http://www.wiretechworld.com/the-future-of-optical-fibres/

EE 443 Optical Fiber Communications

Dr. Donald EstreichFall Semester

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Lecture 2

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Telecommunications is Very Wide Ranging

Today a new definition of telecommunications is required:

Telecommunications is the suite of technologies, devices, equipment,

facilities, networks, and applications that support communication at a

distance.

The range of telecommunications applications is broad and includes telephony

and video conferencing, facsimile, broadcast and interactive television, instant

messaging, e-mail, distributed collaboration, a host of Web- and Internet-

based communication, and data transmission.

Telecommunications Trends in 2019

1. Telecoms lock onto 5G (rapid expansion)

2. Internet of Things (IoT)

3. AR and VR technology

4. Mergers & Acquisitions

https://techimplement.com/4-reasons-why-telecom-industry-needs-a-crm/

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https://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_26/march_2015/features/scaling_optical_fiber_networks_challenges_and_solu/

An Optical Fiber Network

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Applications of Optical Fibers I

✓ Communications/Data StorageWide use of optical fiber communication systems for data transmission, including long distance backhauls, computer data communications (LAN, MAN, WAN), voice signals, Internet traffic, submarine cables for intercontinental communications.

✓ Broadcast/CATV/Cable TelevisionDigital video distribution, high-definition broadcast signals, closed circuittelevision, etc. Passive optical networks: Fiber to the Curb, Fiber to the Home, etc. Most cable television providers use optical fiber networksfor content distribution.

✓ NetworkingInterconnection of computers within buildings, across local networks, metropolitan networks and wide area networks. Used in a wide variety of networks requiring fast data transport and/or massive data transmission (such as in storage networks).

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Applications of Optical Fibers II

✓ Industrial/CommercialUsed in applications that can’t tolerate electromagnetic interference.Also, used in sensor applications, for monitoring places hard to reach or have harsh environments. Examples: Communication cabling inautomobiles, aircraft and boats; also used in factories, etc.

✓ MilitaryMilitary requires highly secure and hardened fibers for military equipment in combat environments.

✓ MedicalUsed for light guides, imaging tools and lasers for surgery. A good example is the Endoscope.

✓ Lighting and ImagingIllumination used for decorative effects, signs, and light distribution.

✓ Spectroscopy

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Westminster Rotating Fiber Optic Light

Aardvark Waterproof

Wireless Inspection

Camera Attachment for

Android & iPhone

https://www.circuitspecialists.com/aardvark-wireless-inspection-camera.html

Some Interesting Applications of Optical Fiber

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-gastroscopy-illustration-84544629.html

WiFi

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Optical Fiber Communication System

ElectricalEncoding

ElectricalDecoding

Optical Driver

Optical Detection

Information Source

Destination

Optical Fiber Cable

An Optical Fiber Communication System uses light wave technology to transmit voice, video and data over

a fiber by converting electronic signals into light.

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Optical Network Structure

Optical nodes

Optical Fiber Links(physical links)

1

2

1

2

Light paths(logical links)

From Figure 15.2, page 970, of John M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications,: Principles

and Practice, 3rd edition, Pearson, 2009.

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Hierarchy (i.e., Layers) in Networking

http://www.alanptlau.com/Research.html

Long-HaulNetworks

Metro InterofficeNetworks

AccessNetworks

Local AreaNetworks

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Data Communication Network Topologies

A data communication network is a collection of interconnected

nodes (consisting of computers, terminals, or other devices in

many locations) connected by data links which are

communication channels providing data paths between nodes.

Bus Full Mesh Mesh

Ring Star Tree

From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.

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Circuit-Switched Networks versus Packet-Switched Networks

Circuit switching was first designed in 1878 to send telephone calls over a dedicated channel. This was the landline telephone network that dominated telecommunications for many decades.

Packet switching evolved from the Defence Department’s ARPANET network and does not use dedicated connections to route packets over the network. The Internet is a packet-switched network.

Packet-switched and circuit-switched networks use very

different technologies in sending messages and data from one

point to another point.

