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Learning How to Learn Learning How to Learn in Medical Educationin Medical Education
Khalid A. Bin AbdulrahmanKhalid A. Bin AbdulrahmanMD,MD, DPHC, ABFM, AF, MHSc (MEd) DPHC, ABFM, AF, MHSc (MEd)
Associate Professor of Family MedicineAssociate Professor of Family MedicineVice Dean for Postgraduate & Medical EducationVice Dean for Postgraduate & Medical Education
College of Medicine, King Saud UniversityCollege of Medicine, King Saud University
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““Medicine is not taught by a faculty but Medicine is not taught by a faculty but is learned by oneis learned by one’’s own efforts, and s own efforts, and
the teaching is a question of the teaching is a question of stimulating each student instead of stimulating each student instead of
spoon-feeding himspoon-feeding him””
Willard RappleyeWillard RappleyeThe head of the commission on ME for the The head of the commission on ME for the
AAMC in 1932AAMC in 1932
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What makes you learn better in What makes you learn better in medicine?medicine?
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11 -لالستفاده متاح وقت وجعل وتحديثها المكتبه لالستفاده- تطوير متاح وقت وجعل وتحديثها المكتبه تطويرمنهامنها
22 -المهنه المهنه- حب حب33 -واعضاء الطالب وتشمل التعليمية البيئه واعضاء- تحسين الطالب وتشمل التعليمية البيئه تحسين
التدريسالتدريس44 -والعملي السريري الجانب على والعملي- التاكيد السريري الجانب على التاكيد55 -الطبي والتعليم التدريب في التقنيه الطبي- استخدام والتعليم التدريب في التقنيه استخدام66 -السريريه المهارات السريريه- مختبر المهارات مختبر77 -والتركيز التدريس العضاء التدريسيه المهارات والتركيز- تطوير التدريس العضاء التدريسيه المهارات تطوير
الطالب مشاركة الطالب على مشاركة على88 -االجنبيه الخبرات من االجنبيه- االستفادة الخبرات من االستفادة
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Learning styles of medical studentsLearning styles of medical students
People differ in the way they prefer People differ in the way they prefer
to learnto learn
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For example, first week in college of For example, first week in college of medicine, you ask someone where is medicine, you ask someone where is the medical library, would you prefer the medical library, would you prefer the person to:the person to:
say 'go down this way, take the say 'go down this way, take the second turning on the left, turn right second turning on the left, turn right at the next round about, ....' ? at the next round about, ....' ?
say 'it's on the north side of the say 'it's on the north side of the building just beside biochemistry building just beside biochemistry lab, in the first flour', lab, in the first flour',
take you there?take you there?
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Some people learn serially and prefer Some people learn serially and prefer step-by-step guidance. step-by-step guidance.
Others are more holistic and prefer Others are more holistic and prefer to have (or build for themselves) 'the to have (or build for themselves) 'the big picture'. big picture'.
Some people like pictures. Some people like pictures. Others prefer words. Others prefer words. And some people learn best by doing And some people learn best by doing
things. things.
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It's useful for students to be aware of their It's useful for students to be aware of their own preferred learning styles, because: own preferred learning styles, because:
1. they will know what type of learning 1. they will know what type of learning process will make learning easier for them process will make learning easier for them
2. they will become aware of other learning 2. they will become aware of other learning processes they are not taking full processes they are not taking full advantage of advantage of
3. you may need to do less work catering for 3. you may need to do less work catering for their various learning styles if they can their various learning styles if they can find their own ways of adjusting to yours. find their own ways of adjusting to yours.
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Honey and Mumford ModelHoney and Mumford Model
1.1. The activistThe activist
2.2. The pragmatistThe pragmatist
3.3. The theoristThe theorist
4.4. The reflectorThe reflector
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The activist prefers to learn by doing, The activist prefers to learn by doing, to work things out 'on the hoof'. to work things out 'on the hoof'.
The pragmatist is interested in what The pragmatist is interested in what works, what gives results. works, what gives results.
