Lecture 2Lecture 2

Title Page, Acknowledgements, Title Page, Acknowledgements, and Abstractand Abstract

1. Introduction: Major aims of 1. Introduction: Major aims of writing graduation thesiswriting graduation thesis

The practice of writing graduation thesis The practice of writing graduation thesis aims to develop the following abilities of aims to develop the following abilities of undergraduate students of English majors.undergraduate students of English majors.

(1) The ability to select significant (1) The ability to select significant research questionresearch question

A topic should be interesting, significant, A topic should be interesting, significant, researchable, modest and well focused, and researchable, modest and well focused, and one that student can find enough data. one that student can find enough data.

(2) The ability to locate and review (2) The ability to locate and review previous researchprevious research

Students are enabled to use three major Students are enabled to use three major sources of related literature, and they are sources of related literature, and they are background sources, original sources, and background sources, original sources, and critical sources. They are enabled to read critical sources. They are enabled to read opinion articles, review articles and opinion articles, review articles and research reports, and to search for research reports, and to search for information through reference books, information through reference books, library catalogues, abstract and index library catalogues, abstract and index service, computer database, online service, computer database, online service, and conference proceedings.service, and conference proceedings.

(3) The ability to make their own analysis (3) The ability to make their own analysis in researchin research

Students are encouraged to ask good Students are encouraged to ask good questions, to investigate and view things questions, to investigate and view things from new perspectives and to make their from new perspectives and to make their own analysis. Their contribution, or own analysis. Their contribution, or “newness” could be new in perspective, “newness” could be new in perspective, method, data or analysis. It is hoped that method, data or analysis. It is hoped that they will learn the essence of science and they will learn the essence of science and academic. academic.

(4) The ability to express things (4) The ability to express things appropriately in Englishappropriately in English

Students will develop their ability to write in Students will develop their ability to write in appropriate style of English, learn to follow appropriate style of English, learn to follow stylistic customs in academic writing, stylistic customs in academic writing, choose appropriate tenses and to make choose appropriate tenses and to make their writing objective in tone and their their writing objective in tone and their paper coherent in structure.paper coherent in structure.

(5) The ability to follow the scholarly (5) The ability to follow the scholarly style and formatstyle and format

Students are encouraged to quote, Students are encouraged to quote, paraphrase, translate and summarize paraphrase, translate and summarize others’ ideas, but they are not permitted to others’ ideas, but they are not permitted to take others as theirs. They are enabled to take others as theirs. They are enabled to tell clearly in their paper where they take it. tell clearly in their paper where they take it. They will learn how to follow the particular They will learn how to follow the particular form and style of the academic writing. form and style of the academic writing.

2. (Choosing a) Topic of a 2. (Choosing a) Topic of a ThesisThesis

Choosing a topic to write about is probably Choosing a topic to write about is probably the most important and most crucial part of the most important and most crucial part of the entire thesis process. the entire thesis process.

You are encouraged to choose a topic you You are encouraged to choose a topic you truly like and are genuinely interested in and truly like and are genuinely interested in and to restrict and focus your topic as soon as to restrict and focus your topic as soon as possible.possible.

Adequately restricting and focusing the topic Adequately restricting and focusing the topic usually results in a high quality thesis. Failure usually results in a high quality thesis. Failure to do so usually results in endless problems to do so usually results in endless problems throughout the entire writing process. throughout the entire writing process.

2.1 From an area to a topic2.1 From an area to a topic

At first, you may only have a general idea of At first, you may only have a general idea of what you want to write about, like writing what you want to write about, like writing “something” on Reading Comprehension or “something” on Reading Comprehension or Communicative Language Teaching, or Communicative Language Teaching, or “something” on Hamlet in Shakespeare’s play, or “something” on Hamlet in Shakespeare’s play, or Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn or Lincoln and Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn or Lincoln and the Civil War. the Civil War.

These topics at this time in the writing process These topics at this time in the writing process are vague and unfocused, but this is normal. are vague and unfocused, but this is normal.

Only by doing a lot of reading and thinking will Only by doing a lot of reading and thinking will you eventually arrive at the point of being able to you eventually arrive at the point of being able to know the exact focus --- the thesis or main idea know the exact focus --- the thesis or main idea --- of your thesis paper. --- of your thesis paper.

A good topic should beA good topic should be interesting, interesting, significant, researchable, and significant, researchable, and modest.modest. It should be a topic that you It should be a topic that you are are familiarfamiliar with and one that you can with and one that you can learn or investigate. learn or investigate.

