Lecture 3Cultivation plants in Ukraine

Authors as.- prof. Kernychna

I.Z.

Cultivated plant taxonomy is the study of the theory and practice of the

science that identifies, describes, classifies, and names cultigens—those

plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human

activity. Cultivated plant taxonomists do, however, work with all kinds of

plants in cultivation.

Cultivated plant taxonomy is the study of the theory and practice of the

science that identifies, describes, classifies, and names cultigens—those

plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human

activity. Cultivated plant taxonomists do, however, work with all kinds of

plants in cultivation.

RESEARCHRESEARCH PLOTPLOT IN IN “CHERVONA KALUNA”“CHERVONA KALUNA”

Linen family (Linaceae)Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is

annual grassy plant with the simple lanceolate leaves located

by turns. Flowers are actinomorphic, bisexual, with a blue 5-membership chaplet. A

fruit is a small сapsule with brilliant brown seed which

accumulate butters and mucus. Active ingredients: mucilage.

Uses: seed as protectivum,emollins and

laxans means.

Marsh-mallow

is a species indigenous to Africa, which is used as a

 medical plant and ornamental plant.

The leaves, flowers and the root

have medicinal properties.

It is It is deciduousdeciduous shrubshrub with with simple pinnatesimple pinnate leaves. The leaves. The flowersflowers are are borne in borne in corymbs; each corymbs; each flower is white flower is white with five petals. with five petals. The fruit is a The fruit is a small nigra small nigra pomepome UsesUses:: The fruit – The fruit –hypotension, hypotension, antisclerotic, antisclerotic, vitamin meansvitamin means

Black chokeberry (ARONIA – Aronia melanocarpa

Valeriana Valeriana officinalisofficinalis

ItIt is a grassy perennial is a grassy perennial with vertical rhizomes, with vertical rhizomes, additional roots and additional roots and specific smell.specific smell.

Active ingredientsActive ingredients: : rhizome and root rhizome and root contain essential oil, contain essential oil, organic acids.organic acids.

USES: USES: root and rhizome root and rhizome as a sedative means, as a sedative means, spasmolyticum meanspasmolyticum mean..

Liqurice or sweet Liqurice or sweet root (root (Glycyrrhiza Glycyrrhiza glabraglabra))

Liqurice or sweet root Liqurice or sweet root ((Glycyrrhiza glabraGlycyrrhiza glabra)) is a is a grassy perennial with grassy perennial with pinnately compound pinnately compound leaves, covered by leaves, covered by grandular hairs. Has the grandular hairs. Has the well developed rhizome well developed rhizome and roots. Flowers are and roots. Flowers are violet, collected in raceme. violet, collected in raceme. The fruit is an oblong pod, The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 centimetres (about 1 2–3 centimetres (about 1 inch) long, containing inch) long, containing several seedsseveral seeds

Active ingredientsActive ingredients: root : root and rhizome contain and rhizome contain flavonoid, saponine.flavonoid, saponine.

USES: USES: root and rhizome as a root and rhizome as a expectorans, expectorans, spasmolyticum meanspasmolyticum mean..

Datúra stramónium - Datúra stramónium - THORNAPPLETHORNAPPLE

•Datura has long been used as Datura has long been used as an extremely effective an extremely effective treatment for asthma symptoms. treatment for asthma symptoms. The active anti-asthmatic agent The active anti-asthmatic agent is atropine, which causes is atropine, which causes paralysis of the pulmonary paralysis of the pulmonary branches of the lungs, branches of the lungs, eliminating the spasms that eliminating the spasms that cause the asthma attacks. cause the asthma attacks.

•Uses: Uses: herbs and leavesherbs and leaves. .

Viburnum opulus – Snowball tree•deciduous shrub deciduous shrub and and s s an an ornamental plantornamental plant growing growing to 4–5 m tall. The leaves are to 4–5 m tall. The leaves are

opposite, three-lobedopposite, three-lobed.. •cultivated as a component of cultivated as a component of hedgerows, cover plantings, hedgerows, cover plantings, and as part of other and as part of other naturalistic plantings in its naturalistic plantings in its native regions native regions

• It is the shrub It is the shrub with small with small thornthorns. The s. The leavers are leavers are pinnate, with 5-7 pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets. Usually leaflets. Usually the flowers are the flowers are white. They have white. They have five petals, and five petals, and mature into an mature into an oval red-orange oval red-orange fruit, or hip.fruit, or hip.

