Lecture 1 Circuit 1

8/12/2019 Lecture 1 Circuit 1

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CIRCUITI COURSE

Summer Semester 2013/2014


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2

8 June2014

COURSEANDLECTURER

Course:

GEEN 2314 : Circuit I

3 Credit: Lecture3 hours,

Lecturer:

Nizar Tayem

E-mail : [email protected]

Office : F041


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LEARNINGOUTCOMES(1)

To solve and calculate node voltages and branch currentsusing basic network theory and circuit theorems

(Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws,superposition, series-parallel equivalents, wyedelta

transformations, source transformations, Thevenin/Norton

equivalents with or without dependentsources)

calculate power and energy in resistive circuits using thepassive notation

simplify and solve resistive circuits using circuit reductiontechniques (series combination, parallel

combination, series-parallel combination, wye-delta anddelta-wye transformations)

apply the voltage divider equations and current dividerequations to solve simple electric circuits

To solve an electric circuit using the superposition principle(with and without dependent sources)


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LEARNINGOUTCOMES(2)

formulate the nodal (or mesh) equations of an electriccircuit and to solve for the node voltages (or mesh currents)by substitution or using Cramer's rule (with two or threelinear equations in three

unknowns) or MULTISIM

Find the Thevenin (or Norton) equivalent (Theveninvoltage and resistance or Norton current and resistance) ofa complex electric circuit (with or without dependentsources) as seen from a pair of terminals

Compute the maximum power supplied from a source(Thevenin equivalent of several sources) to a variableresistive load

Design simple resistive op-amp circuits

formulate the linear differential equations of first- andsecond-order circuits and to solve them subject

to constant (DC) inputs

Design simple op-amp integrators and differentiators.


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TOPICSTOBECOVERED

Basic Concepts (Chapter 1)

Basic Laws (Chapter 2)

Method of Analysis (Chapter 3)

Circuit Theorems (Chapter 4) Operational Amplifiers (Chapter 5)

Capacitors and Inductors (Chapter 6)

First-Order Circuits (Chapter 7)

Second-Order Circuits(Chapter 8)


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REQUIREDTEXTBOOK

Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N.O. Sadiku,

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5th Edition,

2013.


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ASSESSMENT

Final grade will be calculated as

follows;

Quiz and class participation 10 %

Tests 40 %

Homework 10 %

Final Examination 40 %

Total 100 %


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SOFTWARE

MATLAB

MULTISIM


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CLASSROOMPOLICES

Each student is compulsory (100%)

to attend all classes including

lectures and laboratories

Student must give prior notification

to the instructor of reasons for

absence and intent to attend the

class


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ACADEMIC HONESTY

Your written assignments,

lab and examinations

must be your own work.


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Welcome to the Principles of Electric

Circuits. You will study important ideas

that are used in electronics. You mayalready be familiar with a few of the

important parts used in electronic

circuits.

Resistors

Color bands

Resistance material(carbon composition)

Insulation coating

Leads

Passive Components


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RESISTORS

Values specified in ohms (), kilo-ohms (K), or

mega-ohms (M)

Marked with value using a color code

13

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5%

10%Big Bears Run Over Your Gladiola Bed Vexing Garden Worms (go see now)


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RESISTORRATINGSPhysical size of resistorsdetermines power handlingability

Commonly available as 1/8,1/4, 1/2, 1,

and 2 watt components

Much higher powersavailable , usually aswirewound or ceramicencapsulated parts

14


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Summary

Resistance is the oppositionto current.

One ohm (1 W) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in

a material when one volt (1 V) is applied.

Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.1

GR

Components designed to have a specific amount of

resistance are called resistors.Color bandsResistance material(carbon composition)

Insulation coatin

Leads


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Summary

Resistance value, first three bands:

First band 1st digit-

Second band 2nd digit-

*Third band multiplier (number of-

zeros following the 2nd digit)

Color

Black

Brown

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Gray

White

Gold

Silver

Fourth band tolerance-

* For resistance values less than 10W, the third band is either gold or silver. Gold is for a multiplier of 0.1 and silver is fo

a multiplier of 0.01.

No band

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

5%

10%

Digit

20%

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

10 -1

10 -2

Multiplier

1% (five band)

5% (four band)

Tolerance

2% (five band)

10% (four band)


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Summary

What is the resistance and

tolerance of each of the four-band

resistors?5.1 kW 5%

820 kW 5%

47 W 10%

1.0 W 5%


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Summary

Two or three digits, and one of the letters R, K, orM are used to identify a resistance value.

