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Learning. Fall 2011. Classical Conditioning. Learning. A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes because of practice or experience. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM http://vimeo.com/6217895. Operant Conditioning. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Learning
Fall 2011
Classical Conditioning
Learning
• A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes because of practice or experience.
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM
• http://vimeo.com/6217895
Six Principles of Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Generalization Extinction Higher-Order
ConditioningReconditionin
gSpontaneous
RecoveryStimulus
Discrimination
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement• A consequence that
strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur.
Punishment• A consequence that
weakens a response and makes it less likely to occur.
Operant Conditioning
• Law of Effect- Edward Thorndike’s rule that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence.
Reinforcement
• Primary reinforcers– Food, water, sex
• Secondary reinforcers– Money, praise, attention
• Positive reinforcement– Adds to (+) and strengthens behavior
• Negative reinforcement– Takes away (-) and strengthens behavior
Reinforcement
• Premack Principle- tying your less-desirable, low-frequency activities (paying bills), to your high-frequency behavior (going to the movies)
Shaping
• Reinforcement by a series of successively improved steps leading to desired response
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbWnJeTJCys
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6A-hADCTHqM
PunishmentPositive punishment adds stimulus (+) and weakens the behavior
• Running extra laps in gym class
• Chores• Complaining boss
Negative punishment takes a stimulus away (-) ad weakens the behavior
• Excluded from gym • Removing cell phone• Reduced expense account
The Skinner Box Application
• Stimulus is added and response rate increases
• Stimuluis is added and response rate decreases
• Stimulus is taken away and response rate increases
• Stimulus is taken away and response rate decreases
Side Effects of Punishment
• Passive aggressiveness• Avoidance behavior• Modeling• Learned helplessness• Temporary suppression• Increased aggression
Cognitive-Social Learning
Cognitive-Social Theory
• A perspective that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior.
• Rather than relying on S-R, this theory emphasizes the interpretation or thinking that occurs within the organism with S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response)– Organism = attitudes, beliefs, expectation,
motivations, and emotions that affect learning.
Insight
• Wolfgang Kohler’s chimps
• Insight- sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution
• Sultan and insight learning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPz6uvIbWZE&feature=related
Cognitive Maps
• Edward Tolman believed researchers underestimated animal’s cognitive processes and cognitive learning.
• Cognitive maps or mental representations of their environment.– Latent learning
Observational Learning
• Learning new behavior or information by watching others (also known as social learning or modeling)
• Albert Bandura– Bobo doll– Four processes:
1. Attention2. Retention3. Reproduction4. Reinforcement
Observational Learning
• Bobo Doll– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzg
• Learning Through Imitation– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhG-_KsDYTA
&feature=related
Biology of Learning
• Learning creates new synaptic connections and alterations in our brain
• Stimulating environments enhance neurological functioning in rats and humans
Mirror Neurons• Neurons help us identify with what others are feeling and
to imitate their actions.
• First discovered by neuroscientists studying monkeys
• Think of sports spectators, babies
• Thought to be linked to autism and schizophrenia
• http://www.ted.com/talks/vs_ramachandran_the_neurons_that_shaped_civilization.html
Evolution and Learning
• Learning is an adaptation that enables organisms to survive and prosper in a constantly changing world.
• Taste aversion- foods and drinks become conditioned stimuli
Evolution and Learning
• Biological preparedness- built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (i.e., snakes, darkness, spiders, heights).
• Instinctive drift- the tendency of some conditioned responses to shift or drift back toward innate response pattern.
Conditioning and Learning in Everyday Life
Classical Conditioning in Everyday
• Kenneth and Mamie Clark experiment with dolls– Children learned to
associate inferior qualities with darker skin and v.v.
• Advertising• Medicine
Operant Conditioning in Everyday
• Generalizations- one bad experience with a member of a group leads to prejudice.
• Biofeedback- feedback positively reinforces the practice of coping. Gives a sense of control.
Cognitive-Social Learning in Everyday
• Modeling/Social Learning– Example: Video games and aggression