Lecture 27: African Response towards the Post-911 World Order –

The Opportunity Cost

23rd April 2003 (Wednesday)

Structure of Lecture 27: Focus:

Instead of African Reactions towards 911 Alone Assessing the Relevancy of 911 to Africa as well

Introduction of Africa as a “World Player” 911: Dilemma of the “Arabic African” States 911: “Opportunity” of the “Black African” States The Opportunity Costs Conclusion:

Dislocation between African Leaders and People…

PART IIntroduction of Africa as a “World Player”

A Short History of Africa Recent Archaeological

Discovery: Africa as the Origin of Lives

Glorious Empires in Africa: Ancient Egyptian Civilization Carthaginians, the Roman

Enemy, and the Punic Wars (3rd Century BC)

Mansa Musa (1312-1337) of Mali and his Pilgrimage to Mecca (1312-1337)

Western Imperialism (1800-1960)

Slave Trade and Resources Berlin Conference (1884)

and the “Scramble for Africa” (1884-1914)

Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Portugal…

Only Independent States: Liberia + Ethiopia

African Independence WWII as the Trigger Acti

on 1954: Independence of

Gold Coast (Ghana) as the First Independent Black Country

1960: The Year of African Independence

1989: Independence of Namibia as the Last Former Colony

North-South Division of Africa

Equator as the Line Northern Africa:

Arabic-oriented Islamic More Cosmopolitan (Part of the

European “Mainland” before Independence)

Southern Africa: Black-oriented Christian + Islamic + Primitive Religions Less Cosmopolitan

Africa and the Great Powers

Revision: the Concept of “Proxy Wars”

Factionalism of African Countries

Congo Civil War (1960-1963): Belgians, Americans, Soviets, Ch

inese, and Che Guevera… Angolan Civil War (1975-1990):

Americans, Soviets, Chinese, Cuba, South Africans…

Image of Africa (I) Famine

Africa as the Fertile Land in History/ Bible

The “Great” Ethiopian Famine, 1980s

“We Are the World” The Somali Famine, 1990s

“Dark Africa” “Cannibal Emperor” Bokassa I of

Central African Republic Idi Amin, the “Madman” of Ugand

a, and the Origin of AIDS Colonel Gaddaffi, the “Madman”

of Libya

Image of Africa (II) Voodoo

The Last Resort of Cancer Patients

Football Nigeria, Cameroon and Senegal

in World Cup The Politics of Sports

Correlation between the Four The Backward, the Forward, and

the Medium Senegalese Soccer Team in Wor

ld Cup 2002/ Diouf as a Case

PART II911: Dilemma of the

“Arabic African” Countries

Bush on Post-911 Africa Africa as the “Warming Bed of

Terrorism” The “Next Front of Anti-Terrorism”

The Best Haven to Al-Qaeda Allies in the “Evil” and “Failed” Stat

es Encouraged Local African Coun

tries to Fight Against their Own “Terrorisms”

How to “Target” against “Terrorism” if there are None?...

North Africa and Pro-American Policy

North African Campaign in WWII and the Traditional American Friendship

Pros: Gaining the American Support Modernization Concern Setting of the World Diplomacy Suppress Local Dissidents – the

“Terrorists” Cons:

Antagonizing the Anti-American Islamic Public

Setting of the Regional Diplomacy

Friends of USA

Egypt: 1979: The Egyptian-Israeli Reconciliation Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Jihad) (Jamiat al-Ikhwan Muslimum) and

Assassination of President Sadat Attempts of Assassination Vs President Mubarak

Morocco: The Controversial Moroccan Army against Iraq 1990 King Mohammad VI as the Last Arabic African King?

North Africa and Anti-American Policy

Pros: Support from Local Islamic

Population Distinctive Regional Leader

Cons: Become “Marginally Evil

States” as regarded by George W Bush

Losing American Backup and the Implications to Modernization

“Evil States” in North Africa: (I) Sudan

North-South Division of Sudan The Anarchist Situation Today Terrorist Attack against US

Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania (1998) President Clinton’s Revenge by

Bombing a Pharmaceutical Plant in Sudan

Bush Doctrine II: Sudan as a “Failed State”

(II) Somalia Horn of Africa:

Islamic (Somalia) Vs Christian (Ethiopia) Warlordism since 1991

Warlord Hussein Aidid as the Last Demonized African Target of USA (died 1996)

Somalian Civil War and the American Intervention (1993) Islamic Union of Somalia (Al-Ittihad al-Islamiya, AIAI) as L

aden’s Ally Bush Doctrine II: Somalia as a “Failed State”

(III) Libya The Richest Country in Africa

Oil Fields in Libya and Modernization GNP Per Capita (1998): $US 6,700 GNP Per Capita of China (1978-2001):

$US 5303,000 Colonel Gaddafi

Green Cultural Revolution since 1970s

Advocated the Pan-Islamic Union against USA

Attempted to Unite with Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, Central African Republic…

The “Madman”?

… Libyan Terrorism? General Gaddafi as the Most Senior “Terrorist” in the Ameri

can Concept “Sponsor of International Terrorism” “Traditional” Terrorist Network (inc. IRA, Islamic groups…) Pan American Air Flight Bombing (1988) Sympathy towards 911 – “even I am sympathetic”

From Radicalism towards Conservatism?

