Learning Guide 2010

8/8/2019 Learning Guide 2010

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Table of Contents (For Lecturer):

Topic Page numberCover PagePreface

y Rationale y Competency Statement y Performance Objectives y Enabling Objectives y Learners Characteristics y How to use the Learning Guide y How the learning guide is organized

Learning Guide s Table of ContentsIntroductionPre-requisitePretest and Answer SheetsStandards for pre-testContent Learning experiences for Theory

y Enabling objectives y Instruction Sheets y Mind maps y Learning Activities y Special Instructions, if any y Self Test and Answer Sheet

Theory Test Performance Test Competition Form References


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Manufa ct ur e

Des n

Compu te r

Excellent Self Learning Guide:y Step by Step Ex planation of

C on cepts y F eed b a ck Ac tivities y Self T est y P ossi b ilit y to w in prizes at the

end of the lesson throu g h inter- competition of learners

Ma st in i s:

nt odu tion to CA CA M & CNC

AAAuuu ttt hhh ooo rrr ::: MMMrrr ... NNN... DDDOOOYYYAAALLL &&&

TTThhh eee TTTeee aaa mmm ooo f f f EEExxxccceee lllllleee nnn ccceee Hi! We l o e to You My f ie nd See Y ou insid e.


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Preface:

T e ra

iona e for under

aking

is Mas

ering series on CA /CAM & CNC is

a

ese concep

s arepoor y e abora

ed in books and some

imes concep

s

a

is avai ab e in one book is no

avai ab e ino

ers. T e s

uden

fai

o ge

an expos on

ese burning

opics w ic is

e basis for a properunders

anding of

e con

emporary wor d of esign and Tec no ogy. My endeavor as been a so

oproduce

is series in order

o pu

in one book as one s

op s op a aspec

s of

e

opic in one p aceand

o a ow

e earner

o access

ese informa

ion wi

grea

er ease and c ari

y as i

was observed

a

is

opic is

rea

ed wi

ambigui

y in cer

ain books.

T e book is a so made re a

ive

o

e course under

aken by

e earner w o is genera y

o si

for anAdvance Cer

ifica

e in Educa

ion;

is eve of earners wi find

eir pa

in

is book. T e book isa so made in

o a se f earning guide suc

a

earners can assess

emse ves independen

y on

ese

opics. Muc care as been under

aken

o in

egra

e

e concep

s of Mu

ip e In

e igences

o ca

erfor

e need of differen

ype of earners.

T e genera aim for suc a book is

a

s

uden

wi be ab e

o re a

e

o CA /CAM & CNC of

e rea working wor d and wi be ab e

o app y

e unders

anding of

ese

ec no ogies in

eir

eorypapers and projec

work. T e Cambridge Advanced eve curricu um s

ipu a

es

e fo owing aim for

e earner

a

e/s e s ou d be ab e

o

y apply essential knowledge, understanding and skills of design productionprocesses to a range of technological activities and develop an understanding of industrial practices;

y use informa ion and communica ions ec no ogy (ICT), as appropriate , o en ance eirdesign and

ec no ogica capabi i

y;

Performance objec

ives are as fo ows:y apprecia e e princip es emp oyed in CA (compu er aided design) and CAM (compu er

aided manufac

ure);y describe a range of me ods of 2D and 3D mode ! ing;y exp " ain # ow $ ec # no " ogica " deve " opmen $ s can affec $ $ # e design and manufac $ ure of ar $ efac $ s;y describe % & e use of CA D (compu % er aided design) for % & e s % orage and re % rieva ' of da % a and

%

& e manipu ' a%

ion of images%

o aid design, produc%

ion and managemen%

;y describe ( ) e principa 0 fea ( ures of CAM (compu ( er aided manufac ( ure) par ( icu 0 ar 0 y in ( ) e

con(

ro 0 of mac ) ines;y describe and iden 1 ify curren 1 good prac 1 ice in 1 2 e use of CA D equipmen 1 , recognizing 1 2 e

advan1

ages of accuracy, ease of s1

orage/re1

rieva 3 , ease of modifying drawings,1

2 eproduc

1

ion of many origina 3 s and1

2 e in1

egra1

ion of da1

a for cos1

ing, s1

ock con1

ro 3 andproduc

1

ion via 3 inks wi1

2 CNC mac 2 ines;

Enab 3 ing objec1

ives wi 3 3 be given a1

1

2 e s1

ar1

of eac 2 sec1

ion of 1

2 e 3 earning guide.