• The fruit has a The fruit has a five-angle space five-angle space on the apex on the apex

Dog roseDog rose ((Rosa canina)Rosa canina)

There is a There is a round hole on round hole on the apex of the apex of fruitfruit UsesUses:: hip as hip as vitamin, vitamin, atherosclerosiatherosclerosis, s, hypertensive hypertensive illness, illness, anemiaanemia

Cinnamon rose

(Rosa majalis)

PURPLE CONEFLOWERPURPLE CONEFLOWER – – Echinacea purpureEchinacea purpureaa

Is a native perennial plant Is a native perennial plant growing growing to 1 or 2 m in heightto 1 or 2 m in height. The root . The root system is fibrous and has short system is fibrous and has short woody rhizomes.The stems have woody rhizomes.The stems have small purple streaks and scattered small purple streaks and scattered white hairs. Leaves white hairs. Leaves are are alternate or alternate or opposite. They are broadly opposite. They are broadly lanceolate, lanceolate, or ovate, lanceolate, lanceolate, or ovate, with widely spaced teeth along the with widely spaced teeth along the margins. The upper surface of the margins. The upper surface of the leaves is often dark green and has leaves is often dark green and has sparse white hairs. sparse white hairs. TThe flowers are he flowers are a composite a composite inflorescenceinflorescence, with , with purple (rarely yellow or white) purple (rarely yellow or white) floretsflorets arranged in a prominent, arranged in a prominent, somewhat cone-shaped somewhat cone-shaped headhead — — "cone-shaped"."cone-shaped".

Uses: Uses: roots, herbs and roots, herbs and inflorescenceinflorescence. Echinacea is . Echinacea is

popular as popular as immunostimulatorimmunostimulator..

Pot marigold Pot marigold

((CalendulaCalendula)) CalendulaCalendula is is annualannual or or perennialperennial

herbaceousherbaceous plantsplants The The leavesleaves are spirally are spirally arranged, simple, and slightly hairy. The arranged, simple, and slightly hairy. The flowerflower heads range from pastel yellow to heads range from pastel yellow to deep orange with both ray florets and deep orange with both ray florets and disc florets. They have a spicy aroma and disc florets. They have a spicy aroma and are produced from spring to autumn in are produced from spring to autumn in temperate climates. temperate climates.

Calendula is easily grown from seed and Calendula is easily grown from seed and may be sown directly in the garden from may be sown directly in the garden from early spring on into summer, with plenty early spring on into summer, with plenty of time left to get a good harvest of of time left to get a good harvest of flowers. Tolerant of poor soils, calendula flowers. Tolerant of poor soils, calendula will grow in partial shade or full sun. The will grow in partial shade or full sun. The plant requires regular watering. plant requires regular watering. Sometimes known as “pot marigold,” Sometimes known as “pot marigold,” calendula is easily grown in pots on the calendula is easily grown in pots on the doorstep or in window boxes. Keep doorstep or in window boxes. Keep weeded and thin to 6 inches to 1 foot weeded and thin to 6 inches to 1 foot apart. The first flowers are produced only apart. The first flowers are produced only 40 to 50 days after seed germination. 40 to 50 days after seed germination.

• Uses:Uses: flowers as antiphlogisticum, flowers as antiphlogisticum, advulnans, bactericidum, advulnans, bactericidum, hypotencivum means.hypotencivum means.

Chamomilla is an erect annual, up to 60cm in height, with wispy 2-3 pinnate leaves and terminal peduncles supporting single flowerheads. Yellow tubular florets without membranous bracts are implanted on a raised and hollow receptacle. This is surrounded by a single row of white ligulate florets.

Uses: flowers head as anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, vulnerary, antimicrobial, mild sedative, carminative (вітрогінний), antiseptic, anticatarrhal.

Common Chamomile – Chamomilla recutita

It is a perennial composite plant. It is a rather rigid herb, the stem of which attains a height of from 3 to 5 m.

The root is thick, branching and has a

warm, bitter taste. The leaves are large and

toothed, the flowers are yellow and have many

rays, each three-notched at the extremity.

Uses:root and rhizome as stimulating expectorant, diaphoretic, digestive tonic, relaxant, warming, bacteriostatic, stomachic means.