Suggested steps when choosing a topic:Suggested steps when choosing a topic: Choose a subject area according to the Choose a subject area according to the

requirement of your school.requirement of your school. Identify a research interest or research topic.Identify a research interest or research topic. Narrow the topic down as much as possible.Narrow the topic down as much as possible. Review the literature on the topic as completely Review the literature on the topic as completely

as possible.as possible. State the problem in a question form.State the problem in a question form. Translate or turn your research question into a Translate or turn your research question into a

thesis statement.thesis statement.

Now let us start choosing a topic first. As an Now let us start choosing a topic first. As an English major, your can write your graduation English major, your can write your graduation thesis on a topic from any of the following thesis on a topic from any of the following subject areas of: subject areas of:

(1) English Literature, (1) English Literature,

(2) English Linguistics, (2) English Linguistics,

(3) English Language Teaching and Learning, (3) English Language Teaching and Learning, and and

(4) English to Chinese and/or Chinese to (4) English to Chinese and/or Chinese to English translation studies. English translation studies.

After you decide your subject area, you should After you decide your subject area, you should first of all go to library or read an introductory first of all go to library or read an introductory book about the subject area to broaden your book about the subject area to broaden your understanding. When you are broadened about understanding. When you are broadened about the area, you know how you can narrow down. the area, you know how you can narrow down.

Suppose you decide to write about English Suppose you decide to write about English Language Teaching and Learning. In the library Language Teaching and Learning. In the library after your reading you discovered that under the after your reading you discovered that under the TEFL term, there are three major sub-areas: TEFL term, there are three major sub-areas: Teachers/Teaching, Learners/Learning, and Teachers/Teaching, Learners/Learning, and Language/Culture. Language/Culture.

You cannot write them all in your graduation You cannot write them all in your graduation thesis. You need make further decision and thesis. You need make further decision and choose one from the three. choose one from the three.

If you choose the second one, If you choose the second one, Learners/Learning and go on reading, you will Learners/Learning and go on reading, you will find that within this sub-area there are further find that within this sub-area there are further fine classifications, such as Learning fine classifications, such as Learning theories, Learning styles, Learning strategies theories, Learning styles, Learning strategies and Individual learners’ differences. and Individual learners’ differences.

You should go on reading and narrowing You should go on reading and narrowing down until you arrive at an easy-to-manage down until you arrive at an easy-to-manage and well focused topic. and well focused topic.

You can do the same with linguistics, You can do the same with linguistics, literature or translation studies. literature or translation studies.

The AIDS epidemicThe AIDS epidemic

The spread of AIDS in AfricaThe spread of AIDS in AfricaHow Thailand controls AIDSHow Thailand controls AIDS

New treatments for AIDS New treatments for AIDS

Teachers/TeachingTeachers/Teaching Learners/LearningLearners/Learning Language/Culture Language/Culture

Learning Learning Learning Learning Learning Learning Individual learners’ Individual learners’ theories styles strategies theories styles strategies differencesdifferences

Cognitive Cognitive AffectiveAffective Social-cultural Personality Social-cultural PersonalityVariables Variables VariablesVariables Variables variables Variables variables

Confidence Attitude Confidence Attitude Motivation Motivation Interest Interest

2.2 Topic, question and thesis 2.2 Topic, question and thesis statementstatement

Topic Topic refers to a broad range or general field of refers to a broad range or general field of interest, interest,

and the wordand the word question question indicates a particular part or indicates a particular part or aspect of a topic that is narrow enough to investigate aspect of a topic that is narrow enough to investigate and write about. and write about.

For instance, negation is a topic, and the major For instance, negation is a topic, and the major difference of negation between Chinese and English difference of negation between Chinese and English is a question. is a question.

Thesis statementThesis statement is the Thesis in a thesis. It means is the Thesis in a thesis. It means an assumption about your topic, an approach to it, an an assumption about your topic, an approach to it, an attitude toward it, a proposition to be examined. It is attitude toward it, a proposition to be examined. It is the controlling idea that determines what kind of the controlling idea that determines what kind of material you will look for. material you will look for.

Topics:Topics: American literature of the 1920sAmerican literature of the 1920s Communicative language teaching approachCommunicative language teaching approach MetaphorMetaphor Linguistic TaboosLinguistic TaboosQuestions:Questions: What are the major trends of American literature of the 1920s?What are the major trends of American literature of the 1920s? Has Communicative language teaching approach affected actual Has Communicative language teaching approach affected actual

classroom activities?classroom activities? What are the effects of metaphorical use of language in What are the effects of metaphorical use of language in

communication?communication? Do linguistic taboos serve any functions?Do linguistic taboos serve any functions?Thesis Statements:Thesis Statements: Most Most American literature of the 1920sAmerican literature of the 1920s depicts a growing anxiety depicts a growing anxiety

regarding the dehumanizing effects of industrialization.regarding the dehumanizing effects of industrialization. Communicative Language Teaching Communicative Language Teaching facilitates the teaching of facilitates the teaching of

reading in English classrooms. reading in English classrooms. Metaphors at different levelsMetaphors at different levels add lots of power and glory to the add lots of power and glory to the

language in communication.language in communication. Linguistic taboos used under appropriate contextsLinguistic taboos used under appropriate contexts fulfill different fulfill different

communicative functions.communicative functions.

