Learn GNULinux Part 2 6 Inch

7/24/2019 Learn GNULinux Part 2 6 Inch

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GNU/Linux

2

.

GNU/Linux 2 Copyright 2014 by

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike3.0 Unported.

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GNU/Linux 2

Main Body

Linux-

Users-

Disk Management

Mount Unmount

Process Management

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Shell Programming

Shell Script- 2

Shell Scripting 3

Job Scheduling

Rsync backup

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GNU/Linux

2

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.

.

, ,

www.kaniyam.com

.

.

.

: .

: http://FreeTamilEbooks.com

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike4.0

International License. 9


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.

. ,

.

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.

,

. ,

.

,

MySQL-

. ,

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.

.

,

.

.

,

GNU/Linux-

. ,

,

.

1 , GNU/Linux12


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- 2

, .

.

.

,292013

:

[email protected]

: http://nithyashrinivasan.wordpress.com

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GNU/Linux

.

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30, 2013 , .

: . .., , , ( )

: ., 2004- ,

. ( )

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, ,

- , ... 100 (6500 ).

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, MySQL 5000 .

: http://jasanpictures.com

CreativeCommons

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.

.

Name NithyaDuraisamy

ICICI 006101540799

Branch Mcitybranch, chengalpattu.

IFSCcode ICIC0000061

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Linux-

, Linux

.

.

Linux 20-

70- . 1969-

AT&T subsidiary-

Bell Laboratories Unix 19


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unix- source code-

.

.

Stallman- .

source code

source code-

.

Stallman- .

.22


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1983- Stallman

GNU.

.

Stallman :

========

, 27, 1983 12:35:59 EST

GNU(GNU is Not Unix) Unix compatible

software system-

.

, ,23


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.

GNU kernel C Programs-

utilities-

. editor, shell, C Compiler, linker,

assembler .

text editor, a YACC, an Empire game,

spreadsheet applications-

.

online hardcopy

documentation- .

GNU- unix . 24


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unix- .

.

==========

.

GNU GNU is Not Unix . Unix

.

.

unix- windows-25


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. , Stallman

Manifest GNU GPL

(General Public License)

.

GPL-

()

.

(Freedom#0)

,

(Freedom#1)26


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(Freedom#2)

Program- ,

programs-

(Freedom#3).

.

.

GPL .

27


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,

.

1990- GNU

components . Emacs text editor,

Compiler gcc, GNU C Compiler debugger gdb

stallman .

compiler

,

. compilers,

C++, Pascal Fortran

. GCC28


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GNU Compiler Collection .

Richard Stallman- 1990- GNU

System- .

component- kernel

. kernel- (GNU Hurd

) Mach- set of

server process- implement

. Mach Carnegie Mellon

Utah

micro kernel.

kernel .

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Minix:

1990- Intel Microprocessor-,

Microsoft-

. Microsoft desktop

, server

. Intel Intel compatible processors-

, unix-

workstations- .

unix based system- versions,

Intel- .

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Unix-

processors- (eg: SGI& MIPS)

.

Unix- Intel Processor-

OS. 1987- Andrew

Tanenbaum Minix OS-. Netherlands- , Amsterdam

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Vrije University-

.

Minix- OS-

.

OS

. C Assembly

language- 12,000

.

Tanenbaum- Operating

Systems: Design and Implementation

Minix

.

Linus Torvalds Minix- 32


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Linux- .

Linux:

1991- Linus Benedict Torvalds

Finland, Intel Processor-

Unix

kernel- .

Minix prototype-

.

Minix-

kernel- GPL

. Linus Torvalds33


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.

. GNU

.

.

Minix- .

Minix-

.

.

.

bash(1.08) gcc(1.40)- port36


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. .

[email protected]

.

================

.

Torvalds Freax

kernel/makefile0.11-

programs- .

Ari lemmke FTP site- system-

load directory- pub/OS/Linux

. Linux 37


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OS- .

1991- Torvalds -

.

Torvalds-

.

1992- Linux-

,

.

Torvalds- . Torvalds38


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Linux GNU GNU/Linux

Distribution .

Red Hat, Caldera

. Debian

distribution.

X-windows system, KDE, GNOME GUI-

distributions-

.

Torvalds

. version0.01- acknowledgement copyrights-

. , 40


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GNU/Linux-

. GCC Compiler- linux

.

GPL .

Torvalds version0.12- GPL

.

GNU/Linux

GNU/Linux-

.

GNU/Linux

.

