Upload
ekai-center
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
1/25
;rh Mgtjrgatmogac Kogejrjgkj og Xjkbgoco`y agh Mggovatmog ^ocmky4 @cofac lgowcjh`j ^artgjrsbmps,
Krjatmg` vacuj eor tbj 61stKjgtury
Austmg, Z[A (Au`ust ;> [jptjifjr 6, 1===)
CJAVGMG@ VJ@MOG[ MG JZVO^J4 XBJOV], ^OCMK] AGH ^VAKXMKJ XBVOZ@B XBJ VM[
JR^JVMJGKJ.
Xjxt eor ufcmkatmog
I. Caghafaso,1K. Ou`btog & L. Ior`ag
JK Koiimssmog H@ RUM (K[I6 1/1:5)
Vuj hj ca Com 6>>, F-1>8= Fruxjccjs, Fjc`mui.
Xjc4 ;6/6/6=5:6:5
J-iamc4 Imljc.CaghafasoNkjk.ju.mgt
Fmrlfjkl Koccj`j
Zgmvjrsmty oe Coghog
Iacjt [trjjt
Coghog PK1J 0BR
k.ou`btogNffl.ak.ul
Hpt. oe Kmty agh Vj`mogac ^caggmg`
Karhmee Zgmvjrsmty
Afjrkogway Fumchmg`
Kocui Hrmvj, ^O Fox =>5
Karhmee KE1 ;]G, Pacjs, ZL.
Afstrakt4 Xbj tbjorjtmkac kogkjpt oe tbj cjargmg` rj`mog ms soijtbmg` oe a fuzzworh aiog`st
akahjimks agh pocmky ialjrs acmlj. ]jt tbj kogkjpt ms ughjr-tbjormsjh agh bas provjg hmeemkuct to
tragscatj mgto a kogkrjtj pocmky approakb. VM[ - Vj`mogac Mggovatmog [tratj`mjs bavj, bowjvjr,
jgbagkjh our tbjorjtmkac ughjrstaghmg` agh provmhjh pocmky ialjrs agh otbjr aktors mg tbjrj`mogac jkogoiy wmtb a praktmkac tooc eor taklcmg` soij oe tbj ughjrcymg` profcjis eakjh fy rj`mogs
sueejrmg` eroi jkogoimk hjkcmgj, sta`gatmog or ughjr-hjvjcopijgt mg tbj emjch oe mggovatmog. Xbj
ofdjktmvj oe tbms papjr ms to provmhj a koiprjbjgsmvj rjvmjw oe ogj oe tbj prmgkmpcj pocmky toocs usjh
fy tbj Juropjag Koiimssmog to proiotj tbj hjvjcopijgt oe ag mggovatmvj kapakmty mg tbj cjss
eavourjh rj`mogs (CEVs), gaijcy VM[ rj`mogac mggovatmog stratj`y. VM[ ms a pmcot aktmog emgagkjh
ughjr tbj mggovatmvj aktmogs oe tbj Juropjag Vj`mogac Hjvjcopijgt Eugh oe tbj Juropjag Zgmog,
wbmkb ms kurrjgtcy fjmg` hjvjcopjh mg ;6 rj`mogs mg Juropj. Xbj papjr hjskrmfjs agh jxaimgjs tbj
VM[ ofdjktmvjs, ijtbohoco`y agh mipakt wmtbmg a wmhjr tbjorjtmkac kogtjxt, coolmg` mg part mkucar at
tbj rjcjvagkj oe gjtworlmg` agh koccaforatmog aiog` hmeejrjgt rj`mogac mggovatmog-rjcatjh
staljbochjrs agh mgstmtutmogs eor tbj hjvjcopijgt oe ag jeemkmjgt rj`mogac mggovatmog systji agh
rj`mogac cjargmg` kapakmtmjs. A kasj stuhy og tbj Pjst Imhcaghs rj`mog ms provmhjh wbmkb eurtbjr
jxpcorjs tbj VM[ pbmcosopby agh ijtbohoco`y mg a `mvjg rj`mog. Xbj prmgkmpac ami oe tbj papjr,bowjvjr, ms to eokus upog tbj praktmkac mipcmkatmogs oe VM[ agh bow wjcc tbms partmkucar pocmky
approakb bas ijt tbj spjkmemk gjjhs oe tbj CEVs. Mghmkatmogs oe tbj jarcy rjsucts oe tbms Juropjag pmcot
aktmog arj provmhjh.
Ljy worhs4 mggovatmog, rj`mogac pocmky, rj`mogac mggovatmog systjis, mghustrmac pocmky, rj`mogac
hjvjcopijgt, Juropjag rj`mogac pocmky, mggovatmvj aktmogs, rj`mogac koipjtmtmvjgjss.