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How to use this learning guide?

T4 e 5 earner is advised6

o fo 5 5 ow6

4 e norma 5 sequence of 6

4 e book and6

o comp 5 e6

e one sec6

ionbefore moving

6

o6

4 e nex6

sec6

ion i.e. sec6

ion 1 s 4 ou 5 d be comp 5 e6

ed before moving6

o sec6

ion 2. T 4 e5 earner is a 5 so sugges

6

ed6

o comp 5 e6

e6

4 e various ac6

ivi6

ies and6

es6

as6

4 is wi 5 5 give a no6

ion of 4 owmuc 4 4 as been grasped by

6

4 e 5 earner.

How this learning guide is organized?

Jargon Words

Impor7

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erms, words and p 8 rases w 8 ic 8 are unfami 9 iar7

o7

8 e9 earner are given by

7

8 e Jargon Box

Activities

S8 or7

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8 is book7

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and many impor7

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7

8 emes and subjec7

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7

8 e exercises are designed for you7

o carry ou7

; you wi 9 9 comp 9 e

7

e7

8 em7

o fina 9 9 y c 8 eck your answers7

o7

8 em

Case Studies

Case s7

udies ou7

9 ine 8 ow rea 9 manufac7

uring and engineeringcompanies produce produc

7

s using7

8 e me7

8 ods discussed in7

8 e guide

Find it out

T8 is fea7

ure invo 9 ves researc 8 7

opics and key poin7

7

oinves

7

iga7

e,7

o enab 9 e you7

o fur7

8 er unders7

and7

8 e con7

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Think it through

T8 is wi 9 9 a 9 9 ow you7

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ions

Your Guide and friend

ACTIVITY is Life!!!

Case Study

Find it out

TTThhh iiinnn kkk itTHROUGH

Jargon Box


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Learning Guide s Table of Contents

Section Topic Pg. No.

1 Pre-requisite stuff/Test

2 Introduction to CAD/CAM & CNC History

3 CAD

4 CAM

5 CNC

6 Case Studies

7 Theory test

8 Answers

9 Competition form


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Sec tion 1: Prere quisit e S tuff

S @ nce the learning guid e is abou t CADA

CAM and CNC, the pr ere B uisite to these topi cs will be th a t the learn er sh ou ld b e ac B uain te d to the compu te r, the op era tion of a la the and a mi lling ma ch ine andcon tro l syste ms.

The learner is advised to consult the other learning guides from the Mastering series on these topics.

A b rie f a perc u of a Co C put er :

It is a programmab le ma ch ine . The two prin cipa l chara cte rist ics of a compu te r ar e :y It res pond s to a sp ec ific set of in st ru ct ion s in a w ell-de fined mann er.

y It can exec u te a pr e rec ord ed list of in st ru ct ion s (a program).

Mod e rn compu te rs ar e elect roni c and digi ta l. The actua l ma ch ine ry -- wires , t ran sist or s, andcircui ts -- is ca lled hardware ; the inst ru ction s and da ta ar e called software .

All gen e ra l-purpo se compu te rs re D uir e the fo llowing hardwar e compon en ts :

y Mem o ry : Enab les a compu te r to st or e , a t least te mporari ly, da ta and program s.

