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Ethnobotany
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
Lecture 12
Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 12 1 / 50
Outline
1 Starch-contained plantsTaroLesser starch-containing plantsLesser starch-containing plantsStarch plants of native use in North DakotaInulin plantsStarch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
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Starch-contained plants Taro
Starch-contained plantsTaro
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Starch-contained plants Taro
Taro, Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosomasagittifolium
Belong to arum family, AraceaeAfrican and South American origin, respectivelyLarge semi-aquatic herbs with thickened underground stem(rhizome)Rhizome is inedible because of calcium oxalate which must beremoved by cooking
Colocasia is “malanga” in Puerto-Rico whereas Xanthosoma is “yautia”
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Starch-contained plants Taro
Colocasia esculenta
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Starch-contained plants Taro
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
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Starch-contained plants Taro
Taro harvesting
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Starch-contained plants Taro
Walmart vegetables in Puerto Rico
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Starch-contained plantsLesser starch-containing plants
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Bread tree, Artocarpus integer
Large tree of mulberry family, MoraceaePolynesian originHas a compound “fruit”—ripe inflorescenceA common product is a cooked or fermented breadfruit mashIt is normally kept for the very long time as a sour dough whichhelps for Polynesian traditional life style, involving long travelsfrom island to island.
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Breadfruit
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Breadfruit fermentation place, Marshall islands
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Related: Obesity and Type II diabetes in Polynesians
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Starch-contained plantsLesser starch-containing plants
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Sago palm, Metroxylon saghu
Belongs to palm family, PalmaeTree of Indonesian originStem (!) is used for starch (sago) production
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Sago palm
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Sago harvesting
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Sago filtering
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Andean starch tuber plants
Oca, Oxalis tuberosus, from Oxalidaceae, wood sorrel familyUlluco, Ullucus tuberosus, from Basellaceae familyMashua, Tropaeolum tuberosum from Tropaeolaceae, nasturtiumfamily
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Oca, Oxalis tuberosus
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Ulluco, Ullucus tuberosus
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Starch-contained plants Lesser starch-containing plants
Mashua, Tropaeolum tuberosum
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Starch-contained plantsStarch plants of native use in North
Dakota
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Arrowhead, duck potato, Sagittaria latifolia
“Pshitola” (Dakota), “mujotabuk” (Ojibwe)Aquatic plant from Alismataceae familyCorms and rhizomes are used as a source of starch
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Arrowhead, Sagittaria latifolia plant
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Sagittaria latifolia corm
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Quamash (Camassia quamash)
Famous “Quamash”, important food source of Native Americansin the WestBelongs to lily family, LiliaceaeBulbs are edible and highly nutritious
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Quamash, Camassia quamash
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Quamash roots
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Potato bean, groundnut, Apios americana
“Mdo” in Dakota language; Apios americana belongs to legumefamily (Leguminosae)Grow across all eastern part of U.S.Used by Native Americans as a main starch source, tubers alsocontain significant amounts of proteins; beans are also edible
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Potato bean, Apios americana
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Prairie turnip, breadroot, Psoralea esculenta
“Tipsi” in Dakota language, again, Psoralea esculenta is a legumeCommon plant of North DakotaThick main root is edible after cooking or making flour
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants of native use in North Dakota
Breadroot, Psoralea esculenta
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Starch-contained plantsInulin plants
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus
Helianthus tuberosus belongs to Compositae (sunflower) familyTubers are rich of inulin, fructose polymer, useful dietary fiberPlant was used by eastern Indian tribes and now spread toEurasia
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Jerusalem artichoke
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Jerusalem artichoke tubers
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Yacon, Smallanthus sonchifolius
Belongs to aster family, CompositaeRoots are rich of inulin, and also fructose andfructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) such as kestose (F2)—“alternativesweeteners”Traditional Andean culture; had ceremonial importance in times ofMochica culture (Peru, 100–800 AD)
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Yacon roots
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Yacon plant
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Some other inulin plants
Common chicory, or Cichorium intybus from the same familyCompositae; this European plant became invasive in NorthAmericaChicory is cultivated sporadically as vegetable and as a source ofchicory drink—coffee supplement; 68% of inulin in dry weightDandelion, Taraxacum officinale is again an invasive plant;inulin-containing root is edible after cookingMany other Compositae (e.g., thistles) also have edible roots richof inulin
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
Chichory
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Starch-contained plants Inulin plants
One of thistles, Arctium
Arctium roots are edibleShipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany Lecture 12 43 / 50
Starch-contained plants Starch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
Starch-contained plantsStarch plants from sedge family:
starch + silicon
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
Water chestnut, Eleocharis dulcis, Cyperaceae, China
Rich of dietary fibers, vitamins B, copper and manganeseCell walls contain phenolic compounds which are not damagedwhen boiling
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
Water chestnut
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
Chufa, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperaceae, Africa
Tubers are rich of potassium, phosphorous and oils (20–36%!)Traditional food in Africa, also cultivated in Spain and California
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
Chufa
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
Summary
Starch-containing plants are accumulating starch or inulin intheir underground partsSweet potatoes and cassava (manioc) are two largest starchsources after potatoMultiple unrelated tuber starch-bearing species grow in Andes
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Starch-contained plants Starch plants from sedge family: starch + silicon
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
P. M. Zhukovskij.Cultivated plants and their wild relatives [Electronic resource].Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, 1962. Abridged translationfrom Russian.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/zhukovskij1962_cultivated_plants.pdf.
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