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What are Learning Disabilities (LD)
Learning Disabilities are a neurologically based processing problem. These processing problems can interfere with learning basic skills such as reading, writing and/ or math. They can also interfere with higher level skills such as organization, time, planning, abstract reasoning, long or short term memory and attention.
Learning Disability
o Generally speaking, people with learning disabilities are of average or above average intelligence. There often appears to be a gap between the individual’s potential and actual achievement.
o A learning disability cannot be cured or fixed, they are life long challenges. However, with appropriate support and intervention, people with learning disabilities can achieve success in school, at work, in relationships, and in the community.
o In Federal law, under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the term is “specific learning disability,” one of 13 categories of disability under that law.
Legal Protections for people with LD
IDEA- provides special education and related services to children and youth with disabilities who are 3-21 years old.
Section 504 or the Rehabilitation Act- prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in federally funded programs and activities.
ADA- is another civil rights law that protects people with disabilities from discrimination in schools, the workplace and other environments
Specific Learning Disabilities
LD is an umbrella term describing a number of other, more specific LD
• Auditory processing Disorder (APD)
• Dyscalculia• Dysgraphia• Dyslexia• Language Processing
Disorder• Non-Verbal Learning
Disability• Visual perceptual/ Visual
Mortar Defect
Dyscalculia
Signs and Symptoms A specific learning disability that affects a person’s ability to understand numbers
and learn math facts.
Individuals with this type of LD may also have poor comprehension of math symbols, may struggle with memorizing and organizing numbers, have difficulty telling time, or have trouble with counting.
They can also show difficulty understanding concepts of place value, and quantity, number lines, positive and negative value
Strategies For Teachers
Allow use of fingers and scratch paper
Use diagrams and draw math concepts
Provide peer assistance
Suggest use of graph paper
Suggest use of colored pencils to differentiate problems
Work with manipulatives
Draw pictures of word problems
Use rhythm and music to teach math facts and to set steps to a beathttp://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/
DysgraphiaSigns and Symptoms A specific learning disability that affects a person’s handwriting ability and fine motor
skills.
Problems may include illegible handwriting, inconsistent spacing, poor spatial planning on paper, poor spelling, and difficulty composing writing as well as thinking and writing at the same time
Has unfinished words or letters
Exhibits strange wrist, body or paper position
Copying or writing is slow
Strategies For Teachers Suggest use of word processor
Use oral exams
Allow use of tape recorder for lectures
Allow the use of a note taker
Provide notes or outline to reduce the amount of writing required
Reduce copying aspects of work (pre-printed math problems)
Allow use of wide rule paper or graph paper
Provide alternatives to written assignments (Video-taped reports, audio- taped reports)
http://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/
DyslexiaSigns and Symptoms
A specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based processing skills.
The severity can differ in each individual but can affect reading fluency, decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech.
Reads slowly
Experiences decoding errors, especially with the order of letters
Has trouble spelling
Exhibits difficulty recalling know words
Has difficulty with written language
May experience difficulty with math computations
Strategies For Teachers
Provide a quiet area for activities like reading, answering comprehension question
Use books on tape
Provide a copy of lecture notes
Don’t count spelling on history, science or other similar tests
Allow alternative forms for book reports
Allow the use of a laptop or other computer for in-class essays
Use multi-sensory teaching methods
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zafiGBrFkRM http://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/
This is a sample of student writing. David is in third grade and this sample writing came from his science journal. This passage took David 20 minutes to complete with some assistance from his teacher.
Sample
Writing
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/misunderstoodminds/
Prevalence and Characteristics of Students With LD �
• LD is the largest category of students receiving special education services.
• There are 2.4 million American public school students (approximately 5 percent of the total public school enrollment) identified with learning disabilities under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
• Forty-two percent of the 5.7 million school-age children with all kinds of disabilities who receive special education services are served in this category. �
• The number of students identified with LD has declined by 18 percent
between 2002 and 2011, while total special education has declined by just 3 percent. �
• Two-thirds of students identified with LD are male. �
• Black and Hispanic students are overrepresented in many states while white and Asian students are underrepresented in the LD category.
http://www.ncld.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2014-State-of-LD.pdf
YouTube Video
Eye to Eyehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEqd3IAdTRY
Learning Disabilities are referred to as “hidden disabilities” the person looks perfectly “normal” and seems to be a very bright and intelligent person, yet they may be unable to demonstrate the skill level expected from someone of similar age.
Sources
Learning Disabilities- http://ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/
KWL Chart- Google Images
Student Sample-http://www.ngtvoice.com/services/assistive/peel.htm
Misunderstood Minds-http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/misunderstoodminds/
Dyslexia Video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zafiGBrFkRM
Prevalence and Characteristics of Students With LD http://www.ncld.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2014-State-of-LD.pdf
IDEA- http://www.apa.org/about/gr/issues/disability/idea.aspx