F i it t


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y Mass storage device: AE E ows a compu F er F o permanen F E y re F ain E arge amoun F s of da F a. Common mass s F orage devices inc E ude In F erna E and Ex F erna E Hard disk, pendrives, diske F F e (ou F da F ed)

y Input device : Usua G G y a keyboard and mouse, H I e inpu H device is H I e condui H H I roug I w I ic I da H a and ins H ruc H ions en H er a compu H er.

y Output device : A disp P ay screen, prin Q er, or o Q R er device Q R a Q P e Q s you see w R a Q Q R ecompu Q er R as accomp P is R ed.

y Central processing unit (CPU): TS e S ear T of T S e compu T er, T S is is T S e componen T T S a T ac T ua U U y execu T es ins T ruc T ions.

In addi T ion T o T S ese componen T s, many o T S ers make i T possib U e for T S e basic componen T s T owork T oge T S er efficien T U y. For examp U e, every compu T er requires a bus T S a T T ransmi T s da T a

from one par T of T S e compu T er T o ano T S er.

CPU

T h V CPU is t h V br a i ns oW

t h V co X pu ter. S o X etimes referre d t o sim pY

y as t he ce ntr aY

pr ocess or, b ut more c omm on

Y

y caY Y

ed pr ocess or, t he CPU is w here m ost c aY

cuY

a ti on s t ak e pY

a ce. I n terms o f com pu ti ng po wer, t he CPU is t he m ost im po rt an t eleme nt o f a com pu ter s y stem.

On l a r ge m a chi nes, CPUs req uire on e or m ore pri nte d circuit b oa r d s. On pers ona l com pu ters and sm a ll w or k st a ti on s, t he CPU is hou se d i n a si ng le c hi p ca lled a micr op r ocess or. Si nce t he 1970'st he micr op r ocess or cl a ss o f CPUs ha s a lmost c om pletel y ov ert ak e n a ll ot her CPU im pleme nt a ti on s.

T he CPU itself is an i nter na l com pon e nt o f t he com pu ter. M od er n CPUs a re sm a ll and sq ua re and con t a i n m ulti ple met a llic conn ect ors or pi ns on t he und ersi d e. T he CPU is i nserte d d irectl y i nt o a CPU sock et, pi n si d e do w n , on t he m ot herb oa r d . E a ch mot herb oa r d will s uppo rt on l y a s pecifict ype or r ang e o f CPU so you m ust c hec k t he m ot herb oa r d m anu f a ct urer's s pecifica ti on s bef orea ttem pti ng t o re pl a ce or upg r ad e a CPU. Mod er n CPUs a lso hav e an a tt a che d hea t si nk and sm a ll

f an t ha t go d irectl y on t op o f t he CPU t o hel p d issi pa te hea t.

Tw o t ypica l com pon ents o f a CPU a re t he f oll owi ng:

y T he a rit hmetic l og ic un it (ALU), w hich perf orms a rit hmetic and l og ica l op er a ti on s.y T he c on tr ol un it (CU), w hich extr a cts i nstr ucti on s fr om mem or y and d ec od es and exec utes

t hem, c a lli ng on t he ALU w hen necess a r y .

Jargon Box


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Compu ` ers can be genera a a y c a assified by size and power as fo a a ows, ` b oug b ` b ere isconsiderab a e over a ap:

y Personal computer : A sma c c , sing c e-user compu d er based on a microprocessor. Inaddi d ion d o d e e microprocessor, a persona c compu d er e as a keyboard fo r en d ering

da d a, a moni d or for disp c aying informa d ion, and a s d orage device for saving da d a.y Workstation : A powerfu f , sing f e-user compu g er. A works g a g ion is f ike a persona f

compu g er, bu g i g h as a more powerfu f microprocessor and a h ig h er -qua f i g y moni g or.y Minicomputer : A mu i p i-user compu p er capab i e of suppor p ing from 10 p o q undreds

of users simu i p aneous i y.y Mainframe : A powerfu r mu r s i-user compu s er capab r e of suppor s ing many t undreds

or s t ousands of users simu r s aneous r y.y Supercomputer : An ex u reme v y fas u compu u er u w a u can perform w undreds of mi v v ions

of ins u ruc u ions per second.


