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8/4/2019 Lec 2- Chapter 11
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Chapter 11
Cardiovascular Disease,Diabetes, and Cancer:Reducing Your Risks
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Canada
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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Canada 12-2
Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Leading cause of death in Canada
3rd leading cause of premature death under
age 75
Death rates from CVD are declining:
Medical advances
Educational programs
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Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
Arteriosclerosis
Narrowing or hardening of arteries
Atherosclerosis:
Fatty substances in lining of artery
Plaque may block blood flow
Affected by Fluctuations in blood pressure
Cholesterol and triglycerides
Cigarette smoking
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Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
Coronary Heart Disease Myocardial infarction (MI)
Coronary thrombosis
Collateral circulation
Congenital Heart Disease:1 in 125
children
Angina Pectoris
Ischemia
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Stroke
Figure 12.2: CommonBlood Vessel Disorders.
StrokeBlood
supply tobrain is
interrupted
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Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
Hypertension
Essential hypertension (most common)
Secondary hypertension
Arrhythmias
Irregularity in heartbeat (fast, slow)
Can be triggered by caffeine, nicotine
Congestive Heart Failure
Heart muscle is damaged or overworked
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Controlling Your Risks forCardiovascular Diseases
Risks You Can Control (fig 12-3 in text)
Cigarette Smoking
Exercise Dietary Intake and Obesity (Type 2 Diabetes)
Certain drug therapy (ERT, ASA)
Risks You Cannot Control
Heredity, Sex, Age, Race
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Women and Cardiovascular Disease
Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women
First sign is usually uncomplicated anginapectoris (chest discomfort rather than pain)
Women decline major procedures more oftenthan men (social stigma, gender bias)
Symptoms more vague than in men
Pain in neck, jaw, or arms Heaviness in shoulders, back, pit of stomach
Feeling out of breath, tired, sweating, nausea
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New Weapons Against Heart Disease
Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery Bypass has longer recovery time
Angioplasty may not last long
Low-dose aspirin may be beneficial
Thrombolysis
Injection that dissolves clot
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Diabetes: Incidence and Mortality
Characterized by high levels of blood sugar
Rates almost doubled between 1996/97 and 2005;estimated that 4.9% of Canadians have diabetes
Type 1: autoimmune disease that destroys the cells
that make insulin Type 2: insulin production is deficient or the body isunable to utilize all the available insulin
90-95% of all diabetes cases
linked to obesity and physical inactivity
Gestational: develops during pregnancy but maypredispose to later type 2 diabetes
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Diabetes: Incidence and Mortality
Understanding Risk Factors
Familial
Age
Mothers of babies weighing more than 4 kg
African Canadians, First Nations, and Inuuit
Controlling Diabetes Insulin drugs
Lifestyle changes: weight, diet, physical activity
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Diabetes: Incidence and Mortality
Complications Associated with Diabetes:
CVD
Eye disease and blindness
Kidney disease
Amputations
Pregnancy complications
Flu- and pneumonia-related deaths
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Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Introduction
>150,000 new cases in Canada diagnosed
>70,000 deaths
Mortality declining for males & women under age 70
Types of Cancer malignant, benign
Classifications of Cancer
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Lymphomas
Leukemia
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Cancer Incidence and Mortality
What Causes Cancer? External factors
Environmental - carcinogens
Internal Factors
Spontaneous errors during cell
reproduction (oncogenes andprotooncogenes)
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Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Biological Factors
Occupational and Environmental Factors
Asbestos, nickel, arsenic, etc
Radioactive substances, ionizing radiation
Social and Psychological Factors
Stress, negative emotions
Chemicals in Food
Nitrates, pesticide & herbicide residues
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Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Smoking
Leading cause of preventable death in the
world
In Canada - nearly 1 in 5 deaths annually
Obesity
More common among people overweight Risk increases as obesity increases
High BMI and death rates for certain cancers
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Types of Cancer
Breast Cancer: risk increases with age
Prevention
recognition of early symptoms
physical activity
regular self examination & mammography
Treatment
many options: lumpectomy, mastectomy,radiation, chemotherapy
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Figure 11.5: Selected Surgical Procedures for Diagnosed Breast Cancer
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Types of Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Most common cancer in males today
Estimated 20,7000 Canadian men werediagnosed in 2006 (~4,200 deaths)
Colon and Rectum Cancer 40+ with family history are at increased risk
Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectalbleeding, etc.
Testicular Cancer
Ages 17-34 at greatest risk
Cause unknown
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Types of Cancer
Figure 11.6: Testicular Self-Exam
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Types of Cancer
Skin Cancer
Common: basal or squamous cell skincancers
Virulent: malignant melanoma
ABCD Rule about melanoma
Oral Cancer
Lips, cheeks, gums, floor of mouth, tongue,tonsils
Tobacco - smoking, chewing, or dipping
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Types of Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Enlargement of abdomen, common sign
Prevention: annual pelvic exams
Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer Pap test for early detection of cervical
cancer
Warning: abnormal bleeding
HBV, HCV, and Liver Cancer
chronic, inflammation of liver
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Cancers Seven Warning Signs
1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
2. A sore that does not heal
3. Unusual bleeding
4. Thickening or lump (breast or other bodypart)
5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
6. Distinct change in wart or mole7. Nagging cough (hoarseness)