LECTURE 2LECTURE 2

Theme: The Ukrainian Theme: The Ukrainian language. Letters and sounds. language. Letters and sounds.

Basic phrases.Basic phrases.

PLANPLAN

1. Ukrainian Alphabet.1. Ukrainian Alphabet. 2. Letters and sounds.2. Letters and sounds. 3. Basic phrases.3. Basic phrases.

UKRAINEUKRAINE

Ukrainian (Ukrainian (УкраїнськаУкраїнська)) Ukrainian is an Eastern Slavonic language Ukrainian is an Eastern Slavonic language

closely related to Russian and Belarusian. closely related to Russian and Belarusian. It is spoken by about 51 million people in It is spoken by about 51 million people in Ukraine (Ukraine (УкраїнаУкраїна) and in many other ) and in many other countries, including Argentina, Armenia, countries, including Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Russia and Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovakia. Slovakia.

Ukrainian (Ukrainian (УкраїнськаУкраїнська)) The recorded history of the Ukrainian The recorded history of the Ukrainian

language began in 988, when the language began in 988, when the principality of Kiev (principality of Kiev (КиївКиїв) was converted to ) was converted to Christianity. Ukrainian religious material, Christianity. Ukrainian religious material, including translations of the Bible, was including translations of the Bible, was written in Old Slavonic, the language used written in Old Slavonic, the language used by missionaries to spread Christianity to by missionaries to spread Christianity to the Slavic peoples.the Slavic peoples.

Major differences of the Ukrainian and Major differences of the Ukrainian and English Languages.English Languages.

Cyrillic writing Cyrillic writing two forms of "you" address: formal and informaltwo forms of "you" address: formal and informal absence of articles absence of articles a relatively loose word order in sentences a relatively loose word order in sentences three genders of nouns three genders of nouns nouns change their endings (cases) depending on their nouns change their endings (cases) depending on their

functions in the sentencefunctions in the sentence besides grammatical tenses (present, past, future), forms besides grammatical tenses (present, past, future), forms

of verbs express the idea of completed or progressive of verbs express the idea of completed or progressive action.action.

The alphabet of the Ukrainian language The alphabet of the Ukrainian language consists of 33 letters and is derived from consists of 33 letters and is derived from the Cyrillic writing system. The modern the Cyrillic writing system. The modern Ukrainian alphabet is the result of a Ukrainian alphabet is the result of a number of proposed alphabetic reforms number of proposed alphabetic reforms from the nineteenth and early twentieth from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian centuries, in Ukraine under the Russian Empire, in Austrian Galicia, and later in Empire, in Austrian Galicia, and later in Soviet Ukraine.Soviet Ukraine.

The Ukrainian AlphabetThe Ukrainian Alphabet

The Ukrainian Alphabet.The Ukrainian Alphabet.

Ukrainian AlphabetUkrainian Alphabet

Ukrainian vowels:Ukrainian vowels: A aA a (English A) (English A) O oO o (English O) (English O) У уУ у ( (English U)English U) Е еЕ е ( (English E)English E) И иИ и ( (English Y)English Y) І іІ і ((English I)English I)

Ukrainian consonants:Ukrainian consonants:

Classification of consonantsClassification of consonants In Ukrainian, a four-fold categorisation of consonants can be In Ukrainian, a four-fold categorisation of consonants can be

made:made: LabialsLabials (In Cyrillic: (In Cyrillic: б, в, м, п,б, в, м, п, and and фф or transliterated as or transliterated as b, v, b, v,

m, p,m, p, and and ff): These letters are almost always hard in ): These letters are almost always hard in Ukrainian (there are orthographic exceptions), can never be Ukrainian (there are orthographic exceptions), can never be doubled, nor can they in general be followed by an iotified doubled, nor can they in general be followed by an iotified vowel (exception: in combinations vowel (exception: in combinations CLCL where where CC is a dental is a dental and and LL is a labial, a soft vowel can follow, e.g., svjato/свято). is a labial, a soft vowel can follow, e.g., svjato/свято).

Post-alveolar sibilantsPost-alveolar sibilants (In Cyrillic: (In Cyrillic: ж, ч,ж, ч, and and шш or or transliterated as transliterated as ž, č,ž, č, and and šš. The digraph . The digraph щ (šč)щ (šč) should also should also be included). These letters were in Common Slavic all palatal be included). These letters were in Common Slavic all palatal (soft). In Ukrainian, these harden, leading to the creation of (soft). In Ukrainian, these harden, leading to the creation of the mixed declension of nouns. None of them can be the mixed declension of nouns. None of them can be followed by a soft sign (In Cyrillic: ь; transliterated as followed by a soft sign (In Cyrillic: ь; transliterated as apostrophe (’)) or any iotified vowel. All but the digraph can apostrophe (’)) or any iotified vowel. All but the digraph can be doubled, in which case they can be followed by a soft be doubled, in which case they can be followed by a soft vowel, e.g., zbižžja/збіжжя.vowel, e.g., zbižžja/збіжжя.