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Users-

user management-

commands- .

root ?

Ubuntu- install

root

account- .

root- disable

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$ adduserharini

, harini

user.

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users

/etc/passwd .

harini

user

.

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$ cat/etc/passwd

password x

. /etc/shadow

users- encrypt password-

. .

$ sudocat/etc/shadow

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arrow mark key- sudo- entry

. sudo- entry

comma-

harini type ctrl+O

. file- overwrite

. 53


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harini- sudo

chowncommand

chown command- file- owner- 54


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. LKG file- user, Nithya

. Harini

, command- .

$ chownhariniLKG

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chgrpcommand

chgrp command- file- group-

. LKG file- group,

Nithya . Harini

, command- .

$ chgrphariniLKG

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owner group-

chmod command owner57


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group-

.

$ chmodnithya:shriniLKG

owner- nithya-, group- shrini- 58


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. colon-

dot- .

userdelCommand

userdel command- user- .

$ userdelharini

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PasswordPolicy:

password

.

. password

4 ,

entropy checks- .

/etc/pam.d60


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/common-password file-

.

password :

user

- , password-

61


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.

password-

.

password-

command.

$ sudochage-lshrini

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command-

.

$ sudochageshrini

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groups-

command.

groups

groups- .

$ cat/etc/group

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groups-

command.

$ groupsshrini

group-

commands.

$ sudoaddgroupclg66


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$ sudodelgroupclg

clg group,

.

group- :

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$ sudodelgrouponly-if-emptygroup

user- group- :

$ sudousermod-Ggroup-auser

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User :

user- backup.

$ sudodeluserbackup-to/location/to/put/backup/user

remove-homeuser

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User-

user- home directory

$ sudodeluserremove-homeuser

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user, home directory user- ownership

file-

$ sudodeluserremove-all-filesuser

Group-

user- Group- .

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$ iduser

/etc/passwdfile

/etc/passwd text

file . file-

. root . 72


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system user human user

.

/etc/passwd- :

.

file

- : . 7 .

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username: 1.

password: . x

. /etc/shadow file-

.

2.

User id(UID) : user id

( ) . 0 root-

. 1-999 system user-

3.

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human user- .

Group id(GID) : ,

(Primary group id/etc/group) - .

4.

User Id info: .

. , ,

. finger

.

5.

home directory: home directory().6. 75


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.

command/ shell: login

command shell

/bin/bash. command

.

7.

$ less/etc/passwd

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$ grepnithya/etc/passwd

/etc/shadowfile:

/etc/passwd- .

/etc/shadow file- .

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encryption

. root

. :

.

Username: 1.

Password: ( encryption)2. 78


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last password change: Jan1, 1970

3.

Minimum:

. .

4.

Maximum:

.

.

5.

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Warn: 6.

Inactive: ,

7.

expire: 8.

md5 algorithm

encryption .

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DiskManagement

Hard disk .

/dev/sda: Primary Master

/dev/sdb: Primary slave

/dev/sdc: Secondary Master

/dev/sdd: Secondary slave 81


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hard disk- /dev/sda.

partition .

/dev/sda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sda3

/dev/sda4

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4 primary partition .

4 extended , logical

partition- .

fdisk , partition-

.

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: . root

.

, .

, .

.

Partition- :

partition-

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$ sudofdisk-l

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disk- partition-

1.

$ sudofdisk-l/dev/sda

fdisk- :

, partition

. . m

# fdisk /dev/sda86


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The number of cylinders for this disk is set to9729.

There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger

and could in certain setups cause problems with:

1) software that runs at boot time(e.g., old versions o

2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs

(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command(mforhelp): m

Command action

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition

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o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table

q quit without saving changes

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition's system id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit

x extra functionality(experts only)

partition- 1.

# fdisk/dev/sda

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to9729.88


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Command(m for help): p

Disk/dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders

Units= cylinders of16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Disk identifier: 0xf6edf6ed

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 1 1959 15735636 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

/dev/sda2 1960 5283 26700030 f W95 Ext'd(LBA)

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Command(m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with

The kernel still uses the old table. The new table wil

the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpar

Syncing disks.

partition- 3.

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partition- ,

cylinder, partition- ()

cylinder .

p, print.

#fdisk

/dev

/sda



and could in certain setups cause problems with:1) software that runs at boot time(e.g., old versions o



Command(mforhelp): n

First cylinder(2662-5283, default2662):92


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Using default value2662

Last cylinder, +cylinders or+size{K,M,G} (2662-3264, de

Using default value3264

w .