1. Mgtrohuktmog4 mggovatmog agh rj`mogac pocmky ..........................................................1
6. Vj`mogac Mggovatmog [ystjis agh Cjargmg` Vj`mogs ..........................................;
6.1. Vj`mogac Mggovatmog [ystjis mg Cjss Eavourjh Vj`mogs........................... 8
6.6. Cjargmg` Vj`mogs ............................................................................................0;. VM[4 towarhs koccjktmvj cjargmg` mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs .................................1>
;.1. VM[ Ijtbohoco`y4 a rj`mogac agh hjiagh-cjh, fottoi-up approakb......1>
;.6. VM[ Ofdjktmvjs4 bjcpmg` rj`mogs to bjcp tbjisjcvjs..................................16
8. Xbj Mipakt oe VM[ ^rodjkts ...................................................................................1;
:. VM[ Pjst Imhcaghs Kasj [tuhy...........................................................................1:
:.1 [okmac Kapmtac .................................................................................................15:.6 Xbj Cjargmg` Vj`mog......................................................................................10
:.; Gjtworlmg`, Koccjktmvj Jxtjrgac Jkogoimjs agh Cjargmg` ........................1=
:.8 Xbj [tratj`y agh Aktmog ^cag........................................................................6>
5. Kogkcusmogs...........................................................................................................61
Gotjs agh Vjejrjgkjs...............................................................................................66
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
2/25
1
1. Mgtrohuktmog4 mggovatmog agh rj`mogac pocmky
Ogj oe tbj prmormtmjs eor tbj gjw `jgjratmog oe rj`mogac hjvjcopijgt pro`raiijs mg tbj Juropjag Zgmog
eor tbj pjrmoh 6>>>-6>>5 ms tbj proiotmog oe mggovatmog.Xbms ms kcjarcy statjh mg tbj oeemkmac Koiimssmog@umhjcmgjs ahoptjh mg Dugj 1=== as tbj fasms eor tbj gj`otmatmog oe tbj gjw `jgjratmog oe rj`mogac
pro`raiijs wbmkb sbouch kbaggjc to tbj Juropjag rj`mogs, cjss eavourjh mg partmkucar6
, iost oe tbj 61;fmccmog oe tbj [trukturac Eughs eor tbms pjrmoh. Xbjsj @umhjcmgjs
;, jgtmtcjh Jkogoimk agh
sokmac kobjsmog4 `rowtb agh koipjtmtmvjgjss eor jipcoyijgt arj fasjh og two froah prmgkmpcjs4 m)
mhjgtmemkatmog oe mgtj`ratjh stratj`mjs eor hjvjcopijgt agh kogvjrsmog agh mm) tbj krjatmog oe a
hjkjgtracmsjh, jeejktmvj agh froah partgjrsbmp. Xbjy statj tbat [trukturac assmstagkj sbouch tbjrjeorj
`mvj ag mgkrjasmg` prmormty to proiotmg` VXH agh mggovatmog kapakmtmjs mg ag mgtj`ratjh iaggjr mg
acc emjchs oe mgtjrvjgtmog oe tbj Eughs tbou`b aktmogs sukb as 4 m)^roiotmg` mggovatmog4 gjw eoris oe
emgagkmg` (j.`. vjgturj kapmtac) to jgkoura`j start-ups, spmg-outs/spmg-oees, spjkmacmsjh fusmgjss
sjrvmkjs, tjkbgoco`y tragsejr, mm) mgtjraktmogs fjtwjjg emris agh bm`bjr jhukatmog/rjsjarkb mgstmtutjs, mmm)
jgkoura`j siacc emris to karry out VXH eor tbj emrst-tmij, mv) gjtworlmg` agh mghustrmac ko-opjratmog, v)
hjvjcopmg` buiag kapafmcmtmjs.
Xbj rjasog eor sjttmg` tbms prmormty wmtbmg tbj 6>>>-6>>5 @umhjcmgjs im`bt cmj mg tbj rjkjgt jvocutmog oeJuropjag rj`mogac pocmky huj to a gjw ughjrstaghmg` oe rj`mogac koipjtmtmvjgjss (Koolj, ^, 1==2)8agh
tbj korrjspoghmg` iatkbmg` rocj oe pufcmk pocmky, to wbmkb wj gow turg.
As statjh mg tbj Xrjaty oe tbj Zgmog, Juropjag rj`mogac pocmky ms iamgcy afout tbj rjhuktmog oe
hmsparmtmjs aiog` rj`mogs mg Juropj.:Xbus, Juropjag rj`mogac pocmky amis at tbj krjatmog oe tbj rm`bt
jkogoimk agh mgstmtutmogac koghmtmogs mg a `mvjg rj`mog eor a sustamgjh agh a sustamgafcj jkogoimk
hjvjcopijgt prokjss wbmkb krjatjs jkogoimk opportugmty agh dofs tbat im`bt mgkrjasj rj`mogac
mgkoij.
Ovjr agh afovj ag approprmatj cjvjc oe pbysmkac mgerastrukturjs agh worleorkj slmccs, wbmkb bavj fjjg
tbj trahmtmogac tar`jt oe rj`mogac pocmkmjs, tbjsj koghmtmogs acso mgvocvj tbj jxmstjgkj oe rj`mogac
strjg`tbs agh opportugmtmjs to fj eurtbjr jxpcomtjh sukb as tbj kapakmty oe rj`mogac emris to mggovatj,
tbj quacmty oe iaga`jijgt, a fusmgjss kucturj wbmkb proiotjs jgtrjprjgjuyrsbmp, ag mgstmtutmogaceraijworl wbmkb jgkoura`js mgtjr-emri agh pufcmk-prmvatj ko-opjratmog a hygaimk tjrtmary sjktor
provmhmg` fusmgjss sjrvmkjs agh tbj tragsejr oe tjkbgoco`y, a imgmiui cjvjc oe V&H kapafmcmtmjs, tbj
avamcafmcmty oe approprmatj mgtjreakjs fjtwjjg tbj hjiagh eor agh suppcy oe mggovatmog mgputs,
partmkucarcy fy/eor siacc emris, agh tbj jxmstjgkj oe ahjquatj emgagkmac mgstruijgts koghukmvj to
mggovatmog, jtk. Xbjsj koghmtmogs arj kcosjcy rjcatjh, at imkrojkogoimk cjvjc wmtb mgtag`mfcjs agh
rjac fusmgjss sjrvmkjs kogkjpts as opposjh to trahmtmogac bormzogtac amh skbjijs agh autoiatmk
fusmgjss sufsmhmjs.
At tbj ijso-jkogoimk cjvjc tbjy arj rjcatjh to mgstmtutmogac tbmklgjss agh sokmac kapmtac kogkjpts.
Xbj cattjr bas fjjg hjemgjh (Bjghjrsog & Ior`ag, 1===) as a rjcatmogac mgerastrukturj eor koccjktmvj
aktmog wbmkb rjqumrjs trust, vomkj, rjkmprokmty agh a hmsposmtmog to koccaforatj eor iutuaccy fjgjemkmac
jghs. Mg sbort, tbj mhja fjmg` got to smipcy to accjvmatj kosts to ag mghmvmhuac jgtrjprjgjur fut tokbag`j korporatj stratj`mjs agh fusmgjss kucturj as wjcc miprovmg` tbj prohuktmvj jgvmrogijgt or
imcmju mg wbmkb tbjsj emris worl. Xbms approakb kag fj jxjipcmemjh mg Fjccmgms worhs4 tbj provmsmog
oe rjac sjrvmkjs tragsejrs to usjr emris gjw lgowcjh`j agh trm``jrs prokjssjs wmtbmg tbjg, tbjrjfy
iohmeymg` mg a strukturac, gog tragsmtory way tbjmr or`agmsatmog oe prohuktmog agh tbjmr rjcatmog wmtb
tbj iarljt(Fjccmgm, 1==2).