The letter is used to indicate the multiplier, and itsposition is used to indicate decimal point position.

Alphanumeric Labeling


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Summary

Variable resistors include thepotentiometer and rheostat. A

potentiometer can be connected as a

rheostat.

13

2

Resistive

element

Wiper

Shaft

The center terminal is connected to thewiper

R

Variable

(potentiometer)

R

Variable(rheostat)


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TYPICALPOTENTIOMETERSANDCONSTRUCTIONVIEWS.


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EXAMPLESOFLINEARANDTAPEREDPOTENTIOMETERS.


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CAPACITORS

Values specified in microfarads (F) or picofarads (pF)

Marked with actual value or a numeric code

Some varieties are +/- polarized

22


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Passive Components

Summary

Capacitors

MicaFoil

Foil

Mica

Foil

Foil

Mica

Foil

Tantalum electrolyticcapacitor (polarized)

Mica capacitor_


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CAPACITORTYPES

Ceramic disk

Monolithic ceramicDipped silvered-mica

Mylar or polyester

Aluminum electrolytic(+/-)

Tantalum (+/-)

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Ceramic

disk

Monolithic

ceramic

Dipped siver-

mica

Mylar Mylar

Solid tantalum,

polarized

Radial aluminum

electrolytic

Axial aluminum

electrolytic


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CAPACITORRATINGS

Physical size of capacitors is related tovoltage handling ability WVDC

working voltage DC

Temperature coefficient may also beimportant can be + or or nearly zero

Temperature coefficient depends upondielectric material

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CAPACITORHANDLINGAND

INSTALLATION

Most capacitors are not polarized and may beinstalled in either direction.

Electrolytic capacitors ARE polarized andMUST be installed with proper polarity, elsecatastrophic failure!

Mechanical stress due to lead bending shouldbe minimized.26


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INDUCTORS

Values specified in henries (H), millihenries(mH) and microhenries (H)

A coil of wire that may be wound on a core ofair or other non-magnetic material, or on amagnetic core such as iron powder or ferrite.

Two coils magnetically coupled form atransformer.

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INDUCTORTYPES

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Molded inductor & air-wound

inductor

Adjustable air-wound

inductor

Ferrite core toroidal

transformer

Iron powder toroidal

inductor

Air wound

inductor


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INDUCTORRATINGS

Wire gauge and physical size of the coil determine the current

handling capacity.

Core material will have a temperature dependence. Air is

best, followed by iron powder, then ferrites.

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INDUCTORHANDLINGANDINSTALLATION

Inductors are not polarized and may beinstalled in either direction.

Mechanical stress due to lead bending shouldbe minimized.

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Passive Components

Summary

Transformers


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DIODES

Most modern diodes are semiconductordevices, but are considered passivesince they do not contribute anyamplification orgain to a circuit.

32 Cathode

Anode


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DIODETYPESMay be classified by semiconductor material

silicon, germanium, galliumarsenide, etc.Or classified by circuit function

33Small signal detector or switching

diode

Light-emitting diode

(LED)

Rectifier

diode


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DIODEHANDLINGANDINSTALLATION

Diodes are polarized and must be installed inwith correct orientation.

34


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Transistors

Active Components

Integrated

Circuits

Summary

Passive components are used in conjunction

with active components to form an electronic

system. Active components will be thesubject of future courses.


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Summary

SI FundamentalUnits

length

masstime

electric current

temperature

luminous intensity

amount of

substance

meter

kilogram

second

ampere

Kelvin

candela

mole

m

kgs

A

K

cd

mol


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Summary

Some Important ElectricalUnits

current

charge

voltageresistance

power

ampere

coulomb

volt

ohm

watt

A

C

V

W

W

Except for current, all electrical and

magnetic units are derived from the

fundamental units. Current is a

fundamental unit.Quantity Symbol Unit


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Summary

Very large and very small numbers are

represented with scientific and

engineering notation.

Scientific and EngineeringNotation

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific

Notation)

= 47. x 106 (Engineering

Notation)


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Summary

0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering

Notation)

0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

= 605 x 10-3

(EngineeringNotation)

Scientific and EngineeringNotation


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Summary

Engineering Metric

Prefixespeta

tera

giga

mega

kilo

1015

1012

109

106

103

P

T

G

M

k

Can you

name the

prefixes

and their

meaning?