Command(

m for help):

w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with

The kernel still uses the old table. The new table wil

the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpar

Syncing disks.

mkfs format.93


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# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda7

boot flag-

partition- boot a

. .

4.

# fdisk/dev/sda






(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)94


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/dev/sda3 5284 6528 10000462+ 7 HPFS/NTFS

/dev/sda4 6529 9729 25712032+ c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

/dev/sda5 1960 2661 5638752 83 Linux

/dev/sda6 3265 5283 16217586 b W95 FAT32

/dev/sda7 2662 3264 4843566 83 Linux

Partition table entries are not in disk order

Command(m for help):

partition order-

logical partition- ,

4.

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,

. Partition out of order. Partition table

entries are not in disk order.

Sda6, sda7, sda8 .

sda6 , sda7

. sda9 , sda6

. f.

.

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Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 1 1959 15735636 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

/dev/sda2 1960 5283 26700030 f W95 Ext'd(LBA)

/dev/sda3 5284 6528 10000462+ 7 HPFS/NTFS

/dev/sda4 6529 9729 25712032+ c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

/dev/sda5 * 1960 2661 5638752 83 Linux

/dev/sda6 3265 5283 16217586 b W95 FAT32

/dev/sda7 2662 3264 4843566 83 Linux

Partitiontableentriesarenotindiskorder

Command(m for help): x

Expertcommand(mforhelp): f

Done.

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Mount Unmount

Partition-

.

file system

. ext3, ext4, ReiserFS, Btrfs

/ filesystems.

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Journalins Filesystem

.

index ,

file index.

, , hard disk-

.

mkfs file system.

sudomkfs

.ext

4 /dev

/sda

5

sudomkfs.reiserf5 /dev/sda6103


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file system

mount .

mount raw- device/partition

/

folder .

Mount disk partition, Linux network share, windows

network share, iso file cd/dvd

folder .104


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Mount- :

root sudo

.

1:

sudomount/dev/sda5 /songs

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/dev/sda5 /songs- mount

. ls/songs cd/songs

/dev/sda5 file- .

2:

sudomount-tiso9660 movie.iso/media/movie106


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movie.iso ISO file- /media/movie

folder- mount.

folder- mount. mount

point.

mount filesystem-

, mount .

Unmount:

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/etc/fstab

boot filesystem-

mountpoint- mount . /etc/fstab

file .

6 column .

filesystem.

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Filesystem:110


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filesystem:

ext3/ext4 : / file system

iso9660 : iso file

proc: proc virtual file

system

vfat: fat16, fat32 file system

auto: filesystem

nts: network file system 111


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smbfs: network file system

MountOptions:

Mount -o , .

/etc/fstab- .

noauto: boot mount

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. cd/dvd .

ro: Read-Only mount

users: root mount()

unmount.

user: , mount

unmount

/etc/fstab- 5 column, dump.

dump

,restore

backup

. filesystem 1 ,

cd/dvd/usb removable media- 0 113


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.

6 column- pass-no. boot

file system check

.

root/ 1

boot- mount file system- 0

file system- 2

file- mount:114


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iso file file- device mount

.

1.44 MB file .

ddif=/dev/zeroof=disk.imgbs=1024 count=1400

dd= disk dump

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if= input file

of= output file

bs= block size

count= count of dump operation

file-

.

file system back level copy

.116


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ddif=/dev/sdb1 of=usb.img

mount-oloopusb.img/mnt/disk

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df

disk space- , . Mount

point .

df-h

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-h human readable

MB, GB .

folder- :

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du

folder- .

du-h

du-sh

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filesystem- repair:

, ,

, filesystem

.

Hardware

.

.

122


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fsck

sudofsck/dev/sda5

.

sudofsck-y-f/dev/sda5 123


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-y= yes for questions

-f= force

fdisk file system unmount

.

124


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ProcessManagement

process.

parent process child process

. init

process. process- pid

refer.

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pscommand

ps command-

process-

.

ps

126


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psax, ps-aux, ps-ef, ps-l

.

pstreecommand

pstree command-

process-, parent process

child process- tree 127


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topcommand

top command- process

process-

. output- real time

monitoring

.

$ top

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process-

. process-

signal-

$ kill2180

screenshot-

terminal- pid2180 . kill

2180 , terminal

.

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killall

, program , kill

.

132


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synaptic, software center

GUI ,

command- .

Apt

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ubuntu APT, Arch linux- pacman

.

