Lecture 1 Pengenalan Senibina Warisan

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CWT 4212 ARCHITECTURE AND HERITAGE

INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE AND HERITAGE

ARCHITECTURE & HERITAGE

CONTENTS

Definition of Architecture

Definition of Heritage/Historical Building & Sites

Definition of Conservation

DEFINITIONS OF ARCHITECTURE

Architecture can mean:• A general term to describe buildings and other

physical structures.• The art and science of designing buildings and

(some) nonbuilding structures.• The style of design and method of construction of

buildings and other physical structures.• The knowledge of art, science & technology and

humanity.

DEFINITION OF HERITAGE/HISTORICAL BUILDING & SITES

Definitions or scopes of reference in relation to ancient monuments, heritage sites and buildings of historical structures as outlined by several conservation authorities from around the world. Some direct and indirect definitions and scopes of reference are as follows:

a) The Oxford Advances Learner’s Dictionary defines heritage among others as:

“…things such as works of art, cultural achievements and folklore that have been passed on from earlier generation…”


b) The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monument and Sites (the Venice Charter 1964) outlines:

“Article 1: The concept od a historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a significant or a historic event. This applies not only to great works of art but also to more modest works of the past which have acquired cultural significant with the passing of time.”


c) The Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archeological Heritage (1990) outlines the following:

“Article 1 : The “archaeological heritage” is that part of the material heritage in respect of which archaeological methods provide primary information. It comprises all vestiges of human existence and consist of places relating to all the manifestations of human activity abandoned structures and remains of all kinds (including subterranean and underwater sites), together with all the portable cultural material associated with them.”


The Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Building and Sites (1996) ratified by the 11th ICOMOS General Assembly in Sofia gives the following :

“Cultural Heritage refers to monuments groups of building and sites of heritage value consisting the historic or built environment.”


International Cultural Tourism Charter: Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance (1999) oulines :“Heritage is a broad concept and includes the natural as well as the cultural environment. It encompasses landscapes, historic places , sites and built environments as well as biodiversity, collections, past and continuing cultural practices of historic, development, forming the essence of diverse national regional, indigenous and local identities and is an integral part of modern life. It is a dynamic reference point and positive instrument for growth and change. The particular heritage and collective memory of each locality or community is irreplaceable and an important foundation for development, both now and into the future.”


The National Heritage Act 2005 does not offer a combined definition of heritage building. It does however define building as:

“…a building or groups of separate or connected buildings which because of their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science.”


Definition of Cultural Heritage: For the purposes of the World Heritage Convention, the following are considered as "cultural heritage":• Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental

sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;

• Groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;


• Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.


In conclusion, heritage/historical buildings and sites in our context of discussion cover the following keywords:

• a single architectural work or an urban or rural setting with evidence of a civilization, a significant development or a historic event

• Places relating to all manifestations of ancient/old human activity, abandoned structures, and remains of all kinds

• Monument, groups of building and sites of heritage value• The natural as well as the cultural environment


• Landscapes, historic places, sites and built environment• Groups of separate or connected buildings having outstanding

universal value from the point of view of history, art and science

DEFINITION OF BUILDING CONSERVATION

• According to English Heritage websites, Conservation is the process of maintaining and managing change to a heritage asset in a way that sustains and where appropriate enhances its significance.

• “Heritage conservation doesn't mean freezing a building in time, creating a museum or tying the hands of property owners so they can't do anything with their properties. Instead, it seeks to maintain and thereby increase the value of buildings by keeping their original built form and architectural elements, favouring their restoration rather than replacement and, when restoration is impossible, recreating scale, period and character.” – Heritage Meaford website

Documents

Lecture 1 Pengenalan Senibina Warisan