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8/9/2019 Lecture 1 - Intro and Terms2
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BIO 15: Survey of Anatomy and
Physiology
Spring 2010
Instructor: Leslie Bach
Outline
Course introduction
Levels of organization
Body regions
Planes and sections
Body cavities
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Homeostasis
Introduction
Syllabus
Course outline
Lab sections
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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy the structure (morphology) of the
body and its parts
Physiology the functions of these parts of
the body
Anatomy and physiology are closely
interrelated because the function of a part
depends on its structure
Anatomy Terms
Anatomy Terms
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Anatomy Terms
Bilateral paired structures, one on each
side of the body
Ipsilateral structures on the same side of
the body
Contralateral structures on opposite sides
of the body
Superficial near the surface
Deep more internal
Planes and Sections of the Body
Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization Atoms are the simplest level
Two or more atoms comprise a molecule
Macromolecules are large, biologically importantmolecules inside cells
Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules usedto carry out a specific function in the cell
Cells are the basic unit of life
Tissues are groups of cells functioning together
Groups of tissues form organs
Groups of organs function together as organ systems
Organ systems functioning together make up anorganism
Organization of the Body
Major features of the human body include:
Body cavities
Membranes
Organ systems
Body Cavities
The body is divided into two portions Appendicular portion upper and lower limbs
Axial portion head, neck and truck
The axial portion includes a dorsal and
ventral cavity
Organs within the ventral cavity are called viscera
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Body Cavities
Dorsalcavity
Body Cavities
The dorsal cavity includes:
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
The ventral cavity includes:
Thoracic cavity
Divided into right and left halves by the mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
Divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
The thoracic cavity is lined with pleura Parietal pleura lines the cavities
Visceral pleura covers the lungs
The heart is surrounded by pericardium Visceral pericardium covers the heart
Parietal pericardium makes up an outer sac
The abdominopelvic cavity is lined withperitoneum Parietal peritoneum lines the cavity wall
Visceral peritoneum covers the organs
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
The
abdominopelviccavity can bedivided into four
quadrants
Abdominopelvic Regions
The abdominopelvic
cavity can also bedivided into nineregions
Eleven Systems of the Body
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Body Covering
Integumentary system skin, hair, nails, and
various glands
Covers the body, senses changes outside the
body, and helps regulate body temperature
Support and Movement
The skeletal system made of bones,
cartilage, and ligaments
Supports, protects, provides framework, stores
inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues
The muscular system made of skeletal
muscles
Provide body movement, posture, and body heat
Integration and Coordination
The nervous system the brain, spinal cord,nerves, and sense organs
Integrates information incoming from receptors
and sends impulses to muscles and glands
Sends fairly short-term messages to cells
The endocrine system all of the glands that
secrete hormones
Integrates metabolic functions
Sends long-term messages to target cells
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Transport
Cardiovascular system the heart, blood
vessels, and blood
Distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body and removes wastes from the cells
Lymphatic system lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, thymus, and spleen
Drains excess tissue fluid and includes immune
cells
Absorption and Excretion
Digestive system mouth, esophagus,stomach, intestines, and accessory organs Receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients
Respiratory system lungs andpassageways Exchanges gasses between the blood and air
Urinary system kidneys, ureters, bladder,urethra Removes wastes from the blood and helps to
maintain water and electrolyte balance
Reproduction
Reproductive system - produces neworganisms
Male reproductive system testes, accessory
organs, and vessels that conduct sperm throughthe penis
Female reproductive system ovaries, uterinetubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia
Also houses the developing offspring
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis maintaining the internal environment
Homeostasis
Changes at the cellular level occur due to
external and internal variables, but are kept
relatively small
Stability due to coordinated physiological
processes
Homeostasis
All of the chemicals, molecules, andmacromolecules needed are regulated by
homeostatic mechanisms
Keeps the balance between intake of the
substance and its loss by metabolism or excretion
Factors such as temperature, energy, bloodpressure, and pH are also regulated
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Homeostasis
Negative feedback systems
An increase or decrease in the variable being
regulated brings about responses that tend tomove the variable in the opposite direction of the
original change
A decrease in body temperature responses
that increasebody temperature
Most common homeostatic mechanisms
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Negative feedback loops are self-correcting
Over time, responses will naturally come toequilibrium
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Homeostasis
Feedforward regulation Anticipates changes in a regulated variable
Improves the speed of homeostatic responses
Reduces changes in the regulated variable
Example: External temperature lowers Nerve sensors in the skin sense the change in
temperature
Homeostatic response is triggered to conserveand increase temperature before internaltemperature changes significantly
Homeostasis
Circadian rhythms
Not just about sleeping; rhythms exist for most
biological processes
Can provide some measure of predictive control
of homeostatic mechanisms
Sets up certain systems to be prepared when a
challenge is most likely
Homeostasis
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Homeostasis
Positive feedback systems
An initial disturbance to a variable leads to
responses that increase the disturbance
Does not favor system stability
Homeostasis
Positive feedback systems amplify the change fromthe normal
If thermoregulation used positive feedback, wewould get hotter in hot weather and colder in coldweather
Homeostasis
Examples of positive feedback systems: Blood clotting
Activated platelets release chemicals to activate moreplatelets
Breast milk production
Nursing releases hormone cascades that result in
increased milk production
Contractions in childbirth
Oxytocin is released during contractions, whichstimulates more contractions at increased strength andfrequency
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Homeostasis
Acclimatization
The process of adapting to environmental stress
by prolonged exposure to that stress
Sometimes reversible, sometimes irreversible
Developmental acclimatization during the developmentof certain structures or responses can lead toirreversible changes
Homework 1
1. Define homeostasis.
2. Explain the control of body temperature.
3. Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular portions of the body.
4. Sketch the outline of a human body, and use linesto indicate each of the following sections:
Sagittal Transverse
Coronal
Next Lecture
Lecture topic: Chemistry Atomic structure
Chemical bonds
Chemical formulas
Chemical reactions
Textbook chapter: 2