Elecampane or Horse-heal also called Wild Sunflower

(Inula helenium )

Dwarf EverlastDwarf Everlast - - Helichrysum Helichrysum arenariumarenarium

Grassy perennial Grassy perennial plants plants with a with a short dark-brown woody short dark-brown woody rhizome. Stem is straight. rhizome. Stem is straight. Leaves next lancet-linear, felt-Leaves next lancet-linear, felt-covered. Lower leaves are covered. Lower leaves are oblong. Flowers are shallow, oblong. Flowers are shallow, tubular, orange or yellow in tubular, orange or yellow in the numerous spherical small the numerous spherical small baskets collected in baskets collected in corymbose panicles. corymbose panicles.

Uses:Uses: An infusion of the An infusion of the bright bright yellow flowersyellow flowers is used is used in the treatment of gall in the treatment of gall bladder disorders and as a bladder disorders and as a diuretic in treating rheumatism diuretic in treating rheumatism and cystitis.and cystitis.

Mary Thistle - Mary Thistle - Silybum Silybum marianummarianum

Silybum marianumSilybum marianum is a is a milk thistlemilk thistle. This fairly typical . This fairly typical thistlethistle has red to purple flowers has red to purple flowers and shiny pale green leaves and shiny pale green leaves with white veins. The medicinal with white veins. The medicinal parts of the plant are the ripe parts of the plant are the ripe seeds.seeds.

•UsesUses::in cases of in cases of liverliver diseases (diseases (cirrhosiscirrhosis, , jaundicejaundice and and hepatitishepatitis), ), gallbladdergallbladder disease, and is claimed to disease, and is claimed to protect the liver against protect the liver against poisons.poisons.

The Globe Artichoke (Cynara The Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus)cardunculus)

• Uses: leaves, flowers.Uses: leaves, flowers. Main Main actions (in order): liver actions (in order): liver and gallbladder bile and gallbladder bile stimulant, stimulant, hepatoprotective (liver hepatoprotective (liver protector), antihepatotoxic protector), antihepatotoxic (liver detoxifier), (liver detoxifier), hypocholesterolemic hypocholesterolemic (lowers cholesterol)(lowers cholesterol). The . The cokeed artichoke use in a cokeed artichoke use in a mealmeal

Common Lavander Common Lavander (Lava(Lavandula angustifondula angustifolia)lia)

is perennial evergreen hemi-shrub growing to about 60 cm tall with aromatic smell. Stem is branching. Leaves are opposite, narrowly linear, green-grey, covered hairs. Flowers are blue-violet, collected in whorls of 4-8, and arranged in terminal interrupted spikes. Corolla is distinctly 2-lipped. Fruits are nutlets.

Active ingredients: essential oil, tannins.

Uses: flowers and herb for treating migraines and nervous disorders, as sedative.

Wild Majoram Wild Majoram (Ori(Origanum vulgaganum vulgare)re)

is perennial grassy plant, growing to about 50 cm tall with much

branched stem. Leaves are opposite, ovate, short-stalked.

Flowers are pink, collected in corymb-like panicles.

Corolla is 2-lipped. Fruits are nutlets.

Active ingredients: essential oil, flavonoids.

Uses: herb for treating loss ofappetite, digestive problems.In homeopathy – for treating

female sexual disorders.Further uses: for flavour

foods, in tea.

Lemon Balm Lemon Balm (Meli(Melissa officinassa officinalis)lis) is perennial grassy plant,

growing to about 80 cm tall with aromatic lemon smell.

Leaves are opposite, oval, stalked, with toothed margin.

Flowers are yellowish-white, collected in whorls of 3-6,

and arranged in interrupted spikes. , and arranged in interrupted spikes.

Corolla is weakly 2-lipped. Fruits are nutlets. Active ingredients:

essential oil, flavonoids.Uses: herb as

sedative, anti-depressant.

Peppermint Peppermint (Me(Mentha piperintha piperita)ta)

is perennial grassy plant, growing to about 80 cm tall with violet-tinged

stems and aromatic smell. Leaves are opposite, narrowly ovate,

stalked, with toothed margin. Flowers are pinkish-violet, collected in whorls of 4–8,

and arranged in terminal interrupted spikes. Corolla is weakly 2-lipped.

Fruits are nutlets. Active ingredients: essential

oil, flavonoids.Uses: leaves and herb

for treating nausea, stomach, intestinal and liver disorders,

as mildly anesthetic and sedative.

Sage Sage (Salvia officinalis)(Salvia officinalis)

is perennial decidoues hemi-shrub growing to about 70 cm tall

with aromatic smell.Active ingredients: essential oil,

tannins, bitters. Uses: leaves as anti-septic

for treating mouth and throat infection, as anti-perspirant

Purple Foxglove Purple Foxglove (Digita(Digitalis purpulis purpurea)rea)

is biennial or perennial grassy plant to 150 cm tall with upright stem,

covered with hairs. Leaves are lanceolate,

wrinkled. Lower leaves are stalked, forming a rosette, upper leaves

unstalked. Flowers are zygomorphic, with 2-

lobed margins, pink or purple, with dark spots

inside, collected in raceme. Fruit is capsule.