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Basic Operation of a lathe and its Technicalities

A x ay

e is a mac iney

oo x w ic y

urns cy x indrica x ma

y

eria x ,y

ouc es a cuy y

ingy

oo x y

o iy

, and cuy

sy

ema

y

eria x . T e x ay

e is one of y

e mac iney

oo x smos

y

we x x used by mac ining (Figure 1).

As s own in Figure 2, a may

eria x is firm x y fixedy

oy

e c uck of a x ay

e. T e x ay

e is swiy

c ed on andy

e c uck is roy

ay

ed. And sincey

ey

ab x e w ic fixed

y

e byy

e can be moved iny

e very

ica x direc

y

ion andy

e rig y

-and- x ef y

direcy

ion byopera

y

ing some and x es s own in Fig. 3 . Iy

y

ouc es a byy

e'sy

ip iny

oy

e may

eria x byy

eopera

y

ion, and makes a mec anica x pary

.Fig.1: Appearance of a Lathe

Fig.2: Chucking of Material Fig.3: Handles of a Lathe

Three Important Elements

In order o ge an efficien process and beau ifu surface a e a e mac ining, i isimpor an o adjus a ro a ing speed, a cu ing dep and a sending speed. P ease no e a

e impor an e emen s can no decide easi y, because ese sui ab e va ues are quie differen by ma eria s, size and s apes of e par .

Rotating Speed

I expresses wi e number of ro a ions (rpm) of e c uck of a a e.

W en e ro a ing speed is ig ,processing speed becomes quick, and aprocessing surface is fine y finis ed.However, since a i e opera ionmis akes may ead o e seriousacciden , i is be er o se ow ro a ingspeed a e firs s age.

Fig.4: Three Important Elements


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Cutting Depth

T e cu ing dep of e oo affec s o e processing speed and e roug ness

of surface. W en e cu ing dep isbig, e processing speed becomesquick, bu e surface empera urebecomes ig , and i as roug surface.Moreover, a ife of by e a so becomess or . If you do no know a sui ab ecu ing dep , i is be er o se o sma va ue.

Sending Speed (Feed)

T e sending speed of e oo a soaffec s o e processing speed and eroug ness of surface. W en e sendingspeed is ig , e processing speedbecomes quick. W en e sending speedis ow, e surface is finis ed beau ifu .T ere are 'manua sending' w ic urnsand opera es a and e, and 'au oma icsending' w ic advances a by eau oma ica y. A beginner mus use emanua sending. Because seriousacciden s may be caused, suc as

ouc ing e ro a ing c uck around eby e in au oma ic sending.

A beginner of a a e mus opera e wi owro a ing speed, sma cu ing dep and owsending speed.

Cutting Tools for Lathe

T ere are various kinds of e cu ing oo s for a a e. We mus c oose em by ema eria s and s ape of a par . T ree ypica cu ing oo s are in roduced in fo ows. T en weconsider w a is an easy process or a ard process.

Form of Typical Cutting Tools

Figure 5 (a) s ows e we -used cu ing oo ca ed a side oo . I can process o cu anou side surface and an edge surface. Since

e ma eria is se a e rig of a e, en is oo can on y cu e rig of e ma eria .

T e cu ing oo s own in Figure 5(b) is useda par ing and grooving processes. I s poin ed Fig.5: Typical Cutting Tools


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end is s im, en i is oo weak. Don' add as rong side-force o e oo . T is oo mus send ver ica direc ion on y.

T e cu ing oo s own in Figure 5(c) is ca eda boring bar. I is used o cu a an insidesurface. I can make a big o e, w ic canno be process by a dri , and a ig accura e o e.

Easy Processing and Hard Processing

T e genera cu ing oo ,s own in Figure 6 (a) is eeasies and ing. T en es ape, w ic can be makeusing on y e genera cu ing oo , as easyprocessing.