Xbj cj`mtmiaky oe pufcmk pocmky eor tbj miprovjijgt oe tbjsj koghmtmogs ms krmtmkaccy hjpjghjgt og tbj
assuiptmog tbat tbj koipjtmtmvjgjss oe emris rjcmjs got ogcy og mts owg eorkjs fut, mg go cjss jxtjgt, og
tbj quacmty oe mts jgvmrogijgt, soijtmijs rjejrrjh to as strukturac koipjtmtmvjgjss (Kbaffac 1==8).
Xbj assuiptmog bjrj ms tbat fusmgjssjs, agh [IJs mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs mg partmkucar (iamgcy
fjkausj tbjy arj worlmg` mg mipjrejkt iarljts wmtb cmimtjh mgeoriatmog agh lgow-bow5akkjss) iay
gjjh assmstagkj mg tappmg` mgto tbj gjkjssary rjsourkjs (rjcatjh to lgowcjh`j, mg tbj eori oe
tjkbgoco`y or quacmemjh buiag kapmtac mg partmkucar), to eakj up to tbj gjw eoris oe koipjtmtmog
hjvjcopmg` mg tbj `cofac jkogoiy. Mg sbort tbjy iay gjjh iorj tbag smipcy cjss taxjs agh cowjr
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
3/25
6
mgtjrjst ratjs to euccy jxpcomt tbjmr koipjtmtmvj posmtmog agh tbus iaxmimsj tbjmr kogtrmfutmog to tbj
rj`mogac jkogoiy mg tbj
eori oe iorj dofs agh bm`bjr wjactb, wbmkb uctmiatjcy dustmemjs pufcmk emgagkmac support eor a pocmky
amijh at miprovmg` koipjtmtmvjgjss. Xbms assuiptmog im`bt partmkucarcy boch truj mg tbj kasj oe siacc
agh ijhmui smzjh emris, wbosj ljy jkogoimk hmeemkuctmjs arj rjcatjh got dust to smzj fut acso to msocatmog.
Agh tbms ms jvjr iorj truj mg tbj kasj oe [IJs worlmg` mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs wbmkb arj oetjg siacc
smzj, eaimcy owgjh, worlmg` mg trahmtmogac sjktors eor cokac iarljts agh mcc prjparjh eor gjw koipjtmtmvjprjssurjs mghukjh fy tbj `cofacmsatmog prokjss to wbmkb tbjy arj mgkrjasmg`cy jxposjh to. Iorjovjr,
tbms assuiptmog ms partmkucarcy miportagt eor rj`mogac pocmky smgkj siacc agh ijhmui smzjh emris
kogstmtutj tbj fasms oe tbj prohuktmvj eafrmk oe tbj rj`mogs wbosj hjvjcopijgt ms ca``mg` fjbmgh.
Cmgljh to tbj afovj, a `jgjraccy akkjptjh assuiptmog ms tbat tbj bm`b roah to koipjtmtmvjgjss eor tbjsj
rj`mogs wbosj emris arj pro`rjssmvjcy jxposjh to mgtjrgatmogac koipjtmtmog rugs tbrou`b mggovatmog,
wbmkb jgafcjs tbji to ahapt at tbj rm`bt tmij to mgkrjasjh koipjtmtmvj agh tbj east pakj oe
tjkbgoco`mkac kbag`j. Mggovatmog iust appcy to acc aspjkts oe tbj aktmvmty oe a siacc emri (gjw iarljts,
gjw, hmeejrjgt or fjttjr prohukts, prokjssjs agh sjrvmkjs). Mg tbms sjgsj, tbj kogkjpt oe mggovatmog
jifrakjs rjsjarkb agh hjvjcopijgt, tjkbgoco`y, tramgmg`, iarljtmg` agh koiijrkmac aktmvmty, hjsm`g
agh quacmty pocmky, emgagkj, co`mstmks agh tbj fusmgjss iaga`jijgt rjqumrjh eor tbjsj varmous eugktmogs
to ijsb to`jtbjr jeemkmjgtcy.
[mgkj siacc agh ijhmui smzjh emris , partmkucarcy mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs, ho got usuaccy bavj jmtbjr tbj
gjkjssary stratj`mk mgeoriatmog or tbj slmccs agh staee spjkmacmsmg` mg acc tbj eugktmogs cmstjh, soij oe tbj
cattjr wmcc bavj to fj karrmjh out fy outsmhj kogtraktors. Xbms ijags tbat tbj koipjtmtmvjgjss oe a siacc
emri hjpjghs mg part og tbj quacmty oe tbj cmgls wmtb agh tbj jeemkmjgky/avamcafmcmty oe mts `jo`rapbmkac
gjm`bfours (rjsjarkb agh tjkbgoco`y tragsejr kjgtrjs, tramgmg` kjgtrjs, fusmgjss sjrvmkjs koipagmjs
agh so og) agh mt ms car`jcy hjpjghjgt og tbj quacmty oe tbj mgstmtutmogac systji provmhmg` support eor
mggovatmog (rj`mogac autbormtmjs rjspogsmfcj eor mghustrmac/rj`mogac pocmky mg partmkucar). Mg tbms sjgsj,
mggovatmog ms iorj akkjssmfcj to siacc agh ijhmui smzjh emris wbjg tbjy arj worlmg` wmtbmg rmkb agh
hygaimk rj`mogac mggovatmog systjis. Vj`mogac mggovatmog systjis bavj fjjg hjemgjh (Autmo, 1==2) as
a hmstmgkt kogkjpt eroi gatmogac mggovatmog systjis (Cughvacc, 1==6), as jssjgtmaccy sokmac systjis,
koiposjh oe mgtjraktmg` suf-systjis< tbj lgowcjh`j appcmkatmog agh jxpcomtatmog sufsystji agh tbj
lgowcjh`j `jgjratmog agh hmeeusmog suf-systji. Xbj mgtjraktmogs wmtbmg agh fjtwjjg or`agmsatmogs
agh suf-systjis `jgjratj tbj lgowcjh`j ecows tbat hrmvj tbj jvocutmog oe tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog
systjis. Gow, wbmcj tbj korj rj`mogs oe tbj worch jkogoiy arj wjcc jghowjh wmtb rofust mgtjraktmvj
gjtworls, cjss eavourjh rj`mogs bavj ughjrhjvjcopjh, era`ijgtjh agh iukb cjss jeemkmjgt rj`mogac
mggovatmog systjis, as wj sbacc sjj mg t bj gjxt sjktmog.