DentalsDentals (In Cyrillic: (In Cyrillic: д, з, л, н, с, тд, з, л, н, с, т and and цц or transliterated or transliterated as as d, z, l, n, s, t,d, z, l, n, s, t, and and cc): In Ukrainian, as in Common ): In Ukrainian, as in Common Slavic, these letters can be both hard and soft. These Slavic, these letters can be both hard and soft. These letters can never (unless they are the last letter in a letters can never (unless they are the last letter in a prefix) be followed by an apostrophe. Furthermore, these prefix) be followed by an apostrophe. Furthermore, these letters can be doubled. letters can be doubled.

VelarsVelars (In Cyrillic: (In Cyrillic: г (ґ), к,г (ґ), к, and and хх or transliterated as or transliterated as h (g), h (g), k,k, and and xx): In both Ukrainian and Common Slavic, these ): In both Ukrainian and Common Slavic, these letters are always hard. Should they ever be followed by letters are always hard. Should they ever be followed by an iotified or soft vowel, then they undergo the first and an iotified or soft vowel, then they undergo the first and second palatalisations. Hence, these letters can never second palatalisations. Hence, these letters can never be doubled or followed by an apostrophe. be doubled or followed by an apostrophe.

Cyrillic: рCyrillic: р (transliterated: r): the letter in general (transliterated: r): the letter in general behaves similar to the dental category, with the following behaves similar to the dental category, with the following exception: exception:

Word finally Word finally rr is always hard. is always hard. rr can never be doubled. can never be doubled.

А аА а Б бБ б В вВ в Г гГ г Ґ ґҐ ґ

Д дД д Е еЕ е Є єЄ є Ж жЖ ж З зЗ з

И иИ и І іІ і Ї їЇ ї Й йЙ й К кК к

Л лЛ л М мМ м Н нН н О оО о П пП п

Р рР р С сС с Т тТ т У уУ у Ф фФ ф

Х хХ х Ц цЦ ц Ч чЧ ч Ш шШ ш Щ щЩ щ

Ю юЮ ю Я я Я я Ь ьЬ ь      

АА__аа - letter, like English - letter, like English aa in such words - in such words - bath, afterbath, after, but , but Ukrainian is rather short. Ukrainian is rather short.

ББ__бб - letter like English - letter like English bb. . ВВ__вв - letter like English - letter like English v.v. ГГ__гг - letter like English - letter like English gg, but this letter is more tender. , but this letter is more tender. ҐҐ__ґґ - letter like English - letter like English gg. This is a ringing . This is a ringing gg. Generally, this . Generally, this

letter very seldom appeared in Ukrainian words. letter very seldom appeared in Ukrainian words. ДД__дд - letter like English - letter like English d.d. ЕЕ__ее - letter like English - letter like English ee in such words - in such words - send, centsend, cent. . ЄЄ__єє - in this letter is two sound [je] . Like in such English - in this letter is two sound [je] . Like in such English

words - words - yes, yet, yellowyes, yet, yellow. . ЖЖ__жж - letter like English - letter like English ss in word in word measuremeasure. Sometimes, in . Sometimes, in

English its write as "zh". English its write as "zh". ЗЗ__зз - letter like English - letter like English zz. .

ИИ__ии - it's rather difficult letter. - it's rather difficult letter. ІІ__іі - letter like English - letter like English ii in words in words ill, index. ill, index. ЇЇ__її - there are two sound [ji] , like in English words - there are two sound [ji] , like in English words

yield, yielding, yeyield, yielding, ye. . ЙЙ__йй - letter like English - letter like English yy, in word , in word year.year. КК__кк - letter like English - letter like English kk. . ЛЛ__лл - letter like English - letter like English ll. . ММ__мм - letter like English - letter like English mm.. НН__нн - letter like English - letter like English nn. . ОО__оо - letter like English - letter like English oo in words in words oil, onoil, on. . ПП__пп - letter like English - letter like English pp. .

РР__рр - Letter like English - Letter like English rr, like in English , like in English words words rose, raiserose, raise. It's a ringing . It's a ringing RR. .

