Information and Technology and E-Commerce

Lecture No:1Date:27-7-2013

Vaidehi.Tamhane

Basics of IT

Information Technology-IT is concerned with all forms of tools, techniques, and technology applied for transmitting, storing, processing and disseminating information.

According to ITAA (Information Technology Association of America) Information Technology is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.

History of Information Technology

The term originated during 1970’s. Basic concept of IT can be traced to the

outset of the 20th century, and alliance between the military and various industries has existed in the development of electronics, computers, and information theory.

History of Computing

1200’s-Moslem cleric proposes solving problems with a series of written procedures.

1642-Oldest adding machine developed by French scientist Pascal. Around 1700-Calculating machine by German Scientist Liebnitz. 1801-Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched

holes stored on small sheets of hardwood. Early 1800- Difference and Analytical engines of Charles Babbage.

1890-Tabulating machines developed by Dr. H. Hollerith to process U.S census data.

The first commercial computer was developed for the US Census Bureau was UNIVAC-I designed by J. Presper Eckret and John Mauchly.

1892-William Burroughs introduces a commercially successful printing calculator.

History of Computing

1925-Vannevar Bush of MIT builds differential analyzer. 1935-Konard Zuse builds mechanical calculator to handle math

involved in construction. 1936-John Vincent Atanasoff begins work on digital computer. Enigma-U.S. Army 1937-Turing proposes a “Universal Machine” 1943 to 1946-ENIAC is developed 1951-UNIVAC was delivered 1956-FORTRAN was introduced

History of Computing

1957-LISP 1958-COBOL 1964-IBM introduces System/360 1971-Texas Instruments introduces the first “pocket

calculator”. 1975-First P.C is introduced 1976-Queen Elizabeth goes on-line with the first

royal email message. Late 1970’s-Rise of microcomputers. 1981-IBM’s PC.

Areas covered by IT

Computer hardware and software Information Management Computer Networking Database Systems Design Software development and the tools used for

developing applications. Information Systems

Computer

Computer-programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.

Economics of Information

Important challenge today for any government today is to seize greater benefits of information and communications technology (ICT) for economic growth and development.

ICT is having substantial impacts on economic performance and the success of individual firms, for areas like investment skills, organizational change and innovation.

Economics of Information (cont..)

ITC will have major impact on economy in the coming years.

As if IT costs decline, they can create substantial economic gains for many of the industries that use IT.

Reason-Money spent in IT can be invested in other inputs and improvements in production or services.

Another reason is that more processes can be automized.

Productivity Paradox

It was proposed by Steven Roach-chief economist at Morgan Stanley.

The paradox said that negative impact on economics was created during 1977 and 1984.

Paradox was explained by the reason that it was difficult for workers to adjust with computers.

Two facts about the Paradox

Many of non-service industries had a positive relationship between investments and productivity.

When different methods were used to estimate output for several service industries, their productivity growth, instead of being negative was slightly positive.

Economics of Information (cont..)

1977 to 1984-Higher amounts on communications less productivity.

1985 to 1989-Higher amounts on communications more productivity.

Economics of Information (cont..)

IT revolution has enhanced quality of life by immensely affecting:– Health Care– Customer Relationship Management– Educational Institutions– Government

Thus it has increased economic growth through faster productivity and income growth.

Impacts on Organization Strategy and Structure

Attainment of organizational goals like:– Ability to process and transmit data very

efficiently.– Automate data dependent tasks and related

physical processes.– Improve performance by better control and

coordinated decision-making.– Capability to provide or sell value added services.

Why analysis of technological processes in important?

To determine the ways in which strategic decisions will be affected.

Know the innovation process which will transform abstract capabilities into tradable goods and services.

Attitudinal shift necessary in the organizational thinking process.

IT applications Strategically

In improving productivity and performance In finding different ways of managing and

organizing In gaining competitive advantage In developing new businesses

Strategies for Gaining IT Advantage

Core Competence Collaboration Integration

Full-forms

IT-Information Technology ICT-Information and Communication Technology ENIAC-Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer EDVAC-Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer UNIVAC-Universal Automatic Computer FORTRAN-Formula Translator LISP-List Processing COBOL-Common Business Oriented Language ALGOL-ALGOrithmic Language BASIC-Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code TSS-Time Sharing System

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