:

sudoapt-cachesearch[searchterm1] [searchterm2]

[searchtermn]

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. ,

.

debian, ubuntu- /etc/apt/sources.list repository

.

repo-

sudoadd-apt-repository[repositorynamehere]

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sudoadd-apt-repositoryppa:tualatrix/ppa

Source- :

repo- repo

.

sudoapt-getupdate

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:

:

139


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sudoapt-getinstall[packagename1] [packagename

2] [packagenamen]

,

repository-

.

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:

141


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sudoapt-getremove[packagename1] [packagename

2] [packagenamen]

configuration file

directory purge.

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sudoapt-getremovepurge

upgrade:

sudoapt-getupgrade

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.

:

repo- deb file-

.

sudoapt-getclean

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:

sudodpkglist

,

.

Debfile :

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debian/ubuntu packages deb

.

, .

sudodpkg-i

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ShellProgramming

, shell-

,

program- .

shellprogramming language-

. programming language-

programming constructs, logical conditional

operators, command substitution, escape mechanisms,148


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positional parameters

shell-

.

ShellScript-

unix-

commands- .

commands

shell script .

date, ls, uname, echo

unix commands- example1 file-

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. .

example1 shell script

. script-

, output- .

150


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ShellScript-

shell script-

.

1: sh unix command- script file-

argument- shell script-

. .

example1 shell script-

unix commands-

output- .151


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2: chmod unix command

file execute

permission- script file-

execute. .

Variables

Unix-, variables-, local variables

global variable .

.

GlobalVariables

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Global Variables

unix ,

. environment variables

.

PATH variable-

directory- .

PS1 variable- shell prompt-

, HOME variable-

home directory-

.

$ (dollar) variables-

, 153


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.

$ $PATH

$ $PS1

$ $HOME

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LocalVariables

shell environment-

variable- local variable. shell

environment- ,

. shell

variables .

localvariable- :

a,b 2 variable- shell

environment- .

155


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variables- echo .

.

variables- shell

script- , .

156


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variables.

local variables shell environment-

shell variables.

global variables- ,

.

environment- shell variables

157


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set

command- .

$ set

Localvariables- Global

variables-

local variable- global variable- export command.

a,b 2 local

variable- global variable- , shell

environment- export command-

158


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.

$ exporta

$ exportb

variables- shell script-

.

.

159


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SpecialVariables

Local variable global variable unix-

variable-

.

$# positional parameters

.

$- shell options- ,

$? execute command- exit

.

$$ shell- process .

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ShellScript- 2

Hash#

# type

, type

, execution

.

shell script

162


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, # ,

shell script- .

ec.sh file-

comment- , run .

163


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output- comment-

.

EscapeMechanism

. * (Asterisk symbol) echo

.

echo command- *-

164


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. * unix-

special character.

* ,

Unix.

character-

unix- .

special characters-

character- unix-

, character-

backslash(\) .

165


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*

. escape

mechanism.

Commandsubstitution

. unix

command- echo .

166


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ls

.

ls command-

backticks- echo .

ls command-

output- echo .

167


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command substitution.

PositionalParameters

Shell script- command line-

arguments- .

shell script- $1

argument-, $2 argument-,

$3 argument- .

$0 shell script- ,

168


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$* command line-

arguments- .

$1,$2,$3 , arguments-

position- ,

positional parameters.

arguments.sh shell script-

.

169


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arguments.sh- command line-

arguments- .

170


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standard input, standard output

standard error- .

shell script- ,

commands , error messages

,

program .

descriptors- ,

error messages

, file- , program

. 172


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man xyz command

error- .

error descriptor- 2-

file- .

$ manxyz2> file2

173


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man ls xyz command, ls-

output- , xyz- error- .

, output- file-, error-

file- .

$ manlsxyz1> opfile2> errfile

174


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output error file-

command- .

175


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$ manlsxyz> operrfile2>&1

ShiftCommand176


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shell script- $1 $9

positional parameters- .

, shift command-

.

exitCommand

exit command- shell

script- . shell script-

177


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0-, 1- .

NumericalComparisons

shell script-

. , 3 5

.

3 -eq5 (3 5 (equals) 178


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)

3 -ne5 (3 5 (not equals)

)

3 -gt5 (3- 5- (greater than)

)

3 -lt5 (3- 5- (

greater than)

)

179


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3 -ge5 (3- 5-

(greater than or equal to)

)

3 -le5 (3- 5-

(greater than or equal to)

)

command line-

.180


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$ [ 3 -eq3 ] && echotrue

$ [ 3 -eq5 ] && echotrue

$ [ 3 -lt5 ] && echotrue

$ [ 3 -lt2 ] && echotrue

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command- 3 -eq3

true . 3 -eq5

true .

commands-

.