СС__сс - letter like English - letter like English ss. . ТТ__тт - letter like English - letter like English tt. . УУ__уу - letter like English - letter like English uu in word in word fullfull.. ФФ__фф - letter like English - letter like English f. f. ХХ__хх - letter like English - letter like English hh. But it's a . But it's a

ringing ringing HH. . ЦЦ__цц - letter which in English write as - letter which in English write as tsts. .

As in the word "Tsar". As in the word "Tsar".

ЧЧ__чч - letter like English sound - letter like English sound chch, in such , in such words as words as chair, chiefchair, chief. But, it's a tender, . But, it's a tender, soft letter. soft letter.

ШШ__шш - letter like English sound - letter like English sound shsh in such in such word as word as shopshop. .

ЩЩ__щщ - letter like English sound - letter like English sound shsh in such in such word as word as shipship. It's a tender . It's a tender SHSH. .

ьь - it's special symbol. There aren't a - it's special symbol. There aren't a capital letter. capital letter.

ЮЮ__юю - there are two sound [ju], like in - there are two sound [ju], like in English word English word youyou. But, it's rather difficult . But, it's rather difficult letter. letter.

ЯЯ__яя - there're two sound [ja], as in English - there're two sound [ja], as in English word word yardyard..

Greeting:Greeting:

Добрий ранок!Добрий ранок! Доброго ранку!Доброго ранку! Good morning!Good morning!Добрий деньДобрий день!!     Hello! Good day!Hello! Good day! Good afternoon! Good afternoon!Добрий вечірДобрий вечір!! Good evening! Good evening!ПривітПривіт!! Hi!Hi!До побаченняДо побачення!!     ByeBye!!Будь ласкаБудь ласка!! PleasePlease!! YYou are welcomeou are welcome!!ПрошуПрошу!! PleasePlease!! YYou are welcomeou are welcome!!ПерепрошуюПерепрошую!! Excuse meExcuse me!!ВибачтеВибачте!! Excuse meExcuse me!! SSorryorry!!ДДяякуюкую!! Thank youThank you!!

IntroductionIntroduction::

--Як ваше імЯк ваше ім’’я?я? What is your name?What is your name?--Як вас звати?Як вас звати? What is your name?What is your name?--Як ваше прізвище?Як ваше прізвище? What is your last name?What is your last name?--Мене звати Річард Сміт.Мене звати Річард Сміт. My name is Richard Smith.My name is Richard Smith.--Моє прізвище Сміт.Моє прізвище Сміт. My last name is Smith.My last name is Smith.--Покажіть,будь ласка, документиПокажіть,будь ласка, документи. . Please show me your Please show me your documents.documents.--Прошу показати паспорт.Прошу показати паспорт. Please show me your passport.Please show me your passport.--Ваші документи (ваш паспорт) будь ласка.Ваші документи (ваш паспорт) будь ласка. Your documents Your documents (passport) please.(passport) please.

In a storeIn a store::

Покажіть, будь ласка чорну парасольку за Покажіть, будь ласка чорну парасольку за п'ятдесят три гривні.п'ятдесят три гривні.Please let me see the black umbrella that costs Please let me see the black umbrella that costs 53 hryvnyas.53 hryvnyas.

Скільки це коштує?Скільки це коштує? How much does it cost?How much does it cost? Я це купую.Я це купую. I'll buy this.I'll buy this.

In a store:In a store:

Дайте, будь ласка, карту міста.Дайте, будь ласка, карту міста.Please give me a city map.Please give me a city map.

Дайте, будь ласка, телефонну картку Дайте, будь ласка, телефонну картку на півтори години. на півтори години. Please give me a Please give me a 90 minute telephone card.90 minute telephone card.

IIn a restaurant/cafe:n a restaurant/cafe: Прошу рахунок.Прошу рахунок. Bring the bill please.Bring the bill please.

Taxi and public transportation:Taxi and public transportation:

Вулиця Руська, будь ласка.Вулиця Руська, будь ласка. Ruska street,Ruska street, please. please. Готель “Тернопіль”.Готель “Тернопіль”.Ternopil hotelTernopil hotel..

Taxi and public transportation:Taxi and public transportation:

Ви виходите на наступній зупинці?Ви виходите на наступній зупинці? Are you getting down (out) at the next Are you getting down (out) at the next

stop?stop? Довольте вийти.Довольте вийти. Please let me get out (go out).Please let me get out (go out).

THANK YOUTHANK YOUFOR YOUR FOR YOUR ATTENTION!ATTENTION!