As you can see from the above examples, As you can see from the above examples, thesis statement indicates your assumption thesis statement indicates your assumption about your topic, your approach to it, and about your topic, your approach to it, and your attitude toward it. It is your attitude toward it. It is the controlling the controlling ideaidea that determines the design of your that determines the design of your graduation thesis. Your thesis statement graduation thesis. Your thesis statement narrows your topic further and ensures that it narrows your topic further and ensures that it will be manageable. It is subject to revision. will be manageable. It is subject to revision. You may discover evidence that changes You may discover evidence that changes your original idea, and so you should regard your original idea, and so you should regard your thesis as tentative, at least until you your thesis as tentative, at least until you have completed your rough draft. have completed your rough draft.

The major features of an effective thesiThe major features of an effective thesis statement are: s statement are:

(1). Be specific. (1). Be specific.

(2). Use your own ideas. (2). Use your own ideas.

(3). Be sure you can build an argument. (3). Be sure you can build an argument.

(4). Phrase it in a single, direct sentence.(4). Phrase it in a single, direct sentence.

A successful working thesis has the following A successful working thesis has the following characteristics: characteristics:

(1) It should be potentially(1) It should be potentially interesting interesting andand engaging.engaging.

(2) It should develop an (2) It should develop an explicit thesisexplicit thesis. .

(3) It should create an (3) It should create an argumentative thesisargumentative thesis. .

(4) In its language, it should be(4) In its language, it should be as specific as as specific as possible.possible.

(5) It must(5) It must limit and focus limit and focus a topic enough to make a topic enough to make it manageable.it manageable.

In form, In form, a thesis statementa thesis statement is a single is a single sentence, usually with the topic of the sentence, usually with the topic of the paper as the grammatical subject. paper as the grammatical subject.

It is often a difficult sentence to compose. It is often a difficult sentence to compose. You will probably need to try several You will probably need to try several

versions, juggling phrases and searching versions, juggling phrases and searching for more specific words until you arrive at for more specific words until you arrive at a satisfactory statement.a satisfactory statement.

Keep revising until you have a sentence Keep revising until you have a sentence that clearly expresses your topic and that clearly expresses your topic and central idea. central idea.

Thesis statement usually appears Thesis statement usually appears toward the end of the introduction. toward the end of the introduction.

Developing a Thesis Statement (also Developing a Thesis Statement (also called a Proposition) is perhaps one of called a Proposition) is perhaps one of the most difficult tasks in writing the most difficult tasks in writing graduation thesis. graduation thesis.

3. The cover (title) page3. The cover (title) page

The title page: The title page: a title page in English a title page in English and front cover in Chineseand front cover in Chinese

The first page of a graduation thesis is The first page of a graduation thesis is the title page. The title page presents the title page. The title page presents thethe title title of the thesis, the of the thesis, the full namefull name of the of the writer, writer, tutortutor, , specialtyspecialty, and the , and the submission statementsubmission statement including the including the department or school; the institution or department or school; the institution or university; the degree granted; and the university; the degree granted; and the month and year in which the thesis is month and year in which the thesis is submitted. submitted.

A Thesis Submitted to the Foreign A Thesis Submitted to the Foreign Languages Institute Languages Institute

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree for the Degree

of Bachelor of Arts at XXX Teachers’ of Bachelor of Arts at XXX Teachers’ UniversityUniversity

The responsible office of the university usually The responsible office of the university usually prescribes and prepares the form of the front prescribes and prepares the form of the front cover for you. cover for you.

You use Chinese language to provide all the You use Chinese language to provide all the information required by the school’s front cover. information required by the school’s front cover.

The title should be concise as well as The title should be concise as well as descriptive and comprehensive with 10-15 descriptive and comprehensive with 10-15 words. words.

Its wording should indicates the main content of Its wording should indicates the main content of the thesis. the thesis.

Avoid using question forms, vague and general Avoid using question forms, vague and general statement in the title.statement in the title.