In e case of e par ing orgrooving, T e processbecomes ard wi decreasing of e wid of a o e, and increasing of

e dep .

In e case of using of eboring bar, e process of apene ra ed o e is no so

ard. Bu e process of no-pene ra ed o e issomew a ard. Becausewe canno see e bo omsurface in during process.In suc cases, we decide

e oca ion of e oo wi e sound or e sca eof a e. Moreover, eprocessing of a sma o e( ess an 10 mm) or adep o e is oo ard.

f course, ere areimpossib e s apes ass own in Figure 6(c). Insuc case, e par mus bedivided.

Fig.6: Easy Processing and Hard Processing


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Digital Scale

T e ab e of e mi ing mac ine can beadjus ed accura e y a e x-, y- and z- axis.We can adjus e posi ions by seeing esca es on e opera ing and es. Moreover, if digi a sca es as s own in Figure 12 is se , i isefficien a we opera e by seeing e va uesof e digi a sca e.

Fig.12:Digital Scale Point Master

In order o ge a ig accura e processing, ezero poin mus be adjus ed exac y. A poin

mas

er as s

own in Figure 13 is

econvenien oo for e adjus men . LEDs of

e poin mas er ig w en e poin ouc esa me a ma eria inc uding e vise. We canfind e zero poin easi y wi is oo .

Fig.13: Point Master

Three Important Elements for Milling

In e case of e mi ing process, e ro a ingspeed, e cu ing dep and sending speedare very impor an . T ese impora n e emen s are affec ed by e ma eria s, es apes and e roug ness of e surface ande c. Genera y, in order o ge e ig roug ness, e cu ing dep mus be se osma , and e sending speed mus be se o

ow.Fig.14: Three Important Elements


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An examp e of e mi ing process be ow, a mec anica par is made by e mi ing mac inein e figures ( 1) o (5 ) be ow:

(1) Cut Board Material

A ma eria was cu by a band saw. T e sizeis bigger abou 3 mm an e fina size.

(2) Cutting of Bottom Surface

T e ma eria is cu wi e bo om edge of e end mi . In suc ways, wo face of e

ma eria can be cu .

(3) Cutting of Side Surface

T e ma eria is cu wi e side edge of e end mi . W en e vise is se in e

ver ica posi ion accura e y, e ma eria can ge e accura e rec ang e easi y.

(4) Shaped Part

T e ma eria is s aped wi e end mi .Since i as a comp ex s ape, we arecarefu in e processing.

(5) Drilling

T e oo is c anged from e end mi o adri .

(6) Completed Part

T is is a comp e ed par . I is no so simp es ape, bu e mi ing process is no sodifficu .


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Control System

A con

ro sys

em is a device or se

of devices

o manage, command, direc

or regu a

e

e be aviorof o

er devices or sys

ems. I

is possib e for non iving mac ines

o con

ro

roug

e use of signa s from devices known as sensors.

Feedback is a mec anism, process or signa

a

is ooped back

o con

ro a sys

em wi

in i

se f. Suc a oop is ca ed a feedback oop. In sys

ems con

aining an inpu

and ou

pu

, feeding back par

of

eou

pu

so as

o increase

e inpu

is po siti v e fee d ba ck ; feeding back par

of

e ou

pu

in suc a wayas

o par

ia j j y oppose

e inpu

is nega ti v e fee d ba ck .


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Section 2: Introduction to CAD/CAM & CNC

Enabling Objectives:

Ak

k

l e end of k

l is seck

ion you s l ou m d be ab m ek

o:1. Define n o e n erms CA D, CAM and CNC2. Draw a n ime ine of n o e n ec o no ogica advances name y CAD, CAM and CNC3 . Describe w o y no n a mac o ines work wi n o on y CAD/CAM sof n ware

What is CAD/CAM?