ArithmeticOperators& Expressions

, , ,

+, -, *, / arithmetic operators

.

shell script-

182


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. .

$ expr6 + 4

$ expr6 4

$ expr6 \* 4

$ expr6 / 4

* operators-

, \ escape operator-

.

183


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, / operator-

,

,

.

ConditionalOperators

184


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commands- successful

execution- failed execution-

commands- execute

. && ||

conditional execution operators.

&& operator- successful execution-

,

|| operator

-failed execution

- commands- execute.

185


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$ grepApplefruits&& echofound || echoNotfound

$ grepMangofruits&& echofound || echoNotfound

186


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ShellScripting 3

Programminglanguage

Constructs

Shell- programming language-

looping&

branching,

operations on variables,

file

creation argument passing

. 187


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if(condition)

then

commands

else

commands

fi

:

189


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example2.sh file- if

statement- , run .

190


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fruits file- Apple

if command

.

fruits file- absolute

path . shell

script- absolute path

files- .

caseStatement

191


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Case statement option-

,

commands- execute .

syntax:

casevaluein

choice1) commands; ;

choice2) commands; ;

. . . 192


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esac

:

example3.sh file- case

statement- , run .

193


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options echo

statement .

read function input

, choice variable-

.

194


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case statement choice variable- 1

pwd command-, 2 date-, 3

who command- execute

. * 1,2,3

,

message

echo statement.

input- ,

output

.

195


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forLoop

list-

output- .

196


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syntax:

for in

do

Commands

done

:

197


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example4.sh file- for loop-

, run .

seq- argument1 10

command, 1 10

.

198


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command- backticks

output- for loop-

condition- .

1 10

loop- statement execute,

output .

199


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.

200


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whileLoop

while loop- condition

loop- commands- execute

.

syntax: 201


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while

do

Commands

done

:

202


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example5.sh file- while loop-

, run .

i variable- 1 assign

. while loop-

condition, ivariable, 5 loop-

203


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execute .

loop- i variable

.

i- 5-

loop output

.

204


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untilLoop

until loop- while loop- .

until loop- condition

loop- commands-

execute.

syntax:

until205


206/251

do

Commands

done

:

example6.sh file- until loop-

, run .

206


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output.

Functions

shell script- function 207


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.

commands-

, logical

function-

.

functions-

.

function input

, parameter

.

Syntax:208


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function_name() {

commands

}

:

functions.sh file- function-

, run .

209


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value1 , value2 2 variables-

read function 2

. 2

add(), sub(), mul(),

div() 4 functions.210


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functions-

2 value1 value2

2 variables function- parameter-

.

output .

211


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212


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JobScheduling

Shell- jobs- schedule at

crontab 2 commands.

.

atcommand

213


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command/shell script

execute

schedule at

command.

$ touchindia| at16.39

touch command 4:39 PM-

india file- .

crontab

Crontab- command/shell

214


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216/251

day of week (0 6 ) (0=Sunday)

touch command

25- 4. 40

crontab-

command .

$ crontab-e

40 16 25 * * touchtrade

(press)Esc:wq216


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(press)Enter

40 ,

16 , 25

. *

, *

.

217


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crontab- schedule

commands l option-

. .

$ crontab-l

218


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219


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Rsync backup

.

,

.

rsync ,

, ,

220


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.

;

:

source file

directory destination .

, Source

file directory

. backup,

. 221


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:

, ssh

encryption

, .

bandwidth:

,

. (compress).

, . (extract).

bandwidth.222


223/251

:

. root

.

Syntax:

rsync

source destination,

network . 223


224/251

, , IP

hostname destination full path

.

1;

directory sync.

-zvr options

.

224


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$ rsync-zvr/var/opt/installation/inventory/ /root/

building file list... done

sva.xml

svB.xml

.

sent26385 bytes received1098 bytes 54966.00 bytes/se

total size is44867 speedup is1.63

$

,

225


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-z= compress

-v= verbose

-r= recusrsive .

timestamp

.

$ ls-l/var/opt/installation/inventory/sva.xml/root

-r--r--r-- 1 bin bin 949 Jun18 2009 /var/opt/installati

-r--r--r-- 1 root bin 949 Sep 2 2009 /root/temp/sva.xml

226


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. .