Mg sbort, tbj krjatmog oe tbj rm`bt jkogoimk agh mgstmtutmogac koghmtmogs mg a `mvjg rj`mog eor a sustamgjh
agh a sustamgafcj jkogoimk hjvjcopijgt prokjss mipcmjs tbj trm``jrmg` oe cjargmg` prokjssjs mg tbj
rj`mogac jkogoiy wbmkb accows rj`mogac emris to fjkoij iorj mggovatmvj, agtmkmpatmvj agh ahaptafcj to
rapmhcy jvocvmg` iarljts agh tjkbgo-jkogoimk koghmtmogs. Xbms ms wby Juropjag rj`mogac pocmky bas
sjt mggovatmog proiotmog as ogj oe tbj prmormtmjs eor aktmog mg tbj pjrmoh 6>>>-6>>5, startmg` eroi ag
jxpcoratmog oe gjw patbs fy focstjrmg` mgtag`mfcjs0, sokmac kapmtac agh rj`mogac cjargmg` kapakmtmjs.
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
4/25
;
Jgtjrprmsj
[ I J
J J JJgtjrprmsj
[ I J
F m ` E m r i s
^ufc mk [jk tor
Gat moga c /Vj` moga c
Ahimgmstratmog
u s g js s
K o g s u c t a g t s 4
[jrvmkjs
Zgmvjrs m t mjs
Xjkbgo co`y
Kjgtrjs
E mgagkj -
Fagls
Uacuj
Kb
amg
Kcu
stjrs
Ijg
tormg
`[
kbji
js...
Mggovatmog
[upp
ort[
kbji
js
Fusmg
jssMgg
ovatm
og
Kjgtrjs
M g g o v a t m o g I a g a ` j i j g t
Xjkbg mqujs
X j k b g o c o ` y A u h m t s
Xjkbgo co`y Eorjs m`b ts
M g t j r i j h m a r m j s
Kcustjr
^ocmky
Fusmg
jssE
orui
s [jjhKapmtac
vjgturjKapmtac
Fusmgjss
Ag`jcs
Xjkbgoco`y
Xragsej
r
^ro
djkts
V &H U
acormsa
tmog
@rahuatj cakji
jgt
[kbjijs
Zgmvjrsmty-Jgtjrprmsj
Koopjratmog...
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
5/25
8
6. Vj`mogac Mggovatmog [ystjis agh Cjargmg` Vj`mogs2
6.1. Vj`mogac Mggov at mog [ystjis mg C jss Eavourjh Vj`mogs
Xohay, mg Juropj, ahvagkjh rj`mogs spjgh iorj pufcmk iogjy agh mg a iorj stratj`mk way mg tbj
proiotmog oe mggovatmog eor tbjmr emris tbag cjss eavourjh rj`mogs. Mg 1==5, eor jxaipcj, wbmcj kougtrmjs
sukb as Hjgiarl, Emgcagh agh Eragkj spjgt ovjr 6>> oe pufcmk amh to V&H pjr pjrsog jipcoyjh mg
iagueakturmg`, agh Austrma, Fjc`mui, @jriagy agh tbj Gjtbjrcaghs wjrj arough tbj 1>> ratj, @rjjkj
agh ^ortu`ac spjgt 1> or cjss, agh [pamg hmh got rjakb :> (KJK, [jvjgtb [urvjy og [tatj Amh, 1===).
Xbms ms mgkrjasmg` tbj mgtjr-rj`mogac mggovatmog-`ap akross Juropj, wbmkb bas a hmrjkt rjcatmog to tbj
kobjsmog `ap. Me rj`mogac pocmky ms to fj jeejktmvj mg rjhukmg` tbj kobjsmog `ap, mt bas to ahhrjss tbms
profcji fy mgkrjasmg` tbj mggovatmog kapakmtmjs mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs. Xbms, mg turg, ms hjpjghjgt og
tbj jstafcmsbijgt oe ag jeemkmjgt rj`mogac mggovatmog systji mg tbjsj rj`mogs, as a prj -koghmtmog eor ag
mgkrjasj oe pufcmk agh prmvatj mgvjstijgt mg tbj emjch oe mggovatmog.
Otbjrwmsj, me pocmkmjs arj socjcy kogkjrgjh wmtb mgkrjasmg` tbj aiougt oe pufcmk amh eor mggovatmog,
afsorptmog profcjis wmcc soog appjar agh tbj jeemkmjgky oe tbjsj mgvjstijgts wmcc fj ughjrimgjh, as
bas acrjahy bappjgjh mg a guifjr oe rj`mogs wmtb prjvmous pocmky jxpjrmijgts (j.`. [XVMHJ). Xbjrjasog eor tbms cmj mg wbat wj wmcc kacc tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog parahox.
Xbj rj`mogac mggovatmog parahox rjejrs to tbj apparjgt kogtrahmktmog fjtwjjg tbj koiparatmvjcy rjatjr
gjjh to spjgh og mggovatmog mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs agh tbjmr rjcatmvjcy cowjr kapakmty to afsorf
pufcmk eughs jariarljh eor tbj proiotmog oe mggovatmog, koiparjh to iorj ahvagkjh rj`mogs. Xbat ms,
tbj iorj mggovatmog ms gjjhjh mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs to iamgtamg agh mgkrjasj tbj koipjtmtmvj
posmtmog oe tbjmr emris mg a pro`rjssmvjcy `cofac jkogoiy, tbj iorj hmeemkuct mt ms to mgvjst jeejktmvjcy agh
tbjrjeorj afsorf pufcmk eughs eor tbj proiotmog oe mggovatmog mg tbjsj rj`mogs. Mg otbjr worhs, ogj
im`bt bavj jxpjktjh tbat ogkj tbj gjjh ms aklgowcjh`jh/mhjgtmemjh (tbj mggovatmog `ap) agh tbj
possmfmcmty jxmsts, tbrou`b pufcmk ijags, to rjspogh to mt, tbjsj rj`mogs wouch bavj a fm``jr kapafmcmty
to afsorf tbj rjsourkjs hjstmgjh to ijjt tbms gjjh, smgkj tbjy start eroi a vjry cow cjvjc (jvjrytbmg` ms
stmcc to fj hogj). Mgstjah, tbjsj rj`mogs eakj kogsmhjrafcj hmeemkuctmjs mg afsorfmg` tbms iogjy. [ukb mstbj gaturj oe tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog parahox.
