LEARNINGLEARNINGPsychology

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

Learning is defined:

◦ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Psychologists are interested in how we learn and the impact learning has on our behaviour.

THREE TYPES OF LEARNING THREE TYPES OF LEARNING

O

I

C

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNINGOBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Theory coined by Albert Bandura. Also known as “__________________________”

_______________________________________________________________________.

For example: studying a professional sports figure in order to learn the techniques of that sport.

Learning through observation and/or imitation can have positive and negative impact on an individual’s behaviour depending on what or whom they choose to imitate.

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNINGOBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

According to Bandura, __________________________________________________________all play an important role in the learning process.

For example: we learn through observation, modeling (i.e. Bobo Doll experiment) and through mirror neurons. (clip)

Mirror Neurons are frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing something. They enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

 

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

PROCESS:

A__________ -- the individual notices something in the environment.

R__________-- the individual remembers what was noticed.

R__________ -- the individual produces an action that is a copy of what was noticed.

M__________ -- the environment delivers a consequence that changes the probability the behavior will be emitted again

Provide two positive and two negative examples of this process.

INSIGHT LEARNING INSIGHT LEARNING

Insight learning occurs when________________

___________________________________________________________.

Some noteworthy terms that describe insight learning include: experiencing an “epiphany” eureka! “aha”

Insight learning suggests that it is important to

have time to absorb and think about new learning.

THE ANATOMY OF INSIGHT THE ANATOMY OF INSIGHT LEARNINGLEARNING

The experience of insight learning often involves

three factors:

1. Seemingly all possible problem-solving attempts have been exhausted and are unsuccessful.

2. ____________________________________.

3. A perfect solution to the problem is suddenly realized in a spontaneous way.

WOLFGANG KOHLERWOLFGANG KOHLER

WOLFGANG KOHLERWOLFGANG KOHLER

Psychologist who conducted insight learning experiments on animals.

In one experiment, a chimpanzee was given two short sticks with a banana set out of reach.

After unsuccessfully attempting to reach the banana with the short sticks, the hungry chimpanzee gave up.

However, the chimpanzee later accidentally discovered that the sticks could be joined together to form one longer stick.

Just then, a spark of insight revealing a solution manifested, allowing the chimpanzee to successfully reach the banana.

Conditioned LearningConditioned Learning

Definition: __________________________________________________________________.◦i.e. learning to respond to a particular stimulus

in a particular way

Two types:◦__________ Conditioning◦__________ Conditioning

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

Key figure: Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov’s dog◦Sounded bell right before giving the dog food◦Initially, the food caused the dogs to salivate◦Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of

the bell alone

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

An unconditioned stimulus (US) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to turn an unconditioned response (UR) to a conditioned response (CR)

1. __________2. __________3. __________

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Key figure: BF SkinnerSkinner realized that most behaviour is not

the result of the pairing of unrelated stimuliSkinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar

that, when pushed, would drop a food pellet into the cage◦The rat randomly pushed the bar and got food◦The next time it pushed the bar, it got more food◦Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it

would get food

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and punishments to discourage them

Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur

Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Which do you think is more effective, rewards, or punishment? Why?