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8/6/2019 Learning and Memory Lecture
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SOCIAL LEARNING:
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SOCIAL LEARNING VIA PIC
How does learning take place?
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SOCIAL LEARNING VIA PIC
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. How does learning take place via
Social Learning?
2. List down learning situations where
Social Learning take place.
3. What are the sources of ourSocial
Learning, besides watching people
BEHAVE?
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SOCIAL LEARNING: A MODEL
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READING THE SOCIAL
LEARNING MODEL1. How does Social Learning differ
with Conditioning? ( A-B-C)
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ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LEARNING
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SOCIAL LEARNING: THE MODEL
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SOCIAL LEARNING: THE PERSON
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SOCIAL LEARNING: THE ENVIRONMENT
Triarchic Reciprocal Causality : "an explanation of behavior that emphasizes the mutual effects
of the individual and the environment on each other" (Woolfolk).
Social Influences, Achievement Outcomes, and Self-Influences are constantly interacting. "They're
influence and are influenced by each other" (Woolfolk). All of them effect the person and they're
behavior.
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SOCIAL LEARNING: THE TRIARCHIC
RECIPROCAL CAUSALITY:
How do the three factors interact with
one another via this picture?
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ALBERT BANDURAS
PROCESSES:
VICARIOUS LEARNING:
process of learning by
seeing or hearing about
the consequences of
other peoples action.
OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING: process of
learning by watching
what others are doing or
through models
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ALBERT BANDURAS
PROCESSES:
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SOCIAL LEARNING: REQUIREMENTS
ATTENTION:
RETENTION:
REPRODUCTION:
To MOTIVATION:
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COGNITIVE LEARNING:
PROCESSES: important cognitive processesoccur between the stimulus and theresponse.
Edward Tolman: organisms are capableof thinking and take in information about itssurroundings and attempt to use this
information to adapt to its environment.Wolfgang Kohler: experiments on insightlearning
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MEMORY:
DEFINITION: the ability to store information
so that it can be used at a later time.
Herman Ebbinghaus: pioneered the scientific
study of memory.
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TYPES OF MEMORY:
EPISODIC: specific event that happened
while you were present.
Example: What was your lesson in
Behavioral Statistics last Tuesday?
SEMANTIC: generalized knowledge
Example: How do you define language?
PROCEDURAL: also called skilled memorybecause it consists of how to do things.
Example: How do you start a computer?
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INFORMATION-PROCESSING
MODEL OF MEMORY: STEPS
ENCODING: putting of information into
memory
STORING: how a system maintains or
remembers information
RETRIEVING: getting the stored
information out of memory
FORGETTING: inability to recall a particularpiece of information accurately
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Information Processing Theory Model
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MAIN CAUSES OF FORGETTING (
EBBINGHAUS)
RETRIEVAL FAILURE: inability to recall theinformation
DACAY THEORY: information fades and is lost dueto unuse
INTERFERENCE: forgetting due to influences ofother learning: RETROACTIVE: learning new information interferes
with recall of older information
PROACTIVE: old information interferes with learningnew information
According to Ebbinghaus, most forgetting occursduring the first nine hours after learning, especiallyduring the first hours.
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THREE STAGES OF MEMORY:
SENSORY MEMORY: the information from thesenses- sight, sound, or smells- is held for afraction of a second. Nformation on the sensoryregister may be attended to, analyzed, and
encoded as a meaningful pattern. This is calledperception.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY:If the information isperceived, than it can enter this stage but theinformation will disappear in 20 seconds if not put
in use. LONG-TERM MEMORY:If the information in STM
is processed, it may be encoded into LTM, where itmay stay indefinitely.
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The Stage Approach
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METAMEMORY
knowledge about how ones memory works.
TYPESOF METAMEMORY:
METAMORY includes the understanding of
ones abilities and limitations
METAMORY involves knowledge about
different types of tasks.
METAMEMORY involves knowledge of whattypes of strategies are most effective in
remembering new information.
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MNEMONICS:
strategies for placing information in an
organized context in order to remember it.
This incorporates visual and verbal forms of
elaborate processing to ensure effectiveness.
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Type of MNEMONICS
Rhyme, acronyms, acrostics and pegwords:
Rhyme: I before e, except c
Acronym: first letter mnemonic like APEC, ROYGBI
Acrostics: sentence mnemonic:EGBDF as Every Good Boy DoesFine
Pegword:link up or associate the list items with memory gaps one-bun, two-shoe
The LOCI methods: low-sigh; the oldest mnemonic
The KEYWORDSmethod:
ORGANIZATION: the use ofGraphic organizers
PQRST Method: best known method for improving memory. It isintended to improve a students ability to study and remember
materials presented in a textbook. It has five stages; Preview,Question Read, Self-Recitation, and Test
PREVIEW: previewing the materials in a chapter to get an idea of itsmajor topics and sections,