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CHAPTER 12: INFECTION CONTROL
Learning Goals:
Understand principles of infection control are essential to all healthcare workers
Provide a basic knowledge of how disease is transmitted Main emphasis on prevention of disease
Understanding the Principles of Infection Control
Microbes – small living organisms Invisible to the naked eye Microscope must be used to see them Found everywhere in the environment Found on and in the human bodyMany are part of the normal Flora of bodyMay be beneficial in maintaining body processes
Flora – plant life for living in a specific environment
Microorganisms or Microbes
Called non-pathogens when not harmful to the body
Some cause infections and disease
Called pathogens (germs) when able to harm the body
Sometimes non-pathogenic microorganisms can become pathogenic
Microorganisms or Microbes (continued)
Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Rickettsiae Viruses
Microbe Classifications
Simple one celled organism Multiply rapidly Classified by shape and arrangement
Bacteria
Round or spherical in shape Diplococcic (pairs of cocci)
Gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia Streptococci (chain of cocci)
Strep throat, rheumatic fever Staphylococci (clusters, or groups of cocci)
Boils, wound infections, toxic shock Pus producing
Bacteria - Cocci
Rod Shaped Occur singly, in pairs or in chains May have flagella (tail-like)
Projections that allow it to move Ability to form spores
Ex: TB, tetanus, whooping cough, typhoid
Bacteria - Bacilli
Spiral or corkscrew shape Includes comma-shaped vibrio and corkscrew spirochete Disease include syphilis and cholera (Vibrio- common in food borne infection, eating under cooked
seafood)
Bacteria - Spirilla
Used to kill bacteria Some strains of bacteria have become anti-biotic resistant When anti-biotic resistant, the antibiotic is no longer effective against
the bacteria
Antibiotics
One celled, animal like organism Found in decayed materials and contaminated water May have flagella for movement Some are pathogenic (infectious agent leading to sickness in host)
Protozoa
Simple plant like organism Live on dead and organic matter Yeast and molds Can be pathogenic Antibiotics do not kill Antifungal medications Athlete’s foot, yeast infections
Fungi
Parasitic Microorganisms Can not live outside cells of another organism Transmitted to humans by the bites of insects (ie: fleas, lice, ticks, mites) Antibiotics are effective against them Typhus fever, Rocky mountain spotted fever - tick borne disease that can be
fatal in humans
Rickettsiae
Smallest of microorganism Must use electron microscope to see Must be inside another living cell to reproduce Spread human to human by blood or body secretions Difficult to kill
Don’t respond to antibiotics Resistant to disinfectants
Cause many diseases in humans – Hepatitis & AIDS
Viruses
Ideal environment: warm, dark, moist Need source of food and moisture Need for oxygen varies Human body is ideal supplier of all requirements
Growth of Microorganisms
Some produce poisons called toxins
Some cause allergic reactions Others attack and destroy the
living cells they invade
How Pathogens Cause Classifications ofInfection and Disease Diseases and Infections
Endogenous – originates inside body Exogenous – originates outside of body Nosocomial – Infection inquired in Healthcare
facility Opportunistic – Infections that occur when
the body’s immunity is suppressed or weak
Chain of infection
1. Causative (Infectious) agent Pathogen must be present Examples include bacteria
2. Reservoir Place where causative agent can live Examples: human body, animals and the environment
3. Portal of Exit Way for causative agent to escape from the reservoir Examples: urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions
and draining wounds
Chain of Infection …
4. Mode of Transmission Must be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live Direct Contact: spread by physical (hands) or sexual contact Indirect Contact: from contaminated substances to the person (food,
air droplets, insects, clothing, instruments
5. Portal of Entry Way to enter a new reservoir or host Examples: breaks in skin or mucous membranes, respiratory tract,
circulatory system, genitourinary tract
Chain of Infection …
6. Susceptible Host Individual who can contract the disease If a larger number of pathogens invade the body or the body defenses
are weak, then the individual (susceptible host) can become sick with infection or disease
If any part of the chain of infection is broken, the spread of disease or infection can be stopped
Chain of Infection …
Mucous Membranes Cilia Coughing & Sneezing HCL (hydrochloric acid) in stomach Tears Fever Inflammation response – leukocytes Immune response – antibodies and cell secretion
Common Body Defenses
Eliminate any step in the chain of infection Follow standard practices to interrupt or break chain Remember pathogens are everywhere Prevention is a continuous process
Ending the Chain of Infection
Major way to break the chain of infection Asepsis: absence of disease-producing microorganisms or pathogens Contaminated: any object or area that may contain pathogens Major Goal: maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing
contaminations
Aseptic Techniques
Hand Washing Good personal Hygiene Disposable gloves Proper cleaning of instruments and equipment Thorough cleaning of environment
Common Aseptic Techniques
Prevent or slow growth of pathogenic organisms Not effective against spores and viruses Used on skin Examples: Alcohol and betadine
Aseptic Control: Antisepsis
Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms Not always effective Chemical disinfectants are used Can irritate or damage skin
Used on objects not people Examples : Bleach solution
Aseptic Control: Disinfection
Destroys all microorganisms Steam under pressure, gas radiation and chemicals Autoclave is the most common
Aseptic Control: Sterilization
Important for healthcare workers to know and use proper aseptic techniques
Prevents spread and transmission of diseases
Summary