

They were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by them yesterday.

c) Past Perfect

I had watched a movie three years ago.A movie had been watched by me three years ago.

We had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by us three years ago.

You had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by me three years ago.

He had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by him three years ago.

She had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by her three years ago.

It had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by it three years ago.

They had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by them three years ago.

d) Past Perfect Continuous

As we indicated earlier, ideas are normally not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.

III) Future Tense

a) Simple Future

I will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by me tomorrow.

We will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by us tomorrow.

You will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by you tomorrow.

He will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by him tomorrow.

She will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by her tomorrow.

It will watch a movie tomorrow.A movie will be watched by it tomorrow.

They will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by them tomorrow.

b) Future Continuous

I will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by me at this time tomorrow.

We will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by us at this time tomorrow.

You will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by you at this time tomorrow.

He will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by him at this time tomorrow.

She will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by her at this time tomorrow.

It will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by it at this time tomorrow.

They will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by them at this time tomorrow.

c) Future Perfect

I will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by me by 6 pm tomorrow.

We will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by us by 6 pm tomorrow.

You will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by you by 6 pm tomorrow.

He will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by him by 6 pm tomorrow.

She will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by her by 6 pm tomorrow.

It will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by it by 6 pm tomorrow.

They will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by them by 6 pm tomorrow.

d) Future Perfect Continuous

Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.

All sentences cannot be made into Passive Voice. Only the sentences with an object in them can be made into Passive Voice. All verbs are not transitive. A verb which takes an object is said to be a Transitive Verb and a Verb which does not take an object is said to be Intransitive.

For Example, the following sentence cannot be converted into Passive Voice for the simple reason that the verb ‘go’ does not take an object.

I go for a walk everyday.

In the above sentence the verb ‘go’ is an Intransitive Verb. Such sentences which do not have an object cannot be converted into Passive Voice.

More examples of sentences with Intransitive Verbs:

Raju jumped 10 feet. David ran fast. Sita drove rashly.

A case of double object.

Certain sentences contain two objects. In such a case two passive sentences can be made using one object in each case.

The principal sent a telegram to Gopi. A telegram was sent by the Principal to Gopi.

Common Errors in English UsageALL OF THE SUDDEN / ALL OF A SUDDEN

An unexpected event happens is "All of a sudden" & not "All of the sudden".

ADVANCE/ADVANCEDAdvance : When we hear about something in advance, earlier than other people, you get advance notice or information.

"Advanced" means "complex, sophisticated" and doesn't necessarilyhave anything to do with the revealing of secrets.

for or foreThe most common word “for,” is not a problem for most people.

& “Fore” always has to do with the front of something (it’s what you shout to warn people when you’ve sent a ball their way). …

unpleased or displeased“Unpleased” is considered archaic; the standard modern word for your reaction to something you don’t like is “displeased.”

However “unpleasing” is still current to describe something that fails to please: “the arrangement of ‘Silent Night’ for truck air horns was unpleasing.” But “displeasing” is more common.