Following the required formatFollowing the required format Cover all the required content (title, Cover all the required content (title,

author, supervisor, name of school and author, supervisor, name of school and university, date, announcement of university, date, announcement of copyright) copyright)

Centralize everythingCentralize everything Make it look nice (line spacing, Make it look nice (line spacing,

character spacing, font size, font style) character spacing, font size, font style)

山东大学山东大学毕 业 设 计（论 文毕 业 设 计（论 文））

设计（论文）题目：设计（论文）题目：

姓 名 姓 名 ____________________________

学 院 学 院 ____________________________

专 业 专 业 ____________________________

年 级 年 级 ____________________________

指导老师指导老师 ____________________________

年 月 日年 月 日

4. Acknowledgement4. Acknowledgement

What might be covered?What might be covered? Thankfulness for your supervisor(s).Thankfulness for your supervisor(s). Thankfulness for other professors who have Thankfulness for other professors who have

helped academically in developing your helped academically in developing your thesis either in terms of ideas or in terms of thesis either in terms of ideas or in terms of text, and to whom you would like to express text, and to whom you would like to express your appreciation.your appreciation.

Thankfulness for the participants in your Thankfulness for the participants in your study.study.

Thankfulness for other people from whom you Thankfulness for other people from whom you received help.received help.

Where should it be located?Where should it be located?

An example:An example:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENTSSAt the time when this At the time when this bookbook is is taking shape taking shape, my , my

heart is full of appreciation and gratitude to all heart is full of appreciation and gratitude to all those who have helped me in whatever forms to those who have helped me in whatever forms to mmake ake this bookthis book come into existence. come into existence.

My highest gratitude first goes to Dr. George My highest gratitude first goes to Dr. George BraineBraine from from the Chinese University of Hong Kong the Chinese University of Hong Kong to whom I owe much for his insightful comments to whom I owe much for his insightful comments and great sense of responsibility when I worked on and great sense of responsibility when I worked on my Ph.D. dissertation on which this book is based. my Ph.D. dissertation on which this book is based.

My great gratitude goes to Dr. Gwendolyn Gong My great gratitude goes to Dr. Gwendolyn Gong and Dr. Jane Jackson and Dr. Jane Jackson fromfrom the Chinese University the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Dr. Xiaoming Li of Hong Kong, Dr. Xiaoming Li fromfrom Longland Longland University of New York, and Dr. Lixian Jin University of New York, and Dr. Lixian Jin fromfrom De De MonfMonfortort University in Britain University in Britain. They all. They all have have contributed thoughtful insights and constructive contributed thoughtful insights and constructive suggestions when I conducted my studsuggestions when I conducted my studiesies and and when I tried to revise and extended my Ph.D. when I tried to revise and extended my Ph.D. thesis into this book. thesis into this book.

My special thanks go to all the participants of My special thanks go to all the participants of this study. Without their voluntary participationthis study. Without their voluntary participation, co, cooperation,operation, and support, this study would and support, this study would have have become an impossibility to succeed.become an impossibility to succeed.

Last but not least, I would like to Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest love and express my deepest love and appreciation appreciation ofof my family, particularly my family, particularly my husband, my son, and my parents-my husband, my son, and my parents-in-law, for their love and support during in-law, for their love and support during my long absence from home when I my long absence from home when I studied in Britain and Hong Kong. studied in Britain and Hong Kong. It is It is ttheir sacrificeheir sacrificess, understanding, and , understanding, and support that have support that have enabled me to finish enabled me to finish my studies. Their love ismy studies. Their love is thus worth thus worth more than any academic book.more than any academic book.

3. Table of Contents3. Table of Contents

In the graduation thesis, you should provide a In the graduation thesis, you should provide a table of contents. table of contents.

It should contain or list all elements of the It should contain or list all elements of the preliminaries, the chapter (section) titles, the preliminaries, the chapter (section) titles, the main headings and subheadings in the thesis, main headings and subheadings in the thesis, and the reference materials. and the reference materials.

The table of contents should include (1) The table of contents should include (1) chapter and section numbers; (2) chapter and chapter and section numbers; (2) chapter and section titles; and (3) page numbers. section titles; and (3) page numbers.

The numbering of chapters and the The numbering of chapters and the wording, capitalization, and punctuation of wording, capitalization, and punctuation of titles and headings should be exactly the titles and headings should be exactly the same as they are in the thesis.same as they are in the thesis.