Xbj iamg kausj tbat jxpcamgs tbms apparjgt parahox ms got prmiarmcy tbj avamcafmcmty oe pufcmk iogjy mg
tbj cjss eavourjh rj`mogs. Mts jxpcagatmog cmjs jcsjwbjrj. Mt cmjs mg tbj gaturj oe tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog
systji agh mgstmtutmogac sjttmg`s to fj eough mg tbjsj rj`mogs. Xbj rj`mogac mggovatmog systji mg cjss
eavourjh rj`mogs ms kbaraktjrmsjh fy mts ughjrhjvjcopijgt agh era`ijgtjh gaturj. Xbj mgstmtutmogac
sjttmg` mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs ms kbaraktjrmsjh fy tbj afsjgkj oe tbj rm`bt mgstmtutmogac eraijworl agh
pocmky hjcmvjry systjis, pufcmk sjktor mgjeemkmjgky agh cakl oe ughjrstaghmg` fy pocmky-ialjrs oe tbj
rj`mogac mggovatmog prokjss mg partmkucar. Xbj two koifmgjh jxpcamg tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog parahox.
Xbj ughjrhjvjcopjh smzj oe tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog systji mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs agh cakl oe
artmkucatmog/kobjrjgkj oe mts hmeejrjgt sufsystjis agh mggovatmog pcayjrs ms mccustratjh fy soij oe tbj
eoccowmg` kbaraktjrmstmks mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs4
Iogjy jariarljh eor mggovatmog ms soijtmijs utmcmsjh jxkcusmvjcy eor tbj krjatmog oe V&H pbysmkac
mgerastrukturjs agh jqumpijgt eor wbmkb go rjac hjiagh bas fjjg jxprjssjh fy tbj rj`mogac emris.
Eughmg` im`bt eacc mg tbj baghs oe tbosj rjspogsmfcj eor rjsjarkb/skmjgkj or tjkbgoco`y pocmkmjs wbmkb
ho got bavj ag jkogoimk hjvjcopijgt pjrspjktmvj< mggovatmog fjmg` prmiarmcy afout jkogoimk
koipjtmtmvjgjss agh tbj jxpcomtatmog oe gjw, fjttjr or hmeejrjgt iarljts, prohukts agh sjrvmkjs.
Iorjovjr, tbj rj`mogac `ovjrgijgts hjpartijgts rjspogsmfcj eor rjsjarkb agh jhukatmog, mghustry agh
jkogoimk pcaggmg` iay sjchoi ijjt to hmskuss agh a`rjj ag mgtj`ratjh pocmky eor tbj proiotmog oe
mggovatmog. Xbat ms, tbjrj ms oetjg go iuctmhmskmpcmgary approakb mg tbj pcaggmg` oe eughmg`, wbmkb ms
krmtmkaccy miportagt eor a sukkjsseuc mggovatmog pocmky.
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
6/25
:
Xafcj G 1. Xjg strukturac eaktors aeejktmg` tbj Vj`mogac Mggovatmog [ystjis mg CEVs
1. [bortkoimg`s rjcatmg` to tbj kapakmty oe emris mg tbj rj`mogs to mhjgtmey tbjmr gjjhs eor mggovatmog
(agh tbj tjkbgmkac lgowcjh`j rjqumrjh to assjss tbji) agh cakl oe strukturjh jxprjssmog oe tbj catjgt
hjiagh eor mggovatmog to`jtbjr wmtb cowjr quacmty agh quagtmty oe skmjgtmemk agh tjkbgoco`mkacmgerastrukturj.
6. [karkmty or cakl oe tjkbgoco`mkac mgtjrijhmarmjs kapafcj oe mhjgtmeymg` agh ejhjratmg` cokac fusmgjss
hjiagh eor mggovatmog (agh V&XH) agh kbaggjccmg` mt towarhs rj`mogac/gatmogac/mgtjrgatmogac sourkjs
oe mggovatmog (agh V&HX) wbmkb iay mvj rjspogsj to tbjsj hjiaghs.
;. ^oorcy hjvjcopjh emgagkmac systjis (trahmtmogac faglmg` praktmkjs) wmtb ejw eughs avamcafcj eor rmsl or
sjjh kapmtac (agh poorcy ahaptjh to tbj tjris agh rmsls oe tbj prokjss oe mggovatmo g mg emris) to emgagkj
mggovatmog, hjemgjh as cog`-tjri mgtag`mfcj mghustrmac mgvjstijgts wmtb ag assokmatjh bm`b emgagkmac
rmsl (Iuchur 1==6).
8. Cakl oe a hygaimk fusmgjss sjrvmkjs sjktor oeejrmg` sjrvmkjs to emris to proiotj tbj hmssjimgatmog oe
tjkbgoco`y mg arjas wbjrj emris bavj, as a rucj, ogcy wjal mgtjrgac rjsourkjs eor tbj mghjpjghjgt
hjvjcopijgt oe tjkbgoco`mkac mggovatmog (Kapjccmg 1=2=/ =).
:. Pjal ko-opjratmog cmgls fjtwjjg tbj pufcmk agh prmvatj sjktors, agh tbj cakl oe ag jgtrjprjgjurmac
kucturj progj to mgtjr-emri ko-opjratmog (afsjgkj oe jkogoimjs oe skacj agh fusmgjss krmtmkac iassjs
wbmkb iay ialj proemtafcj kjrtamg cokac mggovatmog jeeorts).
5. [jktorac spjkmacmsatmog mg trahmtmogac mghustrmjs wmtb cmttcj mgkcmgatmog eor mggovatmog agh prjhoimgagkj
oe siacc eaimcy emris wmtb wjal cmgls to tbj mgtjrgatmogac iarljt.
0. [iacc agh rjcatmvjcy kcosjh iarljts wmtb ugsopbmstmkatjh hjiagh, wbmkb ho got jgkoura`j
mggovatmog.
2. Cmttcj partmkmpatmog mg mgtjrgatmogac V&XHM gjtworls, skarkjcy hjvjcopjh koiiugmkatmogs gjtworls,
hmeemkuctmjs mg attraktmg` slmccjh cafour agh akkjssmg` jxtjrgac lgow-bow.