From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.

12

Circuit Switching originated to build telephone networks. Wires and switches used to make a dedicated wireline connection, resulting in a fixed connection from start to finish.

In Packet Switching the message is broken into limited-size data

packets. These packets are sent over the network by special

purpose computers called “routers.” Routers send packets over

the network seeking the most effective path to travel as data links

become available. Packets don’t necessarily travel by the shortest

route, rather the paths chosen are the most efficient in terms

of network utilization. Since packets often travel over

different routes, they must be reassembled in correct order at the

destination.

Circuit-Switched Networks versus Packet-Switched Networks

From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.

13

Telephone

Switch

Telephone

Switch

Telephone

Switch

Telephone

Switch

Telephone

Switch

Telephone

Switch

Telephone

Switch

Many paths are possible, but only one is selected per

call.

Once a connection is established, this

connection is maintained until call

is terminated.

Caller

= Dedicated connection (point-to-point)

Subscriber lines

(or local loops)

Trunks

(links between

Exchanges)

Central Office

Central Office

Central Office

PSTN = public switched telephone network

Full

Duplex

Circuit-Switched Network

From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

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The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-

switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony

operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN

consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular

networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by

switching centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each other.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network

Before the Internet and other data networks, telecommunications had a clear meaning:

The telephone (and earlier the telegraph) was an application of technology that allowed

people to communicate at a distance by voice (and by encoded electronic signals). The

telephone service was provided by the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Most

of the U.S. network was built and operated by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) –

that changed starting in 1984 when the AT&T monopoly was broken up.

https://www.nap.edu/read/11711/chapter/3

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http://www.themontyminu

te.com/telephone-pole-

blight/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media

/120851/A-crossbar-type-electromechanical-

telephone-switching-system-from-the-1960s

Crossbar-type telephone

switching system from the 1960s

Telephone

Operators

in 1950s

Telephone Lines in1950s

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

https://www.nextiva.com/blog/what-is-pots.html

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Local Loop or Subscriber Loop

In telephony, the local loop (also called the local tail, subscriber loop, or in the

aggregate the last mile) is the physical link that connects from the demarcation point of

the customer premises to the edge of the common carrier’s network or the

telecommunications service provider's network.

Historically, the local loop was an electrical circuit in the form of a single pair of

conductors (usually a twisted pair) from the telephone on the customer's premises to the

local telephone exchange. Again, AT&T established the technical jargon used.

A local loop supports voice and/or data communications applications with the following

services:

❑ Analog voice and signaling as used in traditional POTS

❑ Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

❑ Variants of digital subscriber line (DSL)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_loop

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Telephone Local Subscriber Loop (or Local Loop)

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/the-local-loop

Traditionally, local loops are composed of twisted pair copper cables. The old local loops have

several limitations − narrow bandwidth, high attenuation, distortion of symbols, crosstalk's etc.

Today, copper wires are being replaced by fiber optic cables for faster and more accurate

performance. Installation of fiber cables is popularly known as FttH (Fibre to the Home).

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Telephone Subscriber Loop

After Jeff Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999. Page 500.

Concentrator

Concentrator

Concentrator

Concentratorwireline

Fiber

Fiber

TelephoneSwitching

Office

https://svgsilh.com/image/159676.html

Up to 24 connections

Cellular tower& cell phonesModem

FAX

Fiber

Medium & largeCorporations

Colleges & Universities

Homes& Small Businesses

Primarily to homes and offices

LandlinePOTS

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Packet-Switched Network

Internet

Many paths possible for a single message as packets are routed to

the destination.

Packets are routed according to the best path available at the

time.

Receiver(destination)

Sender(source)

Message broken

into packets and

each addressed

Packets

sequentially

reassembled

to reveal

message

= Packet

Router

or Switch

(Data Packet or “Datagram”)

Large array of routers and data links.

Packet route

From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.