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Summary

Engineering Metric

Prefixes10-3

10-6

10-9

10-12

10-15

milli

micro

nano

pico

femto

m

n

p

f

Can you

name the

prefixes

and their

meaning?


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Summary

When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit,

move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a

smaller unit means the number must be larger.

Metric Conversions

0.47 MW= 470 kW

Larger

number

Smaller unit


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Summary

When converting from a smaller unit to a larger

unit, move the decimal point to the left. Remember, a

larger unit means the number must be smaller.

Metric Conversions

10,000 pF = 0.01 mF

Smaller

number

Larger unit


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Summary

When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric

prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.

Metric Arithmetic

10,000 W+ 22 kW

=10,000 W+ 22,000 W= 32,000 W

Alternatively,10 kW+ 22 kW= 32 kW


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Summary

When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric

prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.

Metric Arithmetic

200 mA+ 1.0 mA =

200 mA + 1,000 mA = 12,000 mA

Alternatively,

0.200 mA+ 1.0 mA = 1.2

mA


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CHARGE

An electrical charge is created when material

has more or less electrons than protons.

Like charges repel each other.

Unlike charges attract each other.

The unit of electrical charge is the coulomb (C).

1C = 6.25 x1018 electrons


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THECOPPERATOM


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Robert J. Paynter and B.J. Toby BoydellElectronics Technology Fundamentals, Conventional Flow Version,

2e

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education,

Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All ri hts reserved.


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RANDOMELECTRONMOTIONIN

COPPER


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DIRECTEDELECTRONMOTIONINCOPPER


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Electric current

Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that

flows past a point in a unit of time (t). The

defining equation is:Q

It

One ampere is a number of electrons having a total

charge of 1 C moving through a given cross section in 1 s.

0.4 AWhat is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s?

Current


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CHARGEANDCURRENT


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CHARGEANDCURRENT


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Summary

WV

Q

One volt is the potential difference (voltage)

between two points when one joule of energy

is used to move one coulomb of charge from

one point to the other.

Voltage

The defining equation for voltage is


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UNITOFVOLTAGE

The unit of voltage is the volt (V).

By definition:

One voltis the potential difference (voltage)

between two points when one joule of energyis usedto move one coulombof charge from one point to the

other.

1 C1 Joule of Energy The potentialdifference is

one Volt!


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VOLTAGE


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VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE SOURCES


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VOLTAGE SOURCES

The term dc, usedthroughout this text,

is an abbreviation for

direct current, which

encompasses allsystems where there

is a unidirectional

(one direction) flow of

charge.

FIG. 2.11 Standard

symbol for a dc

voltage source.

VOLTAGE SOURCES


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VOLTAGE SOURCES

In general, dc voltage sources can be divided intothree basic types:

Batteries (chemical action or solar energy)

Generators (electromechanical), and

Power supplies (rectificationa conversion process tobe described in your electronics courses).


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VOLTAGESOURCES

A batteryis a type of voltage source thatconverts chemical energy into electricalenergy.

Solar Cellsconvert light energy into electrical

energy.Generatorsconvert mechanical energy

into electrical energy.

VOLTAGE SOURCES


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BATTERIES

Dell laptop lithium-ion

battery: 11.1 V, 4400 mAh.

VOLTAGE SOURCES


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SOLARCELL

Solar System: (a)

panels on roof ofgarage; (b) system

operation.

VOLTAGE SOURCES


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GENERATORS

FIG. 2.18 dc

generator.

VOLTAGE SOURCES


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POWERSUPPLIES

The dc supplyencountered most

frequently in the

laboratory uses

the rectification

andfiltering

processes as its

means towardobtaining a steady

dc voltage.

A 0 V to 60 V, 0 to 1.5 A

digital display dc power

supply

VOLTAGE SOURCES


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POWERSUPPLIES

FIG. 2.20 dc laboratory supply: (a) available terminals; (b)

positive voltage with respect to (w.r.t.) ground; (c) negative

voltage w.r.t. ground; (d) floating supply.

AMPERE-HOUR RATING


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AMPERE-HOUR RATING

The most important piece of data for anybattery (other than its voltage rating) is

its ampere-hour (Ah) rating.

The ampere-hour (Ah) rating provides anindication of how long a battery of fixed voltage

will be able to supply a particular current.

BATTERY LIFE FACTORS


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The previous section made it clear that the life of

a battery is directly related to the magnitude ofthe current drawn from the supply.