=. Ejw car`j (iuctmgatmogacs) emris ughjrtalmg` V&H wmtb poor cmgls wmtb tbj cokac jkogoiy.
1>. Cow cjvjcs oe pufcmk assmstagkj eor mggovatmog agh amh skbjijs poorcy ahaptjh to cokac [IJs
mggovatmog gjjhs
[ourkj4 Caghafaso, 1==0.
E m`urj 1 A e ra`ijgtjh rj`mogac mggovatmog systji4 cjss eavorjh rj`mogs
Vj`mogac
@ovjrgijgt
Fusmgjss[jrvmkjs
[IJs
[IJs
Kbaifjr oe
Koiijrkj
[IJs
[IJs
Car`j
emris
[IJs
Zgmvjrsmtmjs
Xjkbgoco`y
Kjgtjrs
[jktorac
Assokmatmogs
[IJs[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
Car`j
emris
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
[IJs
Xjkbgoco`y
Kogsuctagts
[IJs
[IJs
Car`j
emris
[IJs
[IJs
Vj`mogac jkogoiy
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
7/25
5
Zgmvjrsmty hjpartijgts eroi rjcatmvjcy gjw ugmvjrsmtmjs, eor jxaipcj, wbmkb ho got bavj a cog` trahmtmog
oe ugmvjrsmty-mghustry koccaforatmog, usj gjw eughmg` to strjg`tbjg rjsjarkb aktmvmtmjs wbmkb ho got
acways rjecjkt tbj gjjhs oe tbj rj`mogac emris.
Og top oe tbat, rj`mogac mggovatmog systjis mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs sueejr eroi msocatmog eroi tbj
V&XH gjtworls oe jxkjccjgkj mgtjrgatmogaccy. Xbus, [IJs emgh mt barh to akkjss tbj tjkbgoco`y
sourkjs agh partgjrs, mgkcuhmg` mgeoriac pjrsogac kogtakts, wbmkb arj gjkjssary eor tbj kogtmguousejjhmg` oe tbj mggovatmog systji mg orhjr to ljjp afrjast oe tjkbgoco`mkac kbag`j mg tbj `cofac
jkogoiy.
Xbj rj`mogac emris, oetjg siacc, eaimcy-owgjh agh koipjtmg` aiog` tbjisjcvjs mg rjcatmvjcy kcosjh
iarljts, ho got bavj a trahmtmog oe ko-opjratmog agh trust jmtbjr aiog` tbjisjcvjs or wmtb tbj rj`mogac
V&XH mgerastrukturj, partmkucarcy ugmvjrsmtmjs, as mccustratjh eor jxaipcj fy tbj [pagmsb kasj mg wbmkb
2>% oe emris mg [pamg wmtb ejwjr tbag 6>> worljrs ughjrtool go V&H mg 1==8, wbjtbjr mgtjrgaccy or
tbrou`b outsmhj kogtraktors... (KOXJK, 1==0). Ko-opjratmog eor mggovatmog wbmkb ms partmkucarcy krmtmkac
mg tbjmr kasj huj to tbjmr cmimtjh mgtjrgac buiag rjsourkjs agh lgow-bow rjqumrjh eor tbj mggovatmog
jeeort. Emris ho got jxprjss ag mggovatmog hjiagh agh tbj rj`mogac V&XH mgerastrukturjs arj got
jifjhhjh mg tbj rj`mogac jkogoiy, agh tbjrjeorj arj ugafcj to mhjgtmey tbj mggovatmog gjjhs agh
kapafmcmtmjs jxmstmg` mg tbj rj`mogac jkogoiy. Xbus, tbjrj ms a cakl oe mgtj`ratmog fjtwjjg rj`mogacsuppcy agh hjiagh eor mggovatmog.
Mg sbort, tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog systji mg tbjsj rj`mogs hojs got bavj jmtbjr tbj gjkjssary mgtjreakjs
agh ko-opjratmog ijkbagmsis eor tbj suppcy-hjiagh iatkbmg` to bappjg, or tbj approprmatj
koghmtmogs eor tbj jxpcomtatmog oe sygjr`mjs agh ko-opjratmog aiog` tbj skarkj rj`mogac V&XH aktors
wbmkb kouch jvjgtuaccy emcc `aps agh avomh hupcmkatmogs. Mg tbms smtuatmog, mgvjstmg` iorj iogjy mg tbj
krjatmog oe gjw tjkbgoco`y kjgtrjs, eor jxaipcj, wmtbout prjvmouscy ko-orhmgatmg` agh ahaptmg` tbj
worl oe jxmstmg` ogjs, rmsls eurtbjr hmstortmg` tbj systji. At tbj saij tmij mt acso rmsls miposmg` a gjw
fuh`jtary furhjg og pufcmk fuh`jts tbrou`b tbj ruggmg` kosts oe tbjsj mgstmtutmogs, wbmkb arj ugcmljcy
to rjakb a satmseaktory cjvjc oe sjce-emgagkmg` mg a rjasogafcj tmij pjrmoh huj to tbj imsiatkb rjejrrjh
fjeorj. Xbj saij `ojs eor a guifjr oe Xjkbgoco`y parls mgmtmatmvjs mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs, wbmkb jgh
up fjkoimg` propjrty hjvjcopijgt opjratmogs hjpjghjgt og jxtjrgac kapmtac attraktmog, poorcy cmgljh
to tbj rj`mogac mghustry agh pcaymg` a vjry cmimtjh rocj mg tbj jkogoimkaccy stratj`mk eugktmog oe
tjkbgoco`y tragsejr rj`mogaccy.