Active ingredients: cardiac glycosides

(poisonous!)Uses: leaves – for strengthen weak

heartbeat.

Purple Foxglove Purple Foxglove (Digita(Digitalis purpulis purpurea)rea)

is biennial or perennial grassy plant to 150 cm tall with upright stem,

covered with hairs. Leaves are lanceolate,

wrinkled. Lower leaves are stalked, forming a rosette, upper leaves

unstalked. Flowers are zygomorphic, with 2-

lobed margins, pink or purple, with dark spots

inside, collected in raceme. Fruit is capsule.

Active ingredients: cardiac glycosides

(poisonous!)Uses: leaves – for strengthen weak

heartbeat.

Grecian Foxglove Grecian Foxglove (Digita(Digitalis lanalis lanata)ta) – with yellowish flowers and brownish veins. Lower lip is pale-pink.

Greater Plantain (Plantago major)

The Plantain Family The Plantain Family (Plantaginaceae)(Plantaginaceae)

is perennial grassy plant to 40 cm tall with upright unbranched

stem. Leaves are oval, with strong

arc-shaped veins, collected in basal rosette.

Flowers are little, yellow-green, collected in spike. Fruit is capsule.

Test questions (KROK - Test questions (KROK - 2)2) Plant medicine «Salvin» is used as astringent, Plant medicine «Salvin» is used as astringent,

anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. What medicinal plant material should be What medicinal plant material should be used for manufacturing of the drug?used for manufacturing of the drug?

• A.*Sage leavesA.*Sage leaves• B. Sylvan horstail herbB. Sylvan horstail herb• C. Common horstail herb (Equisetum),C. Common horstail herb (Equisetum),• D. Peppermint leavesD. Peppermint leaves• E. Motherwort herbE. Motherwort herb

During the butch quality analysis of the plant material it was During the butch quality analysis of the plant material it was determined that it consists of whole inflorescences which have a determined that it consists of whole inflorescences which have a form of heads up to 5 cm in diameter, with peduncules up to 3 cm form of heads up to 5 cm in diameter, with peduncules up to 3 cm long, ligulate and tubular florets of more intense orange-yellow long, ligulate and tubular florets of more intense orange-yellow colour; poorly fragrant odour, salted-bitter taste. It can be colour; poorly fragrant odour, salted-bitter taste. It can be concluded that the material comprises the flowers of:concluded that the material comprises the flowers of:

• A. *Pot Marigold A. *Pot Marigold • B. Chamomile B. Chamomile • C. Hawthorn C. Hawthorn • D. Lily of the valley D. Lily of the valley • E. LindenE. Linden

A pharmaceutical factory received a medicinal plant A pharmaceutical factory received a medicinal plant material coneflower [Echinacea purpurea] rhizomes for material coneflower [Echinacea purpurea] rhizomes for manufacturing of tincture. What action does the manufacturing of tincture. What action does the medicine exhibit?medicine exhibit?

• A. *ImmunostimulantA. *Immunostimulant• B. ExpectorantB. Expectorant• C. Purgative (cathartic)C. Purgative (cathartic)• D. CardiotonicD. Cardiotonic• E. EnterosorbicE. Enterosorbic

A pharmaceutical factory received a medicinal plant material A pharmaceutical factory received a medicinal plant material coneflower [Echinacea purpurea] rhizomes for coneflower [Echinacea purpurea] rhizomes for manufacturing of tincture. What action does the medicine manufacturing of tincture. What action does the medicine exhibit?exhibit?

• A. *ImmunostimulantA. *Immunostimulant• B. ExpectorantB. Expectorant• C. Purgative (cathartic)C. Purgative (cathartic)• D. CardiotonicD. Cardiotonic• E. EnterosorbicE. Enterosorbic

The medicinal plant material „Valerian rhizome and The medicinal plant material „Valerian rhizome and roots" is collected in a phase of:roots" is collected in a phase of:

• A. * Dying out of aerial partA. * Dying out of aerial part• B. BuddingB. Budding• C. Beginning of blossomingC. Beginning of blossoming• DD. . Complete blossomingComplete blossoming• EE. . FruitingFruiting