““ 目录” ： 居中， 四号（黑体），外目录” ： 居中， 四号（黑体），外文的第一字母大写。文的第一字母大写。

章节标题： 小四（黑体）章节标题： 小四（黑体） 小标题： 用小四（非黑体），用阿拉伯小标题： 用小四（非黑体），用阿拉伯

数字标序号，如：数字标序号，如： 1.1; 1.1.11.1; 1.1.1

An example:An example:

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Chapter 2 Studies on ENL Writing ProcessesChapter 2 Studies on ENL Writing Processes --------------14------------142.1 Introduction2.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------1-------------------------------------------------------------------1

442.2 Studies on the General Writing Process2.2 Studies on the General Writing Process ------------------------15------------------------152.3 Studies on the Subprocesses of Writing2.3 Studies on the Subprocesses of Writing ------------------------20------------------------20 2.3.12.3.1 Studies on PlanningStudies on Planning --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2020 2.3.22.3.2 Studies on Text GenerationStudies on Text Generation -----------------------------------2-----------------------------------2

22 2.3.32.3.3 Studies on Revising----------------------------------------------------24Studies on Revising----------------------------------------------------242.4 Cognitive Models of the Writing Process-------------------------------262.4 Cognitive Models of the Writing Process-------------------------------262.5 Chapter Summary------------------------------------------------------------382.5 Chapter Summary------------------------------------------------------------38

5. Abstract5. Abstract

Most universities require that a graduation Most universities require that a graduation thesis provide two abstracts, one in Chinese thesis provide two abstracts, one in Chinese and one in English. Abstract is a concise and one in English. Abstract is a concise summary of your thesis. It is usually about summary of your thesis. It is usually about 200 or 300 words with 4 or 5 key words. 200 or 300 words with 4 or 5 key words. The major purpose of the abstract is not to The major purpose of the abstract is not to evaluate, but rather to describe, the thesis. evaluate, but rather to describe, the thesis. The abstract therefore should have a brief The abstract therefore should have a brief statement of the research question, statement of the research question, research method, perspective of the research method, perspective of the analysis, design and conclusion or major analysis, design and conclusion or major argument.argument.

5.1 The Nature of an Abstract5.1 The Nature of an Abstract

An abstract, sometimes referred to as a An abstract, sometimes referred to as a summary, appears at the beginning of the summary, appears at the beginning of the thesis. thesis.

The abstract is usually very brief, and is The abstract is usually very brief, and is intended to whet the appetite of a intended to whet the appetite of a prospective reader. prospective reader.

The abstract should answer the reader's The abstract should answer the reader's question, "Is it worth my while to read this question, "Is it worth my while to read this thesis/ report?" thesis/ report?"

A good way to write an abstract is to try A good way to write an abstract is to try to answer the following three questions: to answer the following three questions:

---- ---- What is the question / problem?What is the question / problem? ---- ---- Why is it important / interesting?Why is it important / interesting? --------    What is the main result?What is the main result?

5.2 The Content of an Abstract5.2 The Content of an Abstract

Background of your study (including Background of your study (including very brief review of previous studies)very brief review of previous studies)

Rationale for choosing this study Rationale for choosing this study (including research gaps)(including research gaps)

Research questions (which are not Research questions (which are not necessarily put in questions)necessarily put in questions)

Main results and findingsMain results and findings A touch of conclusion and implicationsA touch of conclusion and implications

5.3 When to Write an Abstract5.3 When to Write an Abstract

"Abstract" means to pull out, and "Abstract" means to pull out, and "summarize" means to reduce to the "summarize" means to reduce to the main points, so clearly this section main points, so clearly this section cannot be written until your actual cannot be written until your actual research is completed. research is completed.

However, it is also a good idea to write However, it is also a good idea to write a draft abstract at an early stage in your a draft abstract at an early stage in your studies, based on your anticipated studies, based on your anticipated results. results.

You can produce something without You can produce something without pressure, knowing you will revise it pressure, knowing you will revise it later; you will have something to look later; you will have something to look back on when you do come to write the back on when you do come to write the abstract; it will focus your mind on your abstract; it will focus your mind on your project; and it will be on your agenda project; and it will be on your agenda from the start, and therefore not from the start, and therefore not overlooked. overlooked.

(5) Conclusions: present; modal auxiliaries;

tentative verbs

(5) Conclusions: present; modal auxiliaries;

tentative verbs

(4) Results: past (4) Results: past

(3) Methodology: past (3) Methodology: past

(2) Principal activity: past; present perfect; simple present (2) Principal activity: past; present perfect; simple present

(1) Background: present (1) Background: present

5.4 Verb tense for abstracts5.4 Verb tense for abstracts

IMF lending practices IMF lending practices respondrespond to economic to economic conditions but conditions but areare also sensitive to political-economy also sensitive to political-economy variables. Specifically, the sizes and frequencies of variables. Specifically, the sizes and frequencies of loans loans are influencedare influenced by a country’s presence at the by a country’s presence at the Fund, as measured by the country’s share of quotas Fund, as measured by the country’s share of quotas and professional staffand professional staff..