2: metadata sync.

Rsync -a option

sync.

-a= archive mode

symbolic link

permissions 227


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timestamp

owner, group

-a .

$ rsync-azv/var/opt/installation/inventory/ /root/

building file list... done228


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./

sva.xml

svB.xml

.



$

timestamp sync

.

$ ls-l/var/opt/installation/inventory/sva.xml/root

-r--r--r-- 1 root bin 949 Jun18 2009 /var/opt/installat229


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-r--r--r-- 1 root bin 949 Jun18 2009 /root/temp/sva.xml

3: file- rsync

$ rsync-v/var/lib/rpm/Pubkeys/root/temp/

Pubkeys

sent42 bytes received12380 bytes 3549.14 bytes/sec


230


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4: local remote

sync

remote , , IP

() hostname, destination directory path

. username@hostname:

/full/path/to/destination.

remote password( )

rsync

.

Passwordless ssh , password231


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, remote rsync .

$rsync

-avz

/root

/temp

/shrini

@192.168.200.10:/home

/shr

Password:

building file list... done

./

rpm/rpm/Basenames

rpm/Conflictname

sent15810261 bytes received412 bytes 2432411.23 bytestotal size is45305958 speedup is2.87

232


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234/251

Password:

receiving file list... done

rpm/

rpm/Basenames

.

sent406 bytes received15810230 bytes 2432405.54 bytes


6: remote shell

-e option remote shell

. -e ssh

encryption rsync. 234


235/251

$ rsync-avz-e ssh [email protected]:/var/lib/rpm/r

Password:


rpm/

rpm/Basenames



7: Destination- , overwrite

.235


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destination- File

. rsync source-

. -u option.

$ ls-l/root/temp/Basenames

total39088

-rwxr-xr-x1 root root 4096 Sep 2 11:35 Basenames

$ rsync-avzu [email protected]:/var/lib/rpm/root/t

Password:

receiving file list... done 236


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rpm/



$ ls-lrt

total39088

-rwxr-xr-x1 root root 4096 Sep 2 11:35 Basenames

8: directory structure- rsync

Directory Tree (File ) rsync237


238/251


239/251

9: Progress

file- rsync,

. rsync

. progress

.

rsnapshot

.

$ rsync-avz--progress [email protected]:/var/lib/

Password:

receiving file list... 239


240/251

19 files to consider

./

Basenames

5357568 100% 14.98MB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#1, to-check=17/19)

Conflictname

12288 100% 35.09kB/s 0:00:00 (xfer#2, to-check=16/19)

.

.

.



240


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10: Destination- delete

source- file delete,

target- delete.

.

delete delete.

# Source and target are in sync. Now creating new fil

$ > new-file.txt

241


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$ rsync-avz--delete [email protected]:/var/lib/rpm

Password:


deleting new-file.txt

./



11: rsync

242


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source file ,

target file rsync

. existing.

[/var/lib/rpm]$ > new-file.txt

$ rsync-avz--existing [email protected]:/var/lib/rpm/ [email protected]'s password:


./




244/251

12: source/destination

-i.

Source:

$ ls-l/var/lib/rpm

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5357568 2010-06-24 08:57 Basenames

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12288 2008-05-28 22:03 Conflictnam

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1179648 2010-06-24 08:57 Dirnames244


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Destination:

$ ls-l/root/temp

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12288 May28 2008 Conflictname

-rw-r--r-- 1 bin bin 1179648 Jun24 05:27 Dirnames

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 3 06:39 Basenames

$ rsync-avzi [email protected]:/var/lib/rpm/ /root/

Password:


>f.st.... Basenames

.f....og. Dirnames 245


246/251

sent48 bytes received2182544 bytes 291012.27 bytes/s


13:

rsync- ,

.

$ rsync-avz--include'P*' --exclude'*' [email protected]


247/251

Password:


./

Packages

Providename

Provideversion

Pubkeys



14: file size limit

247


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max-size option file-

rsync .

$ rsync-avz--max-size='100K' [email protected]:/var/

Password:receiving file list... done

./

Conflictname

GroupInstalltid

Name248


249/251

Sha1header

Sigmd5

Triggername



15: file- sync

source, target file rsync

file

rsync

-w

.

249


250/251

network bandwidth .

checksum ,

.

# rsync-avzW [email protected]:/var/lib/rpm/ /root

Password:


./

Basenames

Conflictname

Dirnames

Filemd5s

Group

Installtid

250


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Learn GNULinux Part 2 6 Inch