T e erm CAD/CAM is a s or ening of Compu er-Aided Design (CAD) and Compu er-AidedManufac uring (CAM). T e erm CAD/NC (Numerica Con ro ) is equiva en in someindus ries.

CAD/CAM sof ware uses CA D drawing oo s o describe geome ries; ese geome ries areused by e CAM por ion of e program o define a oo pa of a mac ine (suc a a e ormi ing mac ine); from mo ion of e mac ine oo e exac s ape a was drawn wi bemac ined ou . T e mac ine in ques ion is ca ed a compu er aide d mac ine.

History

Numerically-Controlled Machines

We before e deve opmen of Compu er-aided design, e manufac uring wor d adop ed oo s con ro ed by numbers and e ers o fi e need for manufac uring comp ex s apes inan accura e and repea ab e manner. During e 195 0's ese Numerica y-Con ro edmac ines used e exis ing ec no ogy of paper apes wi regu ar y spaced o es punc edin em o feed numbers in o con ro er mac ines a were wired o e mo ors posi ioning

e work on mac ine oo s. T e e ec ro-mec anica na ure of e con ro ers a owed digi a ec no ogies o be easi y incorpora ed as ey were deve oped.

By e a e 196 0's Numerica y-Con ro ed mac ining cen ers were commercia y avai ab e,incorpora ing a varie y of mac ining processes and au oma ic oo c anging. Suc oo swere capab e of doing work on mu ip e surfaces of a work piece, moving e work piece oposi ions programmed in advance and using a varie y of oo s - a au oma ica y. W a ismore, e same work cou d be done over and over again wi ex raordinary precision and



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very i e addi iona uman inpu . NC oo s immedia e y raised au oma ion of manufac uring o a new eve once feedback oops were incorpora ed ( e oo e s ecompu er w ere i is, w i e e compu er e s i w ere i s ou d be).

W a fina y made NC ec no ogy enormous y successfu was e deve opmen of euniversa NC programming anguage ca ed APT (Au oma ica y Programmed Too s).Announced a MIT in 196 2 , APT a owed programmers o deve op pos processors specific oeac ype of NC oo so a e ou pu from e APT program cou d be s ared amongdifferen par ies wi differen manufac uring capabi i ies.

CAD& CAM Together at Last

T e deve opmen of Compu er-aided design ad i e effec on CNC ini ia y due o edifferen capabi i ies and fi e forma s used by drawing and mac ining programs. However,as CAD app ica ions suc as So idWorks and Au oCad incorpora e CAM in e igence, and asCAM app ica ions suc as Mas erCam adop sop is ica ed CAD oo s, bo designers andmanufac urers are now enjoying an increasing varie y of capab e CAD/CAM sof ware. Mos CAD/CAM sof ware was deve oped for produc deve opmen and e design andmanufac uring of componen s and mo ds, bu ey are being used by arc i ec s wi grea erfrequency.

Today, over ree-quar ers of new mac ine oo s incorpora e CNC ec no ogies. T ese oo sare used in every conceivab e manufac uring sec or, inc uding many a affec bui ding

ec no ogies. CNC ec no ogy is re a ed o Compu er In egra ed Manufac uring (CIM),Compu er Aided Process P anning (CAPP) and o er ec no ogies suc as Group Tec no ogy(GT) and Ce u ar Manufac uring. F exib e Manufac uring Sys ems (FMS) and Jus -In-TimeProduc ion (JIT) are made possib e by Numerica y-Con ro ed Mac ines.


