Lecture 01 - Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion

8/9/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion

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Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion

Dr. Firman Hartono


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Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion

Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat:

- Menjelaskan sejarah pengembangan mesin propulsi

- Menyebutkan jenis-jenis mesin propulsi dan daerah

kerjanya

- Menjelaskan inovasi yang telah dilakukan

- Menyebutkan pemanfaatan mesin turbin gas non-

aeronautics

Referensi:

Saeed Farokhi, Aircraft Propulsion, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009

Jack D Mattingly, Element of Propulsion: Gas Turbine and

Rockets, AIAA Inc., Virginia, 2006


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A ircraft Propu ls ion - The action or process ofimparting motion to an aircraft by means of a force

such as a thrust of air or energy released by

burning fuel

rust


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To Fly

How ??

Leonardo Da Vinci’sornithopter, 1480

Flapping wing is mechanically

difficult to achieved

‘The first manned

flight’, 21-11-1783

How to control

the speed and

direction?

George Cayley (1773 – 1857),Father of Aviation

The Lift, Drag, Weight and

Thrust forces should be

separated.


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To Fly

Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)

Samuel P Langley (1834-1906)

George Cayley

Powered Flight

Glider

Wright Brothers


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First Powered Flight

Early Development 1903 (Wright Brothers) → Piston engine 12 hp with propeller.

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Propeller_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Propeller_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Combustion_Engine_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Combustion_Engine_Animation.flv


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The Propeller


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Higher Speed: Jet Engine

Sir Frank Whittle Dr. Hans von Ohain

Whittle engine was patented in

1932, developed in 1936, tested in

April 1937 and used as aircraftengine in May 1941 (Gloster

E28/39)

Ohain engine was developed in

1935, tested in February 1937 and

used as aircraft engine in August

1939 (Heinkel 178)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Jet%20Engine%20Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Jet%20Engine%20Animation.flv


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He 178 (1939): The 1st Jet Powered A/C

Engine HeS 3

Dimension : 1.48 m long

0.93 m dia

Weight : 360 kg

Thrust : 4.4 kN @

13000 rpm, 800 km/h

Pressure Ratio: 2.8 : 1

Sfc : 18.0 L/(kg.h)

MTOW : 1998 kg

Dimension : 7.48 m long7.20 m span

Max Speed : 598 km/h

Range : 200 km


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Gloster E28/39 (1941)

W.2/700

Max Thrust : 1127 kgf @ 16500 rpm

CPR : 4:1

SFC : 0.4 lb/hr/lb

T/W : 2.6 : 1

Compressor: 1 stage 2 sided cent

Combustor : reverse flow, 10

Turbine : 1 stage axial


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Me 262 (1942): 1st Production Jet A/C

Jumo 004B Turbojet

Length : 3860 mmDiam : 810 mm

Compressor: 8 stage axial

Combustor : 6

Turbine : 1 stage

Jumo 004B Turbojet

Max Thrust : 8.8 kN @ 8700 rpmCPR : 3.14:1

SFC : 1.39 kg/(h.daN)

T/W : 12.2 N/kg


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Innovations in A/C GTE

Transonic

Compressor

VariableStator

Low-EmissionCombustor

Turbine Cooling

Multispool Configuration

Modern Materials andManufacturing Techniques


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A/C GTE Development


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A/C GTE DevelopmentDevelopment of High-Pressure Ratio Engines

Year Compressor PressureRatio

1939 - 1945 3:1 to 5:1

1946 – 1950 5:1 to 6:1

1951-1952 10:1

1965 - 1969 20:1 to 25:1

Up to 2000 30:1 to 40:1

2001 - ….. more than 40:1CFM56 – 7 Turbofan Engine

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/CFM56%20Turbofan.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/CFM56%20Turbofan.flv