Example Example

An aim of our experiments An aim of our experiments waswas to determine if an to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter imperfect listening typewriter would bewould be useful for useful for composing letters. Net energy analyses composing letters. Net energy analyses have have been carried outbeen carried out for eight apparatuses which for eight apparatuses which convert energy source into heated domestic convert energy source into heated domestic water.water.

The main purpose of this paper The main purpose of this paper isis to investigate to to investigate to

what extent there is rhetorical variation between what extent there is rhetorical variation between the research article abstracts written in English the research article abstracts written in English and in Spanish.and in Spanish.

ExamplesExamples

A method combining laser ablation cluster formatiA method combining laser ablation cluster formation and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth on and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth was develwas developedoped for the synthesis of semiconductor nanowire for the synthesis of semiconductor nanowires.s.

Most of the activities during the day Most of the activities during the day were tape-rewere tape-recordedcorded, and the data , and the data were supplementedwere supplemented with int with interviews.erviews.

ExamplesExamples

Results Results showedshowed that both treatment groups that both treatment groups outperformedoutperformed the control group on the control group on summarization, with the knowledge map group summarization, with the knowledge map group performing significantly better.performing significantly better.

ExampleExample

These results These results havehave implications for preparing L2 implications for preparing L2 teacher educators as well as teacher learners to teacher educators as well as teacher learners to engage in productive supervision Isolated word engage in productive supervision Isolated word speech with large vocabularies speech with large vocabularies may providemay provide the the basis for a useful listening typewriter.basis for a useful listening typewriter.

ExampleExample

AbstractAbstract Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte, is one of the great curiosities, as it , by Emily Bronte, is one of the great curiosities, as it

is one of the greatest masterpieces of literature. It was published in 1847, anis one of the greatest masterpieces of literature. It was published in 1847, and for a long time, people did not know why the author created such a scoundd for a long time, people did not know why the author created such a scoundrel protagonist—Heathcliff. Not until 1950s did it begin to be highly valued; arel protagonist—Heathcliff. Not until 1950s did it begin to be highly valued; and recently the western critics have exalted it as among the great novels of tnd recently the western critics have exalted it as among the great novels of the Victorian age.he Victorian age.

The story of Wuthering Heights is mixed with love and hatred. This love is The story of Wuthering Heights is mixed with love and hatred. This love is doomed to have no result. Heathcliff’s humiliation and misery prompt him to doomed to have no result. Heathcliff’s humiliation and misery prompt him to spend most of the rest of his life seeking revenge on Hindly, his beloved Catspend most of the rest of his life seeking revenge on Hindly, his beloved Catherine, and their respective children (Hareton and young Catherine). Howeherine, and their respective children (Hareton and young Catherine). However, love has passed away, Heathcliff could only regain what he has lost in tver, love has passed away, Heathcliff could only regain what he has lost in the afterlife. he afterlife.

This thesis will analyze Heathcliff’s complicated and mysterious life to exThis thesis will analyze Heathcliff’s complicated and mysterious life to explore the distortion of his humanity. It consists of three parts. Chapter One aplore the distortion of his humanity. It consists of three parts. Chapter One analyzes the causes for Heathcliff’s distortion, in which Heathcliif’s personal bnalyzes the causes for Heathcliff’s distortion, in which Heathcliif’s personal background, the injustice of society, and the blow of the betrayed love are emackground, the injustice of society, and the blow of the betrayed love are employed to serve as the main factors. Chapter Two deals with the manifestatioployed to serve as the main factors. Chapter Two deals with the manifestation of Heathcliff. Chapter Three studies the results of the distortion of Heathclifn of Heathcliff. Chapter Three studies the results of the distortion of Heathcliff’s humanity.f’s humanity.

Key words: hatred revenge loss restorationKey words: hatred revenge loss restoration

摘 要摘 要 艾米莉艾米莉 ·· 勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》是一部文学巨著，惊世之作。但在勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》是一部文学巨著，惊世之作。但在 18471847

年出版后很长一段时间里，人们都质疑为什麽作者塑造了这样一个恶棍年出版后很长一段时间里，人们都质疑为什麽作者塑造了这样一个恶棍形象——希思克利夫。一直到形象——希思克利夫。一直到 2020 世纪世纪 5050 年代，它才受到人们的高度评年代，它才受到人们的高度评价并被西方评论家视为维多利亚时代最伟大的作品之一。价并被西方评论家视为维多利亚时代最伟大的作品之一。