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Section 3: CAD

Enabling Objectives:A

e end of

is sec

ion you s ou d be ab e

o:1. Describe w z a { is CAD 2. Name { z e Hardware and Sof { ware associa { ed wi { z CAD 3 . Describe z ow does CA D works4 . S{ a { e { z e various uses of { z e CAD sof { ware in Indus { ry5 . S{ a { e { z e advan { ages of using CA D 6 . S{ a { e { z e disadvan { ages of using CA D

CAD Computer aided Design

T| is occurs w | enever a designer or engineer uses a compu}

er}

o design. Norma ~ ~ y CAD is sof }

wareon a compu

}

er}

| a}

a ~ ~ ows for a range of app ~ ica}

ion w | ic | is genera ~ ~ y c ~ assified in five ca}

egories:

1. Drawing2. Pain ing3 . 3 -D Mode ing4 . Desk op Pub is ing5 . Simu a ion

Using a compu

er equipped wi

Microsof

Pain

ry

o draw

e fo owing s apes and no

e down

your experience:(a) (b) A rec ang e 30 cm by 10 cm


I t is important to note that all of these five categories are not possible to be found in oneCAD software package alone but come as separate packages which are specialized ineach of these categories. For e.g. For CAD as a 3 D modeling software that we have on themarket like the A uto CAD 2010 software - it does consume a lot of space on the computer memory and does complex technical drawings; I n comparison small CAD software likeMicrosoft P aint can allow for drawing and painting of only basic geometrical shapes.

ACTIVITY Box 1


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Section 4: CAM


e end of

is sec


o:1. Describe w a is CAM2. Name e Hardware and Sof ware associa ed wi CAM3 . Describe ow does CAM works4 . S a e e various uses of e CAM sof ware in Indus ry5 . S a e e advan ages of using CAM6 . S a e e disadvan ages of using CAM

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Section 5: CNC


e end of

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o:1. Describe w a is CNC2. Name e Hardware and Sof ware associa ed wi CNC3 . Describe ow does CNC works4 . S a e e various uses of e CNC in Indus ry5 . S a e e advan ages of using CNC6 . S a e e disadvan ages of using CNC

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Section 6: Case Studies

Enabling Objectives:

A

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o:y Give an accoun of ow a combina ion of CAD/CAM and CNC is used in different Indus ries



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Section 7: Theory Test


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Section 8: Answers


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Section 9: Competition Form


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References:

y Hug es,C. ( 2002). Design and Tec no ogy: Resis an Ma eria s. London: Lo s Educa iona .

Pg 32, 33 , 83 , 86 , 89


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y Hancock, G. ( 2000). Ski s in Grap ic Produc s. xford: Heinemann Educa iona Pub is ers. Pg

77 , 80 83

y Morrison, J & Twyford, J. ( 1994 ). Design: Capabi i y and Awareness. 6 th Ed. Eng and:

Longman. Pg 188 197

y Buck e, P & Abigai , A. (1997 ). Grap h ic Produc ts for GCSE. 1st Ed. xford: xford Universi ty

Press. Pg 88 , 92 , 93

y Yarnwood, A & Heywood, H. ( 199 0). Focus on Tec h no ogy. 1st Ed. London: Hodder &

Stoug ht on. Pg 73 76

y Stense , P., Tung, A. & Soh , B.S. (2004 ). Bui ding a founda t ion wi th Design and Tec h no ogy 1 .

6 th Ed. Singapore: Pearson Educa t ion Asia P te Ltd.

y Renwick, P., S tense , P., Tung, A. & Soh , B.S. (2004 ). Bui ding a founda t ion wi th Design and

Techno ogy 2. 6 th Ed. Singapore: Pearson Educa t ion Asia P te Ltd.

y Wa is, S. & Godfrey, N. ( 2005 ). Manufac turing. 1st

Ed. Uni ted Kingdom: Ne son T hornes L td.

y Norman, E., Cubi tt , J., & Wh itt aker, M. ( 2000). Advance Design & Techno ogy. 3rd Ed.

Eng and: Person Educa t ion Limi t ed. Pg. 67 , 89 , 94 , 130, 333 & 334

Interne t Websi tes:

htt p://www.gsd. h arvard.edu/inside/cadcam/w h a t is.ht m

htt p://www.nmri.go.jp/eng/k h ira ta/me ta work/index_e. ht m

Documents

Learning Guide 2010