The theorist prefers to have a The theorist prefers to have a conceptual framework to make sense conceptual framework to make sense of new information. of new information.
The reflector likes to absorb The reflector likes to absorb information and think about it. information and think about it.
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main page
applications theory
informationreflector
theoristpragmatist
activistactivities
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theory
informationactivities
applications
transfer skill
understand, structure experience
inform practice
‘activist’ approach
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theory
informationactivities
applications
practice skills find out how
find out why
‘pragmatist’ approach
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‘theorist’ approach
theory (concepts)
information (facts)activities
applications and uses
use
testenrich
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theory
informationactivities
applications
structure information
apply information
test in practice
‘reflector’ approach
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activities
applications theory
information
main
page
links
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The Learning CycleThe Learning Cycle
Change
ConsciousCompetence
UnconsciousCompetence
Unconscious Incompetence
ConsciousIncompetence
Learning
Mastery
Awareness
The
Learning
Cycle
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LevelLevelTaskTaskSkillsSkills
I. I. KnowledgeKnowledgeGathering, encoding Gathering, encoding & comprehending & comprehending informationinformation
-ReadingReading-ListeningListening-ObservingObserving
II. II. ApplicationApplicationUsing knowledge to Using knowledge to gain new knowledge gain new knowledge & solve problems& solve problems
-Memorizing-Memorizing
-Problem-Solving-Problem-Solving
-Communicating-Communicating
III. III. Self InstructionSelf InstructionPlanning & Planning & implementingimplementing
Self-directed learningSelf-directed learning
-Analyzing needs-Analyzing needs
-Development goals-Development goals
-Identifying methods-Identifying methods
-Self-evaluation-Self-evaluation
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Reading effectively & efficientlyReading effectively & efficiently
* plan* plan
* preview for meaning* preview for meaning
* focused reading* focused reading
* review* review Listening & taking notesListening & taking notes Learning by doingLearning by doing
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So, What are learning styles?So, What are learning styles?
Learning styles are simply different Learning styles are simply different approaches or ways of learning approaches or ways of learning
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Visual LearnersVisual Learners::
These learners need to see the These learners need to see the teacher's body language and facial teacher's body language and facial expression to fully understand the expression to fully understand the content of a lesson.content of a lesson.
They tend to prefer sitting at the They tend to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom to avoid front of the classroom to avoid visual obstructions (e.g. people's visual obstructions (e.g. people's heads).heads).
They may think in pictures and They may think in pictures and learn bestlearn best from visual displays from visual displays including: diagrams, illustrated text including: diagrams, illustrated text books, overhead transparencies, books, overhead transparencies, videos, flipcharts and hand-outs.videos, flipcharts and hand-outs.
During a lecture or classroom During a lecture or classroom discussion, visual learners often discussion, visual learners often prefer to take detailed notes to prefer to take detailed notes to absorb the information.absorb the information.
learn through seeing...
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Auditory LearnersAuditory Learners:: They learn best through They learn best through
verbal lectures, discussions, verbal lectures, discussions, talking things through and talking things through and listening to what others have listening to what others have to say. to say.
Auditory learners interpret Auditory learners interpret the underlying meanings of the underlying meanings of speech through listening to speech through listening to tone of voice, pitch, speed tone of voice, pitch, speed and other nuances. and other nuances.
Written information may have Written information may have little meaning until it is heard. little meaning until it is heard. These learners often benefit These learners often benefit from reading text aloud and from reading text aloud and using a tape recorder.using a tape recorder.
learn through listening...
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Tactile/Kinesthetic Learners:Tactile/Kinesthetic Learners:
Tactile/Kinesthetic persons Tactile/Kinesthetic persons learn best through a learn best through a hands-on approach, hands-on approach, actively exploring the actively exploring the physical world around physical world around them. them.
They may find it hard to sit They may find it hard to sit still for long periods and still for long periods and may become distracted by may become distracted by their need for activity and their need for activity and exploration. exploration.
learn through , moving, doing and touching...