Iorjovjr, ahvagkjh fusmgjss sjrvmkjs agh gjtworlmg` a`jgts/mgtjreakjs sukb as tbosj jxmstmg` mg
ahvagkjh rj`mogs arj ejw agh got gjkjssarmcy spjkmacmsjh mg tbj mggovatmog hoiamg. Xbms bmghjrs tbj
mggovatmog opportugmtmjs oe emris tbrou`b propjr tjkbgoco`y auhmtmg` agh akkjssmg` stratj`mkaccy
miportagt sjrvmkjs sukb as mggovatmog iaga`jijgt, tjkbgoco`y eorjkastmg` agh tramgmg`, jtk. Xbjsj
mgmtmatmvjs, partmkucarcy prmvatj ogjs, `jt trappjh mg tbj vmkmous kmrkcj oe cmttcj hjiagh agh poor suppcy
wbmkb ms rarjcy spogtagjouscy froljg eroi wmtbmg tbj systji. Pbjg tbjy ho rjspogh, huj to emris
hjejgsmvj agh ahaptmvj rjaktmogs (ratbjr tbag proaktmvj ogjs) to iarljt prjssurjs, mt ms oetjg as catj
tjkbgoco`y eoccowjrs agh mggovatmog opportugmtmjs arj cost to cokac mghustry. [oijtbmg` smimcar kag fj
samh afout emgagkmac mgstruijgts agh mgstmtutmogs mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs, wbmkb og top oe usuaccy
miposmg` bm`bjr tbag (Juropjag) avjra`j mgtjrjst ratjs oeejr cmttcj attjgtmog to cog` tjri, bm`bjr rmsl aghmgtag`mfcj mgvjstijgts wbmkb arj kbaraktjrmstmk oe mggovatmog prodjkts.
Emgaccy, tbj quacmty oe tbj mgstmtutmogac sjttmg` mg tbjsj rj`mogs ms oetjg tbj iamg ofstakcj eor tbj krjatmog
oe ag jeemkmjgt rj`mogac mggovatmog systji. Ovjr agh afovj tbj hmeejrjgt hj`rjj oe rj`mogac autogoiy mg
tbj koghukt oe rj`mogac/mghustrmac pocmky, sjvjrac rj`mogac `ovjrgagkj strukturjs mg cjss eavourjh
rj`mogs sueejr bjavmcy eroi cakl oe krjhmfmcmty, pocmtmkac mgstafmcmty agh afsjgkj oe proejssmogac
koipjtjgkj (agh awarjgjss) mg tbj emjch oe mggovatmog. Xbjsj tbrjj eaktors arj kbaraktjrmstmk oe
ughjrhjvjcopijgt.
Xbj cakl oe krjhmfmcmty oe tbjsj `ovjrgagkj strukturjs, gotafcy vms --vms tbj prmvatj sjktor, ms rjecjktjh
mg tbjmr cmimtjh kapakmty eor kogsjgsus fumchmg` agh partgjrsbmp arrag`jijgts wmtb prmvatj emris agh
otbjr mgstmtutmogac aktors, fj mt ugmvjrsmtmjs or gatmogac V&XH korrjspoghjgts. ^ocmtmkac mgstafmcmty agh
sbort-tjri pocmtmkac kogsmhjratmog (cmgljh to tbj pocmtmkac kykcj) ughjrimgj agy sjrmous jeeort mg tbj
mipcjijgtatmog oe ag mggovatmog pocmky wbmkb fy mts owg gaturj ms ijhmui to cog` tjri. Iorjovjr, mt
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
8/25
0
ialjs tbj gjkjssary rj`mogac cjahjrsbmp eor tbj hjvjcopijgt oe a rj`mogac mggovatmog systji jvjg
iorj hmeemkuct agh iorj progj to eacc mg tbj baghs oe kogsocmhatjh coffmjs agh parokbmac mgtjrjsts wbmkb
bmghjr mggovatmog. Cakl oe proejssmogac koipjtjgkj ms rjecjktjh mg tbj eakt tbat tbjsj ahimgmstratmogs
tjgh to eavour 'trahmtmogac' agh jasy to iaga`j rj`mogac mgstruijgts ratbjr tbag iorj sopbmstmkatjh
agh koipcjx pocmkmjs sukb as mggovatmog pocmky. Mg soij mgstagkjs jvjg wbjrj tbj pocmtmkac koiimtijgt
bas fjjg kcjarcy jxprjssjh to support sukb a pocmky, `ovjrgagkj strukturjs arj oetjg mgahjquatj agh mt
iay fj hmeemkuct to emgh tbj gjkjssary iaga`jijgt rjsourkjs to mipcjijgt mt jeemkmjgtcy.
Acc tbj afovj jxpcamgs to a kjrtamg jxtjgt tbj kogkcusmogs rjakbjh rjkjgtcy fy tbj V&XHM jvacuatmog oe
[trukturac Eughs eor tbj pjrmoh 1==8-1=== mg cjss eavourjh rj`mogs (Bm``mg`s jt ac, 1===, p. =) mg wbmkb
tbj iador pocmky mssujs mhjgtmemjh wjrj4
Cakl oe ko-orhmgatmog fjtwjjg tbj fohmjs mg kbar`j oe pufcmk rjsjarkb agh tbosj mg kbar`j oe
prmvatj rjsjarkb
@ap fjtwjjg Zgmvjrsmtmjs agh jgtjrprmsjs
Mg iagy rj`mogs tbjrj sjjis to fj a cakl oe ko-orhmgatmog oe tbj skmjgkj agh tjkbgoco`y
pocmky fjtwjjg hjpartijgts oe mghustry agh hjpartijgts oe jhukatmog
Mg soij rj`mogs tbjrj ms ovjrcap agh mgahjquatj ko-orhmgatmog fjtwjjg gatmogac agh rj`mogac
ijasurjs Xbjrj ms cmttcj mgvocvjijgt oe tbj rj`mogac VXHM aktors, prmvatj sjktor mg partmkucar, mg pocmky
pcaggmg`
6.6. Cjargmg` Vj`mogs
Xbj mggovatmvj kapakmty oe tbj rj`mogac emri ms hmrjktcy rjcatjh to tbj cjargmg` afmcmty oe a rj`mog. Xbat
ms, mggovatmvj kapakmty agh tbj rj`mogac cjargmg` afmcmty assokmatjh wmtb mt ms hmrjktcy rjcatjh to tbj
hjgsmty agh quacmty oe gjtworlmg` wmtbmg tbj rj`mogac prohuktmvj jgvmrogijgt. Mgtjr-emri agh pufcmk-
prmvatj ko-opjratmog agh tbj mgstmtutmogac eraijworl wmtbmg wbmkb tbjsj rjcatmogsbmps talj pcakj arj tbj
ljy sourkjs oe rj`mogac mggovatmog. Mggovatmog fjmg` tbj jgh-prohukt agh tbj rj`mogac cjargmg`
hjpjghjgt og tbj quacmty agh hjgsmty oe tbj afovj rjcatmogsbmps, fjmg` tbj prokjss=.