《呼啸山庄》讲述了爱与恨交织的故事。这是一场注定没有结果的爱情，《呼啸山庄》讲述了爱与恨交织的故事。这是一场注定没有结果的爱情，而希思克利夫所遭受的屈辱和痛苦促使他用一生来报复辛德雷、他所爱而希思克利夫所遭受的屈辱和痛苦促使他用一生来报复辛德雷、他所爱的凯瑟琳以及他们各自的孩子（哈里顿和小凯瑟琳）。然而，爱已逝去，的凯瑟琳以及他们各自的孩子（哈里顿和小凯瑟琳）。然而，爱已逝去，他只有在死后与凯瑟琳团聚。他只有在死后与凯瑟琳团聚。

本论文通过分析希思克利夫曲折、神秘的一生来探讨人性如何在各种因本论文通过分析希思克利夫曲折、神秘的一生来探讨人性如何在各种因素下被扭曲。它包括三个部分：第一章从希思克利夫的出身背景、社会素下被扭曲。它包括三个部分：第一章从希思克利夫的出身背景、社会的不公正、以及爱的背叛给希思克利夫的致命打击三个方面，来分析希的不公正、以及爱的背叛给希思克利夫的致命打击三个方面，来分析希思克利夫人性扭曲的原因；第二章对希思克利夫人性的扭曲的表现做了思克利夫人性扭曲的原因；第二章对希思克利夫人性的扭曲的表现做了具体的描述；第三章则旨在探究希思克利夫人性扭曲的结果。具体的描述；第三章则旨在探究希思克利夫人性扭曲的结果。

关键词：仇恨 复仇 失落 回归关键词：仇恨 复仇 失落 回归

AbstractAbstract The focus of this paper is to present the pragmatic analysis of tautologyThe focus of this paper is to present the pragmatic analysis of tautology A is A A is A

with the theories of the Cooperative Principle, Grice’s Conversation Maxims awith the theories of the Cooperative Principle, Grice’s Conversation Maxims and Language attitudes. Linguistic tautology is a fault of style in expression, thnd Language attitudes. Linguistic tautology is a fault of style in expression, the unnecessary repetition of an idea / meaning by using different words at the se unnecessary repetition of an idea / meaning by using different words at the same time that mean the same thing. The sentence structure ame time that mean the same thing. The sentence structure A is A A is A belongs to libelongs to linguistic tautology. It seems just a simple meaningless repetition if we only taknguistic tautology. It seems just a simple meaningless repetition if we only take it literally or separately from the context. But actually it dose have certain ime it literally or separately from the context. But actually it dose have certain implicit meanings either with favorable declension or unfavorable declension accplicit meanings either with favorable declension or unfavorable declension according to the context. The implicit meaning with favorable declension refers to ording to the context. The implicit meaning with favorable declension refers to the favorable implicature (the good/ strong side of the favorable implicature (the good/ strong side of AA) beyond the literal meani) beyond the literal meaning of the sentence, while the implicit meaning with unfavorable declension refng of the sentence, while the implicit meaning with unfavorable declension refers to the unfavorable implicit meaning (the undesirable / weak side of ers to the unfavorable implicit meaning (the undesirable / weak side of AA). The ). The further analysis aims at various attitudes of the speakers that tautology further analysis aims at various attitudes of the speakers that tautology A is AA is A c conveys, such as attitudes of approval, appreciation, gratefulness, admiration anonveys, such as attitudes of approval, appreciation, gratefulness, admiration and care, etc. in terms of the implicit meaning with favorable declension or attitud care, etc. in terms of the implicit meaning with favorable declension or attitudes of disapproval, dissatisfaction, hatred, disappointment and consideration, edes of disapproval, dissatisfaction, hatred, disappointment and consideration, etc. in terms of the implicit meaning with unfavorable declension.tc. in terms of the implicit meaning with unfavorable declension.

Key words: tautology A is A pragmatic implicature attitudesKey words: tautology A is A pragmatic implicature attitudes

