Lect22HydroPower2-2012 [Compatibility Mode]

7/30/2019 Lect22HydroPower2-2012 [Compatibility Mode]

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Hydro PowerLecture 2

Sergio CaparedaBAEN, TAMU

HydraulicRam

Theenergystoredinwaterdescendingfromacomparativelylowelevationisutilizedtoraisepartof

thesamewatertoamuchhigherlevelvaryingfrom

220timestheheightoftheoriginalfall.

Inventedin1796byJosephMichaelMontgolfier

Oneofthesimplest,mostdurable,efficientwater

raisingmachines

for

use

in

locations

where

favorable

topographicalconditionsexist.

TypicalInstallationofaHydraulicRam

A air chamber; B check valve; C Adjustment weight;

D Drive pipe; E Gate valve; F Impulse valve; G

Base; H Air feeder valve; I Delivery pipe; J Return

spring; K Spring tension adjustment

Other

Ram

Designs


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Componentsof

Hydraulic

Ram

Efficiencies

DAubuissonsEfficiency

VolumetricEfficiency

Wateruseefficiency

%100%100 xsourcewaterofenergy

deliveredwaterofenergyx

QH

qhEw

%100)(x

qQ

qEv

%100)(

%100)(

xHqQ

qhx

HqQ

qhEDA

= density of water

q = volume of water delivered by ram

Q = Volume of water source

h = effective delivery head

H = supply head

DriveandDischargePipes Typically,nominalsizeofdischargepipeisatleasthalfthe

diameterofthedrivepipe

SuggestionbyKrol,1977

6H< L< 12H

Empiricalrelations

Where,

N=numberofpulsationspermin

H=supplyheadinmeters

D=diameterofdrivepipeinmeters

L=lengthofdrivepipeinmeters

DNHL 2

900

Example: Use empirical

equation to calculate L if H =

10 meters; D = 4 or 0.1 m;

and N = 40/min;

Solution:

1. L = (900)*(10)/(40x40)(0.1)

2. L = 56 m


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PerformanceChart

for

Rife

Hydraulic

Ram

(%waterdelivered)

Fall

(ft)

Vertical lift in ft including delivery pipe friction

8 16 25 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500

4 22.5 12.5 8.0 3.6 1.6

8 22.5 16.0 9.6 6.4 4.8 3.5 2.7 2.0

12 21.5 13.2 9.6 7.2 5.7 4.8 3.3 2.4 2.0

16 16.0 11.7 9.6 7.7 6.4 4.8 3.8 2.9 2.0

20 18.0 14.7 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0 4.8 4.0 2.5 2.0

25 22.5 16.7 13.8 12.0 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 3.8 2.5

30 18.0 15.0 13.2 12.0 9.0 7.2 6.0 4.5 3.3

35 21.0 17.5 15.2 14.0 10.5 8.4 7.0 5.3 4.2

40 18.0 16.0 14.7 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0 4.8

50 22.5 18.0 16.7 13.8 12.0 10.0 7.5 6.0

Source: Rife Hydraulic Engine manufacturing Co., Nanticoke, PA

RecommendedValues

of

Q

(L/s)

Diameter of

drive pipe, DSupply head, H in meters

1-2 2.01-5 5.01-10 10.01-20 20.01-30 30.01-40

75 mm (3) 2 2 3 5 6 7

100 mm (4) 3 4 6 8 10 12

150 mm (6) 8 10 15 20 25 30

200 mm (8) 15 20 30 40 50 60

250 mm (10) 25 35 50 60 70 80

Source: Krol, J. 1976. The Automatic Hydraulic Ram: Its Theory and Design

EfficienciesofHydraulicRams

Ratio (h/H) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20

(%) 85 78 72 76 63 60 57 54 52 47 44 40 37 34

Ram Discharge and Head Ratios

HR (h/H) 2 4 6 12 20

QR (q/Q) 0.35 0.16 0.10 0.05 0.03

Example:Calculatethedrivepipesizeforaramthatwouldlift50L/minofwater4.5(14.76ft)mabovethesource.Averticalfallof1.5m(4.92ft)isavailable.UsetheRiferamdata.

Solution:

1. Determineh/Hfromtable

2. Estimateefficiencytouse.Forh/H=3, =78%

3. EstimateQ

4. TheIntakewatersupplymustbeatleastq+Q=242L/min

5. Selectrecommendedpipesize.Fromtabled=4(100mm)

6. Selectappropriatepipelengths

7. Ramswithsizesof3ormorehave2545beats/min.

33.1

6

5.1

5.15.4

H

h

]/2.3[min/19278100350%100 sLLxxx

HqhQ

mx

DN

HL 11

)10.0(35

5.190090022


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WorldwideManufacturers

BillabongRams Australia

CecocoRams Japan

BlakeRams UK

LasGaviotas Columbia

PremierRams India

Rockfer Brazil

Schlumf Switzerland

Riferams US

Sano Germany

Referenceson

Hydraulic

Rams

1. Krol,J.1976.Theautomatichydraulicram:Itstheoryanddesign.PaperpresentedattheDesignEngineeringConferenceandShow,Chicago,IL,April58,1976.PublishedbytheASME,UnitedEnggCenter,345East47th St.,NewYork.

2. Orozco,J.C.1999.Hydraulicwaterrams:ConstructionandDesign.Agricultural

MechanizationDevelopment

Program

(AMDP),

CollegeofEngineeringandAgroIndustrialTechnology(CEAT),UniversityofthePhilippinesatLosBaos,College,Laguna.