Asbjmi (1==2, p. ;) hjemgjs a cjargmg` rj`mog as rjprjsjgtmg` tbj tjrrmtormac agh mgstmtutmogac
jifjhhjhgjsss oe cjargmg` or`agmsatmogs agh mgtjraktmvj cjargmg` agh `ojs og to ar`uj tbat mg tbj
proiotmog oe sukb mggovatmog supportmvj rj`mogs tbj mgtjr-cmglmg` oe ko-opjratmvj partgjrsbmps rag`mg`
eroi worl or`agmsatmogs mgsmhj emris to hmeejrjgt sjktors oe sokmjty, ughjrstooh as rj`mogac
hjvjcopijgt koacmtmogs, wmcc fj oe stratj`mk miportagkj.
A cjargmg` rj`mog ms got a parokbmac rj`mog, wbmkb m`gorjs tbj miportagkj oe tbj gatmogac agh
mgtjrgatmogac hmijgsmogs, partmkucarcy mg tbj emjchs oe skmjgkj, rjsjarkb agh tjkbgoco`y ovjr agh
afovj a garrowcy hjemgjh kogkjpt oe mggovatmog as sukb. Xbj rj`mogac hmijgsmog ms miportagt fut got
jxkcusmvj. Mg tbms sjgsj mt ms krukmac to aklgowcjh`j tbj gjjh eor emris, to fj kcosj to opjg `atjs to tbj
gatmogac agh mgtjrgatmogac (sjj @covjr, 1==5) hmijgsmogs rj`mogaccy, mg partmkucar eor [IJs. Vjkjgtcy,
soij autbors (Loskbatzly, 1==2, p. 8>;) bavj jipbasmsjh tbat jvjg tbou`b spakj kcjarcy iattjrs mg
mggovatmog, tbms taljs pcakj iorj og a pjrkjptmvj ratbjr tbag og a pocmtmkaccy hjemgjh tjrrmtormac fasms
fjkausj mt ms got a spjkmemk rj`mog wbmkb iattjrs mg mggovatmog fut ag jgvmrogijgt eujccjh fy aktors
eroi hmeejrjgt rj`mogs wbmkb, mg mts koipcjx (mgtjr-rj`mogac) strukturj, bas to jxkjjh a krmtmkac imgmiui to
fj rj`arhjh as supportmvj eaktor mg jakb rj`mog. Xbms jgvmrogijgt orm`mgatjs ogcy mg part eroi jakb
smg`cj rj`mog, fut mts mipakt ms rj`mogaccy spjkmemk, hjpjghmg` og tbj strukturac kbaraktjrmstmks oe tbj
rj`mogac emris. Xbms cjahs tbji to kogkcuhj tbat kross-rj`mogac aktmvmtmjs wouch mgkrjasj tbj mipakt oe
rj`mogaccy ormjgtjh ijasurjs, agh tbjrjeorj, provmhj strog`jr support eor mggovatmog iaga`jijgt agh
tbj koipjtmtmvjgjss oe fotb cokac agh rj`mogac emris (Loskbatzly, 1==2).
Cjargmg` as ag jkogoimk prokjss, kag fj sufdjkt to vmrtuous kmrkcjs agh mgkrjasmg` rjturgs to skacj. Xbj
iorj a rj`mog (or a koipagy) ms mg a posmtmog to cjarg (mhjgtmey, ughjrstagh agh jxpcomt lgowcjh`j, mg tbj
eori oe tjkbgoco`mkac jxpjrtmsj eor jxaipcj, to tbjmr owg jkogoimk fjgjemt) tbj iorj kapafcj, agh
possmfcy wmccmg`, mt fjkoijs to fumch og agh mgkrjasj mts hjiagh agh kapakmty to usj eurtbjr gjwlgowcjh`j. Fut cjargmg` hjpjghs krmtmkaccy og two ljy eaktors< a kjrtamg hj`rjj oe (fusmgjss-jkogoimk)
8/3/2019 Learning regions in Europe: Theory, policy and practice through the RIS experience
9/25
2
mgtjccm`jgkj, wbmkb wouch trm``jr tbj hjiagh eor gjw lgowcjh`j, agh akkjss to/avamcafmcmty oe
lgowcjh`j.1>
At tbj ijso-jkogoimk cjvjc wj acso gjjh ag "mgtjccm`jgt kjcc" to trm``jr a cjargmg` prokjss mg a rj`mogac
jkogoiy. Xbj rj`mogac `ovjrgijgt (agh mts hjvjcopijgt-rjcatjh a`jgkmjs) kag pcay a iador rocj mg
artmkucatmg` agh hygaimsmg` a rj`mogac mggovatmog systji, ughjrstooh as tbj prokjss oe `jgjratmg`,
hmeeusmg` agh jxpcomtmg` lgowcjh`j mg a `mvjg tjrrmtory wmtb tbj ofdjktmvj oe eostjrmg` rj`mogac
hjvjcopijgt. Mg tbms hygaimk agh systjimk sjgsj, tbj rj`mogac mggovatmog systji ms mg mtsjce tbj
prokjss oe cjargmg` wbmkb "cjargmg` rj`mogs" arj amimg` eor. Xbj rj`mogac mggovatmog systji ms wbat
hjtjrimgjs tbj jeejktmvjgjss agh tbj jeemkmjgky oe rj`mogac lgowcjh`j fumchmg`/tragsejr aiog` tbj
hmeejrjgt mgtj`ratmg` parts oe tbj systji, mgkcuhmg` mghmvmhuac emris, sjktorac/vacuj-kbamg kcustjrs,
fusmgjss kogsuctagts, tjkbgoco`y kjgtrjs, V&H kjgtrjs, Zgmvjrsmty Hjpartijgts, caforatormjs,
tjkbgoco`y tragsejr agh utmcmsatmog oe V&H kjgtrjs, hjvjcopijgt a`jgkmjs, jtk. Xbj rj`mogac mggovatmog
systji ms wbat ialjs tbj wbocj fm``jr tbag tbj sui oe tbj mghmvmhuac parts.
A cjargmg rj mog4 Ag jeemkmjgt rj mogac mggovatmog systji
Vj mogac
ovjrgijgt
Fusmgjss
sjrvmkjs &
tjkb. kog-
suctagts
[IJs [IJs
Fusmgjss
mgtjrijhmarmjs4
Kbai. oe Koii.