(IV) Algeria

Algerian War of Independence (1954-62): The Vietnam of France

Islamic Salvation Front: Islamic Fundamentalist Threat of Kidnapping Western Tourists

1992 Algerian Parliamentary Election Only Islamic Fundamentalists won Power through

Democratic Means The Algerian Official Reaction The Western Reaction

PART III 911: “Opportunity” of the “Black African” Countries

Kenya Pro-Western Policy

Since the Heroic President Jomo Kenyatta (1963-1978, Uncle Jo)

Pro-Israeli Policy President Daniel Moi (1978-2002) Military Exchange and Financial Aid

911 and the Dream of American Aids Kenya Terrorism at Mombasa (28th Nov

ember 2002) as a Result… Israeli-owned Paradise Hotel Bombing (15

deaths) Firing Missiles Attempt against Israeli Com

mercial Airplane (261 people on board – just missed it)

Senegal

The “Curious” Strong Stance of President Abdoulane Wane

African Pact against Terrorism: why hosted by Senegal at Dakar?

Casamance Separatism The “World Cup Summit” betw

een Bush and Wane (June 2002)

Eritrea & Ethiopia

Eritrea: the Youngest Nation of Africa Italian Colony incorporated into Ethiopia Independence from Ethiopia 1993 Border War with Ethiopia – the “EE Problem”

Strategic Geographical Location of Eritrea: Red Sea Coastal Line against Arabic Peninsula and

Yemen “Singapore of Africa”

The Golden Chance to Strengthen the American-Eritrean Relationship OR the America-Ethiopian Relationship?

Ethiopia and Eritrea as the Only African Countries in the “Coalition of the Willing”

PART IV “Opportunity Cost”

African Pact against Terrorism

Dakar Declaration (17th October 2001)

ALGERIA, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros,

Cote D'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, LIBYA, Mali,

Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, SUDAN, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda

Voluntarism of the Black African States Non-voluntarism of the Arabic African States

“After Effect” of 911 in Africa Economic Blow to Africa

Economic Impacts of 911 Worldwide Western Negligence of Africa Again Increase in Child Mortality Rates

(10,000-20,000 Children Died as a Direct Result)

The “African Financial Crisis” that Should NOT Have Happened… from Economic to Political Crises

The Only Gainer: Tourism of South Africa

“Multi-bosses Africa” to “Single-boss Africa”?

Organization of African Unity (OAU, 1963-2002) The “United Nations” of Africa Aim: Against Colonialism Radical, Dictatorial… Multiple Perspectives, with Strong

Anti-imperialist and Anti-American Rhetoric in the Past

African Union (AU, 2002) Aim: To “Promote African Unity” Moderate, Democratic More Pro-American Rhetoric Cooperative with World Bank and I

nternational Monetary Fund (IMF)

Retreat of the African Support Internal Shift of Power

E.g. Kenyan President Election (Dec 2002) – Fall of President Moi and New President Mwai Kibaki

Libya Elected by African Countries to Chair the United Nations Human Rights Commission (Jan 2003)

Senegal-South Africa-Nigeria Declaration against the Iraqi War

Aloof Participation in the Coalition of the Willing

Assigned Readings Main Text:

Ted Dagne. Africa and the War on Terrorism. Washington DC: US Congressional Research Office, 2002. (will be uploaded on class website)

Supplementary Text: Tunde Zack-Williams: “September

11 and All That: An African Perspective” Beyond September 11: An Anthology of Dissent. Ed. Phil Scraton. London: Pluto Press, 2002. P.130-134.

Conclusion – Dislocation between African

Leaders & African People…

What are the Real Terrorisms of Africa?

Civil War! Rwanda: Hutu-Tutsi Civil

War (1994) Genocide of the Tutsis

(800,000 died, 2,000,000 exiled)

Famine! Ethiopia, Somalia,

Congo… AIDS

South Africa as the Most Densely Populated AIDS Country in the World?

Nature of Islamic-Christian Rival in Africa? Islamic Fundamentalists Threaten

the Peace of Africa? Islamic-Christian Rival in Africa?

NOT a “Clash of Civilizations” Original African Religion: Tribalism,

Fetishism, Hoodoo… Islam into Africa:

From North to South, as an “Outside” Arabic Religion

Christianity into Africa: Ethiopia: Legend of King John and

Queen Sheba From West to East, as an “Outside”

Western Religion Islam and Christianity = Modern

Fetishism, Lived in a Relatively Peaceful Manner

Possible Logic of the African Refugees…

How many African people die per day? What is the living cost of the Africans?

How many American people died in 911? What is the living cost of the Americans?

Can the Americans give us some money from their extravagant lives to save our lives?

Why bother with 911? What is Terrorism?

The Poem of Qabbani

We are a thick-skinned peopleWith empty souls.We spend our days practicing witchcraft,Plying chess and sleeping.Are we the “Nation by which God blessed m

ankind”?-- from Tariq Ali, the Clash of Fundamental

isms, P.119

~~The End~~Thank you for attending