However, there are factors that affect the givenampere-hour rating of a battery, so we may findthat a battery with an ampere-hour rating of 100

can supply a current of 10 A for 10 hours but cansupply a current of 100 A for only 20 minutesrather than the full 1 hour. In other words, the capacity of a battery (in ampere-

hours) will change with change in current demand.



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Ampere-hour rating (capacity) versus drain current for

an Energizer D cell.


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BATTERYLIFE The battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy. It

pumps electrons from one terminal of the battery to the other.

Battery life is given in ampere-hours (Ah). The life in hours can be

calculated by dividing the ampere-hour rating by the value of

current being drawn during the time it is supplying current.


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MEASURINGVOLTAGEANDCURRENT

Voltage is measured with a voltmeter

V1

R1

R2 V1

R1

R2

V

+

VM1


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VOLTMETERCONNECTIONTOMEASUREVOLTAGE


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MEASURINGCURRENT

Current is measured with an ammeter

V1

R1

R2

V1

R1

R2

A

+

AM1


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AMMETERCONNECTIONTOMEASURECURRENT


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VOLTMETERANDAMMETERCONNECTION

INASIMPLECIRCUIT

V1

R1

A+

AM

1

V

+

VM1


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Figure1

Figure 2

Figure 1 represents the connection to measure (.)

Figure 2 represents the connection to measure (.)

S l t d K T


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Ampere

Charge

Circuit

The unit of electrical current.

An electrical property of matter that exists

because of an excess or a deficiency of

electrons. Charge can be either + or -.

An interconnection of electronic

components designed to produce a desired

result. A basic circuit consists of a source,a load, and an interconnecting path.

Selected Key Terms

S l t d K T


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Coulomb

Current

Electron

The unit of electrical charge.

The rate of flow of electrical charge.

A basic particle of electrical charge in matter.

The electron possesses a negative charge.

Selected Key Terms

The amount of energy per charge available to

move electrons from one point to another in an

electric circuit.

Voltage

The unit of voltage or electromotive force.Volt


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POWERANDENERGY

Power: absorbed


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If the current arrow is directed intothe +

marked terminal of an element, thenp= viyields the absorbed power.

A negative value indicates that power is

actually being generatedby the element.

Dr.Che

dly

B.

Yah

ya,

EE

PMU,

85

Elements can either absorb (consume)or supply (generate)

power

-

V

I

Power: Supplied


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Dr.Che

dly

B.

Yah

ya,

EE

PMU,

86

pp

If the current arrow is directed outof the +

terminal of an element, thenp= viyields the

supplied power. A negative value in this case

indicates that power is actually beingabsorbedinstead of generated.

-

V

I


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E


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EXAMPLE2

Independent Sources


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p

Dr.Che

dly

B.

Yah

ya,

EE

PMU,

90

(a) DC or AC voltage source;

(b) DC, battery;

(c) ac voltage source.

Symbol for anindependent

current source.

Sources: Dependent


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DCCurrent: (DirectCurrent Current!!)

Dr. Chedly B. Yahya, EE

PMU, 2013

91

(a)current-controlled current source;

(b)voltage-controlled current source;

(c)voltage-controlled voltage source;(d)current-controlled voltage source.

The four different types of dependentsources

Sources & Power: Example 3


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Dr.Che

dly

B.

Yah

ya,

EE

PMU,

92

Find the power absorbedby each

element in the circuit.

Sources & Power: Example 3


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Dr.Che

dly

B.

Yah

ya,

EE

PMU,

93

WVAVP

WVAVP

WVAAP

60)12)(5()12(

16)8)(2()8(

56)8)(7()7(

--

--P>0: Absorbed

(I + to -)

P


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VvW

AVVPd

x 12,60

])12)(25.0)[(20()20(

--

-

Dr.Che

dly

B.

Yah

ya,

EE

PMU,

94

WVAVP 160)20)(8()20(

P>0: Absorbed

(I + to -)

P0


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POWER ABSORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACHELEMENT

USE POWER BALANCE TO COMPUTE Io

E l 4


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][48)4)(12(1 WAVP

][48)2)(24(2 WAVP

][56)2)(28(3 WAVP

][8)2)(4()2)(1( WAVAIPxDS

---

][144)4)(36(36 WAVP V --

NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE

W12-

))(6( OI )9)(12( -

)3)(10( -

)8)(4( - )11)(28(

POWER BALANCE

Example 4

Documents

Lecture 1 Circuit 1