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A/C GTE: Turbojet


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A/C GTE: Turbofan

Turbofan = Gas Generator + Fan

Bypass Ratio

h

c

m

m

B

Total Thrust: hc TTT

Low B < 2

Medium 2 < B < 3

High B > 3

Aft-Fan

Forward-Fan

Turbine blade extension

Bolted to the compressor

Connected to reduction gear

Driven by free turbine

cruise speed capability similar to turbojet

higher propulsive efficiency than turbojet at low speed

better noise characteristic than turbojet


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A/C GTE: Turbofan

GE-90B engine used by Boeing-777

Latest GE-90 jet engine derivatives, which are used by Boeing-777

aircraft family have127,900 pound of thrust during final testing for

engine certification


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A/C GTE: Turboprop

Turboprop = Gas Generator + Prop

Total Thrust: h prop TTT

total thrust of a turboprop engine is

the summation of propeller thrust(about 75 - 90 %) and jet thrust

(about 10 – 25 %)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Turbomeca_Engine_-_Production__amp__Assembly_3D_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Turbomeca_Engine_-_Production__amp__Assembly_3D_Animation.flv


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Moelyadi - 19.02.2008 Page 19

Propeller Propulsion

Piston Engine Turbo Prop Prop Fan

Propeller Propulsion

Operational alt : 25000 ft

Speed : 300 -500 kts

Operational alt : 35000 ft


Operational alt: 15000 ft



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Ram Powered A/C Engine: Ramjet

Invented by Rene Lorin in 1913

Leduc 0.10, 1st Ramjet Powered A/C

(1949)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/SPACE_ACCESS_Ejector_Ramjet_Engine_Run.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/SPACE_ACCESS_Ejector_Ramjet_Engine_Run.flv


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Ram Powered A/C Engine: ScRamjet

Boeing X-51 UAV under B-52wing, 200 s Scramjet burn at

Mach 5 (May 2010)


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Non Continuous Combustion Engine

Type Description Advantage Disadvantage

Motorjet Obsolete type that worked

like a turbojet but instead of a

turbine driving the

compressor a piston engine

drives it.

Higher exhaust

velocity than a

propeller, offering

better thrust at

high speed.

Heavy, inefficient and

underpowered. Example:

Caproni Campini N.1.

Pulsejet Air is compressed and

combusted intermittently

instead of continuously. Some

designs use valves.

Very simple

design, commonly

used on model

aircraft.

Noisy, inefficient (low

compression ratio), works

poorly on a large scale,

valves on valved designs

wear out quickly.

Pulse

Detonation

Engine

Similar to a pulsejet, but

combustion occurs as a

detonation instead of a

deflagration, may or may not

need valves.

Maximum

theoretical engine

efficiency.

Extremely noisy, parts

subject to extreme

mechanical fatigue, hard

to start detonation, not

practical for current use.


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The Pulsejet

valve-lesspulsejet

V-1 with Pulse Jet Engine

http://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/small%20valveless%20pulsejet.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/small%20valveless%20pulsejet.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/lhmorepower.mpeghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/lhmorepower.mpeg


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Hybrid Engine: Turbo Ram Jet


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Summary: Propulsion Systems

Vehicles Propulsion

Atmospheric Vehicles Space Vehicles

Propeller Air Breathing Rocket Solar Sailer

Piston Engine

Turbo PropDucted Propfan

Unducted Propfan

Pulse jet

Ram jet

Turbo jet

Turbo Fan

Turbo Ram jet

Scram jet

Solid propellant rocket

Liquid propellant rocket

Turbo rocket

Helio Gyro

Astro Ramjet

http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q2/070522b_nr.htmlhttp://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q2/070522b_nr.html


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Use of GT Based Engine

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/how_a_turbine_engine_works.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/how_a_turbine_engine_works.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Tomahawk%20Cruise%20Missile.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Tomahawk%20Cruise%20Missile.flv


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1. Carilah masing-masing 1 contoh wahana terbang bermesin:- Piston Propeller

-Turboprop

-Turboshaft

- Pulsejet

- Ramjet-Turbojet

- Low Bypass Turbofan

- High Bypass Turbofan

2. Jelaskan perbedaan antara pulsejet dengan pulse detonation

engine.

TUGAS I


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Questions?

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Lecture 01 - Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion