Lecture 14Global Economy and the Rise of

Gunpowder States

Four Dimensions

1.Alterity: sense of otherness; non-self

a. not a mere encounter! But cultural

construction of others

2. Knowledge:

3. Sovereignty

4. Capital

Early modern era: rationalization in

the making

Adam Smith

“The discovery of America, and that of the

passage to the East Indies by the Cape of

Good Hope, are the two greatest events

recorded in the history of [human] kind”

Trans-hemispheric transformation:

New territories

New inventions

New sovereignty

New material culture

Sliver (1545 onwards)

Sugar: 3,000 small sugar mills before

1550 alone

New labor (Putting out system)

& Slave market

New class, new family, new

consumers

New Self

(1740)

What’s wrong with these pictures?

Modernity’s darker side

Colonial Modernity

A new world economy?

Non-colonial explanations

population growth

Conquest of Americas and its treasures

capital accumulation&

protoindustrialization,

the Renaissance or Reformation

1)Not because of cultural traits but geographical advantages

2) Advancements of Eurasian-based skills, knowledge and technology

3) Don’t forget the role of luck

4) Agency: Merchants as leading economic actors

Merchants

Economic growth led to private parties (merchants and entrepreneurs) making their goods and services available in the free market.

Networked Empires

network of all-globalizing power relations

flows of:

1) people,

2) information,

3) Wealth

Sun Juan, Puerto Rico

Sun Juan, Puerto Rico

English

Dutch

French

Sea Battles

Economy of the Americas

Monoculture, an economy dependent on the production and export of one chief commodity

Triangular trade: Americas; Europe; Americas

1) Tobacco (Cuba; North America) 2) Furs (North America) 3) Silver (central America. 4) Sugar (Brazil, Hispaniola, etc)

Plantation zone A group of societies with economies

that relied on enslaved African labor; it stretched from Virginia and Kentucky southward through the West Indies and the east coast of Central America to Central Brazil and the Pacific coast of Colombia.

Plantation Societies Tropical and subtropical regions. 1516 island of Hispaniola (Haiti and

Dominican Republic). Brazil and the Caribbean. Products: a) Sugar; (b) tobacco; (c) cotton; (d)

coffee. Plantations: a distinct culture.

Sugar “factories” The plantations of the Caribbean

islands; southeastern North America and coastal South America.

Relyed on mass production of raw sugar by enslaved workers.

“without sugar, no Brazil; without slaves, no sugar; without Angola, no slaves.”

Why Sugar? Rum (from West Indies for northern

America).

Diet for new cuisine.

Rise of African Slaveryas a source of labor Not the natives: disease and not

sedentary cultivators.

● Portuguese plantation managers imported slaves as early as 1530s. ● 1580s height of Portuguese slavery. ● Average age of a slave at a planet: 5

to 6 years.

Slavery in Africa An institution dating back to antiquity. War captives, criminals and people

expelled from their clans. (Gladiator). Islamic slave trade: African slaves for

sale since the 8th century. European sub-Saharan Africa (15th &

16th centuries): slave traffic was a well-established feature of African society.

European Slavery Trans-Atlantic. Human Cargoes. Began in 1441. 1460 Portuguese began to purchase slaves. A demand for labor in the western hemisphere. Worked as miners, porters or domestic servants. Later in the sugar plantations.

Triangular Trade:

(1) Europe: carried horses and European manufactured goods;(2) Africa: took enslaved Africans to Caribbean and

American destinations;(3)Americas: upon arrival merchants sold (or traded for sugar) their human cargoes to plantation owners.

Trans-Atlantic Slavery: “The Middle-Passage”

Enslaved passengers Travelled below Decks in the worst conditionsImaginable.

● Sick slaves: thrown off the vessel.

Slavery in North America 1619 Virginia. 1661 Virginia law recognized all

blacks as slaves. 1680s slaves worked on tobacco and

cotton plantations. Northern states benefited from

building slave vessels.

Slave markets

European encounters with non-

Europeans: not just encounters

Europeanization?

What’s love got to do with it?

Empire of letters

They Came to Japan (EIC)

Imagining the early modern

Ottoman Space

“The Military Revolution”The Military Revolution: Successive transformation of

methods of warfare in the European-Mediterranean regions (15th to 16th centuries)

a) Introduction of Fire weapons or gunpowder weapons, such as cannon and musket. b) increase in army size and the expansion of territorial state through organized violence.

* Ottomans are leading the way.

Turkic People EURASIA

“Islamic Empires”Ottoman(1299-1922); Safavid (1501-1722); Mughal

(1526-1707)

1. Mediterranean-Mesopotamia Zone. 2. Asian (sub) continent zone.

1. Mediterranean Sea2. Indian Oceanic

base.

“Islamic Empires” The name could be misleading Example: Safavid and Ottomans as “Islamic”

“Islamic Empires” in name, but not necessarily share an essential identity.

Used multiple sources of identity and law.

Made alliances with Europeans to compete with one another.

Eastern Hemispheric Complex 1. Ottomans: expansion of global

commerce through import of goods (silver) from Americas.

2. Safavids: land-based silk trade throughout Eurasia.

3. Mughals: Production of manufactured goodsshipbuilding industry, textile, and steel.

They are also Gunpowder States States constituted of organized

violence, gunpowder and use of weapons for explosives (muskets; canons..)

“Southernization”: China; Western Middle East and Eastern Europe.

Gunpowder state also Territorial: taxes; Army; territory.

Early modern states (Eurasia: The Ming Army).

Napoleonic Wars:1792 to 1815.

OTTOMANS They played a leading role in the

expansion of gunpowder warfare.

The most enduring world power that ever existed.

One of the most cosmopolitan empires in human history.

State: Expansionist and militaristic.

Janissaries (“New Troops”) Slave troops: constituted the Cavalry force.

◦ Devshirme: an Ottoman institution that recruited male Christian children from the Balkans. ● Trained and converted to Islam. ● Famous for use of military technology.

Janissaries (“New Troops”) Slave troops: constituted the Cavalry force.

◦ Devshirme: an Ottoman institution that recruited male Christian children from the Balkans. ● Trained and converted to Islam. ● Famous for use of military technology.

Constantinople 1453

Siege of Vienna (1529) Ottoman’s extent into Central Europe with the aim to control Hungary. ● Brought to standstill the Ottoman waves of conquest. Why Ottomans failed? ● Despite 300 various artillery pieces and cannons ● shortages of supplies. ● Bad weather condition. ● Military: a) Not enough heavy artillery b) Light cavalry and lightly-armed. c) Failure to blow up the walls.

Second Siege of Vienna (1683)

The Mughal Empireclaim descent from the Mongols Another Gunpowder State (though much

weaker than the Ottomans). 1523: Zahir al-Din Muhammad, known

as Babur (“The Tiger”), conquers northern India.

Conquest of Delhi (1526)

● Akbar, grandson ofBabur.

(reigned 1556-1605).

Akbar, grandson of Babur. (reigned 1556-1605). Charismatic and shrewd emperor. ● Created a centralized statewith ministries regulating The various provinces of the empire. ● Advanced syncretic religion: Divine faith” with the emperoras the common symbol to all subjects of diverse ethnic, religious and social groups.

Taj Mahal (1653) Muhammad Shah Jahan I (reigned 1628-1658).

● Mughal architecture

a) Mix of Muslim and Hindu featuresb) delicate elegance and refinement of detail.

Mughal CourtMumtaz Mahal (1593 – 1631)Nur Jahan

Safavids

Origin Sheikh Safi (spiritual leader) Sunni-Sufi movement. Junayd (d. 1460s). Haydar (d. 1488) married to the

daughter of the leader of Aqquyunlu (White Sheep), Uzun Hassan.

Ismail in 1487.

Shah Ismail (1487-1524) Established the Safavid Empire in

1501. 1501 conquered Eastern Anatolia (Tabriz) to Eastern Iran (Heart)

A Prolific poet.

Battle of ChaldiranAugust 23, 1514 Defeated by Selim I (1465-1520)

●End of Ismail’s Claim to be a Mahdi

Qizilbash “Red hats” A Turkish-tribal confederacy. Anatolia.

Supporters of Safavid order.

Conversion of Persia Sunni to Shia Islam.

1) Popular Rituals.

2) And clerical migration from (southern) Lebanon.

Muharram Rituals

Muharram Rituals as state rituals

New Isfahan:

Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) Centralized State. Replaced Qizilbash with standing army

(Ghulams or slaves) ● European visitors. ● Promoted economic activities (Armenians)● Urbanization

We end where we begin

Conquest, labor, capital, fashion and

politics

Revolutions to come

New possible worlds

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