TidalandWaveEnergy

SourceofTidalEnergy

Attractiveforcesbetweenearthandsunandmoon Semidiurnaltides theriseandfallofwaterlevelas

aresultofgravitationalattractionofmoon/sunandcenterofearth

Duration:12hrs25minutes

Springtides

full

moon

and

new

moon

lines

joining

centersofearth,sunandmoonarelinear,tideshigherthannormal

Neaptides earthmoonandearthsunlinesareatrightangles,gravitationalforcesaresubtractivecausingsubduedtides


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Average force

Actual force

Two humps occur twice every 24 hrs 50 minutes

the time of the moons apparent rotation of the earth.

Similar tides are produced by the sun.

Mean sea level

Variations in tides of sea. The peak occurs

every 12 hrs and 25 min.

BestPlacetoSeeHighestTides(12 16meters)


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Howit

Works Schemes

of

Power

Generation

SingleBasinEbbCycleGeneration Basinfilledduringhightide,powergenerated

duringlowtide

SingleBasinTideCycleGeneration Powerisgeneratedandbasinfilledduringhigh

tide

SingleBasin

Two

way

Generation

Powerisgeneratedbothduringhighandlowtides

DoubleBasinSystems Powerisgeneratedcontinuously

Single Basin

Arrangement

Single Basin

Options

A.Single Basin

Tide Cycle

System

B.Single Basin

Double Cycle

System


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Multiple Basin

Systems

a.Double Basin

System

b.Operating

regime

TidalTurbines

Potential

2 3TWenergyisdissipatedthroughtides

Thisamountis1/3rd oftodaysworldconsumption

Onlyasmallfractioncouldbederiveddueto

limitednumber

of

locations

240MWplantinLaRance,France

800kWexperimentalunitinKislogubsk,Russia

Cost

LaRance,France=$500/kWofinstalledcapacityandcostofelectricityof0.0026/kWh

(Built1966)

BayofFundy =$0.18 0.30/kWh

Sunderbans,India=$0.60 0.90/kWh


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EnvironmentalConcerns

Beneficial

Useofroadacrossthebarrage/damstructure

Landreclamation

Tourism

Nonbeneficial

Landdrainage

problems

Affectwildlifeandfisheries

Floodinginsomeareas

WaveEnergy

Waveenergyisderivedfromwindenergywhichderivesinturnfromsolarenergy

Energyisavailableonlyinoceans

Extractionequipmentmustoperateinmarineenvironment

Implications:

maintenance,

construction

cost,

lifetimeandreliability

Energyconvertersmustbecapableofwithstandingveryseverepeakstressesinstorms

Worlds Wave Power Resource


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WaveEnergy

Extractors

RusselRectifier

MasudaBouy

IsaacsSeymourSystem

WaveContouringrafts(CockerellRafts)

Salter

Ducks

RusselRectifier

Highandlow

level

reservoir

withnon

returnflaps

withlow

head

turbines

IsaacWave

Energy

Converter

Airpressure,

P,combined

with

hydrostatic

headforces

waterinto

turbine

SalterDucks(

Scotland)

fourdouble

actingpumps

withnon

returnvalves

inwalls

of

ridgesof

cylinder


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CockerellWave

Contouring

Raft

hydraulic

pumps

betweeneach

raft(double

actingpiston)

MasudasPneumatic

Wave

Energy

Conversion

Device

BasicPrinciples:MasudaBouy PelamisWaveEnergyConverter(SeaSnake)

Seriesofcylindricalsegmentsconnectedbyhingedjoints Aswavesrundownthelengthofthedeviceandactuatethe

joints,hydrauliccylindersincorporatedinthejointspumpoiltodriveahydraulicmotorviaanenergysmoothingsystem.

Electricitygeneratedineachjointistransmittedtoshorebyacommonsubseacable.

Theslack

moored

device

will

be

around

130m

long

and

3.5m

indiameter.

Thepelamisisintendedforgeneraldeploymentoffshoreandisdesignedtousetechnologyalreadyavailableintheoffshoreindustry.

Thefullscaleversionhasacontinuouslyratedpoweroutputof0.75MW.

Currentlyaoneseventhscaleprototypeisbeingpreparedfordeployment


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PelamisWave

Energy

Converter Commercial

Scale

Pelamis

Picturesfromlefttoright:PicoPowerPlant,Azores;Pelamis;WaveDragon;Artist'simpressionAWSArray. WaveDragon


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EnvironmentalAspects

Advantages Workswellwithwindenergyextractors

Supplyismoreinwinter

Disadvantages Highinitialcost

Drasticallyalterlittoralprocessesalongcoasts(e.g.

energyextraction

in

ashoaling

region,

i.e.

where

the

wavefeelsthebottomsurface)

Erosionandaccretion(buildup)ofsand

Formationofdeltaifplacednearmouthofriver

Possible Coastal Alterations EconomicAspects

Alittlemoreexpensivethannucleartechnologies

Capitalcost~$1,000/kW


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Countries

with

Wave

Energy

Studies Australia 300500kWwaveenergygenerator

China 100kWandseveralsmallunits

Denmark

Greece

India 150kWpilot(Kerala)

Indonesia 1.1MWwedgegrooveplant

Ireland

Japan 200kWandsomesmallunits(30,40,60,110kW)

Maldives Norway 350 500kW

Portugal 400kW

Sweden 15kWand150kW

UnitedKingdom 500kW

REFERENCES

EnergiesfromtheSea Towards2020,MarineForesightPanel,DTI/Pub

4064/2k/3/99/NP,April1999

Thorpe,TW.1998.AnOverviewofWaveEnergyTechnologies,ETSU.

WaveEnergyCenter

Documents

Lect22HydroPower2-2012 [Compatibility Mode]