中文摘要中文摘要 本文主要是从语用学的角度运用合作原则， 会话准则和语言态度本文主要是从语用学的角度运用合作原则， 会话准则和语言态度

等理论分析了句型等理论分析了句型 A is AA is A 。此句型在语言学中是一种赘言现象， 。此句型在语言学中是一种赘言现象， 即在字面上重复使用意思相同的词。 如果单从字面上或是脱离语即在字面上重复使用意思相同的词。 如果单从字面上或是脱离语境去理解此句型，只是简单而无意义的重复。但是事实上，在句境去理解此句型，只是简单而无意义的重复。但是事实上，在句子表面结构之下隐藏着一定暗含的会话含义。 根据语境，该会话子表面结构之下隐藏着一定暗含的会话含义。 根据语境，该会话含义或者语义上扬（含义或者语义上扬（ AA 所包含的意思中语义较好的一方面）或者所包含的意思中语义较好的一方面）或者语义下抑（ 语义下抑（ AA 所包含的意思中语义不太好的一方面）。本文的进所包含的意思中语义不太好的一方面）。本文的进一步分析主要针对在句型一步分析主要针对在句型 A is AA is A 的表达过程中，由于语境的影响，的表达过程中，由于语境的影响，说话者的不同会话态度情感。当会话含义属于语义上扬的情况时，说话者的不同会话态度情感。当会话含义属于语义上扬的情况时，根据语境说话者的言语态度可能是赞同，欣赏，感激，钦佩或关根据语境说话者的言语态度可能是赞同，欣赏，感激，钦佩或关心；当会话含义属于语义下抑的情况时，根据语境说话者的言语心；当会话含义属于语义下抑的情况时，根据语境说话者的言语态度可能是反对，不满意，痛恨，失望等。本文将原理和大量例态度可能是反对，不满意，痛恨，失望等。本文将原理和大量例句相结合从语用学的角度对句型句相结合从语用学的角度对句型 A is AA is A 进行了详细分析。进行了详细分析。

AbstractAbstract Idioms, being a special and inseparable part of language, are the instIdioms, being a special and inseparable part of language, are the inst

rument and shell of thinking. There have existed a large number of idirument and shell of thinking. There have existed a large number of idioms in both English and Chinese, which are set phrases or sentences aoms in both English and Chinese, which are set phrases or sentences abstracted from language. They form an essential part of the whole vocbstracted from language. They form an essential part of the whole vocabulary of language, which reflect the national colors of the native speabulary of language, which reflect the national colors of the native speakers and are said to be considered as the sinew of the language.akers and are said to be considered as the sinew of the language.

This thesis is about Chinese translation of English idioms. After the geThis thesis is about Chinese translation of English idioms. After the general understanding and introduction to the sources of English idioms, neral understanding and introduction to the sources of English idioms, the methods of translation are discussed from two perspectives. First, ithe methods of translation are discussed from two perspectives. First, it is discussed according to the relationship between English idioms ant is discussed according to the relationship between English idioms and Chinese idioms. Second, seven practical translating ways and skills ad Chinese idioms. Second, seven practical translating ways and skills are elaborated from the point of view of keeping the flavor of the Englisre elaborated from the point of view of keeping the flavor of the English idioms as well as catering for Chinese readers.h idioms as well as catering for Chinese readers.

Key words: English idioms Translating methods Categories Key words: English idioms Translating methods Categories

摘 要摘 要 习语是语言中不可分割的部分，是思维的外壳和工具。英语和习语是语言中不可分割的部分，是思维的外壳和工具。英语和汉语中都存在大量的习语，这些习语是从某种语言中抽象出来的汉语中都存在大量的习语，这些习语是从某种语言中抽象出来的固定短语和句子，经过很长一段时间的使用成为了语言的精华。固定短语和句子，经过很长一段时间的使用成为了语言的精华。习语在语言中占有举足轻重的作用，它反映了一个国家的民族特习语在语言中占有举足轻重的作用，它反映了一个国家的民族特色，因此有人将它称作语言的精髓和源泉。色，因此有人将它称作语言的精髓和源泉。

这篇论文是对英语习语汉译的浅析。首先对英语习语做了总体这篇论文是对英语习语汉译的浅析。首先对英语习语做了总体上的介绍，同时介绍了英语习语的来源。接着从两个角度分别讨上的介绍，同时介绍了英语习语的来源。接着从两个角度分别讨论了习语的翻译方法。一是根据英语习语和汉语习语的关系讨论论了习语的翻译方法。一是根据英语习语和汉语习语的关系讨论了三种习语的翻译方法，二是从以保留英语习语地道的味道以及了三种习语的翻译方法，二是从以保留英语习语地道的味道以及迎合中国读者的口味为目的的角度，讨论了七种实用的翻译技巧。迎合中国读者的口味为目的的角度，讨论了七种实用的翻译技巧。

关键词： 英语习语 翻译方法与技巧 习语种类关键词： 英语习语 翻译方法与技巧 习语种类

5.6 Points to Remind5.6 Points to Remind

An abstract is not an introductionAn abstract is not an introduction An abstract summarizes your thesisAn abstract summarizes your thesis An abstract should be very briefAn abstract should be very brief An abstract is usually less than 200-300 An abstract is usually less than 200-300

wordswords An abstract should be attractive so as to An abstract should be attractive so as to

arouse readers’ interestarouse readers’ interest

Brevity is the soul of Brevity is the soul of wit.wit.

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Abstract Abstract