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Circuit-Switched Networks versus Packet-Switched Networks

Circuit-Switched“Connection-oriented”

Packet-Switched“Connectionless”

Bandwidth guaranteed once

connected

Bandwidth is dynamically allocated

(aka “adaptive routing”)

Wasted Network Bandwidth Better use of Network Bandwidth

Network Capacity not affected by

other traffic; but limited # connections

Network Capacity independent of

concurrent transmission of packets

Each connection is “dedicated” Packet forwarding can use any route

in the network (“store & forward”)

Switches perform connections to

establish dedicated circuit path for

each communication session

Routers and protocols determine the

packet routes and adjust to network

conditions (“forwarding on the fly”)

If a connection fails a new connection

must be re-established to recover

If one router fails the network still

functions by bypassing that router

Cost by connection time Cost by number of packets

Today both network categories now handle both voice and data.

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Packet-Switched Networks Now Dominate

Modern communication systems today are

dominated by packet-switched networks.

The Internet is the ultimate packet-switched

network.

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https://www.slideshare.net/fawzimohammedhassan/optical-networking

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Access, Metro and Core (Long-Haul) Networks

https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr201706fa1.html

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Optical Fiber Network Evolution

After John M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, Pearson, 2009; page 968.

Deployment Time Frame

SONET/SDHPoint-to-Point

Wavelength Routing“static”

“static”

1st Generation 2nd Generation

Optical Circuit Switch

Optical Burst Switch

Swit

chin

g Ti

me

(se

c)3rd Generation

Late 1980sand 1990s

2000s and 2010s

Future

Optical Circuit Switch/Optical Packet Switch

(Optical Hybrid Switch)

10-1

10-3

10-6 “dynamic” “dynamic”

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https://slideplayer.com/slide/9668432/

Ethernet LAN Data Rates

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Four Primary Internet Delivery Methods

Service Average speed High-end speed

DSL Internet 768 kbps – 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps – 7 Mbps

Cable Internet 4 Mbps – 6 Mbps 10 Mbps – 100+ Mbps

Satellite Internet 5 Mbps – 10 Mbps 12 Mbps – 25 Mbps

Fiber Internet 50 Mbps – 100 Mbps 1 Gbps – 10 Gbps

Internet over Fiber commentary:

1. You probably don’t need that much speed2. Limited availability, but getting better3. Expensive to install for providers, which is

why it is of limited availability

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Provider Population No. States Max Speed

Verizon FiOS 34,400,000 10 940 Mbps

AT&T Fiber 20,400,000 21 1 Gbps

Frontier Communications 10,920,000 8 100 Mbps

CenturyLink 8,150,000 50 1 Gbps

Google Fiber 2,130,000 10 1 Gbps

Windstream 1,820,000 44 1 Gbps

Cincinnati Bell 1,335,000 5 1 Gbps

C Spire Fiber 1,265,000 8 1 Gbps

Consolidated Communications 1,106,000 14 1 Gbps

Armstrong 980,000 5 1 Gbps

………

Sonic.net 398,000 1 1 Gbps

Internet over Fiber (IOF) – Top Ten Providers

https://broadbandnow.com/Fiber-Providers

Note: Data dated July 2019; Listed 1,246 providers.

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CenturyLink’s Fiber Optic Map in North America

http://kontretykieta.com/centurylink-fiber-map/centurylink-fiber-map-luxury-google-fiber-map-austin-pict-the-foa-reference-for-fiber-optics-map/

Backbone or Core Network

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https://www.em360tech.com/tech-news/google-adding-30-billion-infrastructure-investment/

Google Network

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The Privatization of the Internet 1994

UUNET

Sprint

AT&T

Level 3

https://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps

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Applications Which Use Optical Fiber

Ethernet is a group of computer networking

technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames

at various data rates. For. Example, 10 gigabit

Ethernet is a telecommunication technology

that offers data speeds up to 10 billion bits per

second. Known as 10GE, 10GbE or 10 GigE.

10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full-duplex

point-to-point links which are generally

connected by network switches; shared-

medium CSMA/CD operation has not been

carried over from the previous generations

Ethernet standards.

There are two basic types of optical fiber used

for 10 Gigabit Ethernet: single-mode fiber

(SMF) and multi-mode fiber (MMF).https://www.belden.com/blog/data-centers/checkpoint-no-1-for-fiber-infrastructure-deployment-active-equipment-i-o-interface

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

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Applications Which Use Optical Fiber

Fibre Channel (FC) is a high-speed data transfer protocol (running at 1, 2, 4, 8,

16, 32, and 128 gigabit per second rates) providing in-order, lossless delivery of

raw block data; primarily used to connect computer data storage to servers. Fibre

Channel is used in storage area networks (SAN) in commercial data centers.

Fibre Channel typically runs on optical fiber cables within and between data centers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel

http://www.50mu.net/2015/11/05/cisco-smart-zoning-part-ii-examples/

https://www.metaswitch.com/knowledge-center/reference/what-is-optical-transport-network-otn

OTN is a “digital wrapper” providing a path to multiplex different services onto optical fiber paths.

Optical Transport Network (OTN) Diagram

33

ITU-T G.709 OTN standard

34

Timeline of SONET/SDHDigital transmission standard for optical fiber cable

• Origin of SONET/SDHBefore 1962 all telephone communications were analogIn 1962, Bell System adopted digital communication between switching officesIn late 1970s optical links began to be developed for linking switching offices . . .

But there was no standardization, thus• In 1985 the US the ANSI T1X1.5 Committee started working on a standard, and• In 1896 the International Telecommunications Union started similar work on a standard• Then in 1988 they merged both to set forth the SONET/SDH standards• In the late 1980s and 1990s SONET/SDH networks dominated the optical fiber world

SONET/SDH -- Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit

streams over optical fiber using lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Lower data rates can

also be transferred via an electrical interface.

https://shop.fiberoptic.com/WebsiteInfo.aspx?fc=235&descript=SONET+SDH

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• Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) in the U.S., Canada, and Japan; Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) elsewhere. SONET originally designed for PSTN.

• Time-division multiplexing (TDM) transmits a constant stream of information • Fundamental SDH frame is STM-1 (synchronous transport module); SONET version is

OC3 (optical container) – each providing 155 Mbit/s • STM-4 provides four times the STM-1 capacity; STM-16 is a sixteen-fold increase, etc. • Two-dimensional frame structure with “overhead” for functions such as error

monitoring, network management, and protection switching, etc. • All clocks in network are locked to a master clock• Strong support for ring topology• Multiplexing done by byte interleaving• Does require a strict synchronization scheme to operate • SONET/SDH is more complex and costly than Ethernet

https://www.lightreading.com/sonet-(synchronous-optical-network)-and-sdh-(synchronous-digital-hierarchy)/d/d-id/575170

Selected Features of SONET/SDHDigital transmission standard for optical fiber cable

http://packetsanalyzed.blogspot.com/2011/06/speeds-and-feeds-sonetsdh.html

ANSI ITU-T

SONET = Synchronous Optical NetworkSDH = Synchronous Digital hierarchyANSI = American National Standards InstituteITU-T = International Telecommunications Union – Telecomm

Standards

DS = Digital SignalOC = Optical CarrierSTS = Synchronous Transport Signal

Conventional SONET/SDH Bit Rates (OC-Levels)

Note: 39813.12 Mbps = 39.813Gbps

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37

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Flexible-and-hybrid-bidirectional-optical-metro-Ziaie-Muga/13a2ed4648e43b80ce42581801a5050d20f37d5a

Metropolitan SONET Ring

DP

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SK/1

6Q

AM

DP

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SK/1

6Q

AM

DP

-QP

SK/1

6Q

AM

DP

-QP

SK/1

6Q

AM

D

P-Q

PSK

/16

QA

M

DP

-QP

SK/1

6Q

AM

DP

-QP

SK/1

6Q

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DP

-QP

SK/1

6Q

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FSO = Free Space Optical

38

Ask a Question

http://blogs.whfreeman.com/smartphysics/2013/02/20/the-types-of-questions-in-smartphysics/