Lecture 3 : J & k Geography

By Qurat Malik

Kashmir valley (Drainage)

1. The main drainage artery of kashmir : Jhelum.

2. Source : Spring of verinag (south kashmir).3. Jhelum is locally known as Vyeth.4. Sanskrit : Vitasta.5. Ancient Greeks : Hidaspes .6. Ptolemy : Bidaspes 7. Al-Beruni in Kitab Ul Hind : Jhelum.

8 . Persian : Behat.9 . When is leaves kashmir at Baramulla :Koshur Darya.

• The tributaries of Jehlum can be grouped into : Himalayan tribuatries and the pirpanjal Tributaries

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Himalayan Tributaries

1. Sandren .2. Bringi .3. Arpath .4. Lidder .5. Arpal .6. Sindh .7. Erin.8. Madhumati .

Sandren

It has its source in the tarn of Sarbal , below the kaukut Peak .

It is a perennial stream .Sothern most of the Himalayan Tributaries.

The Brengi

• The Brengi receives waters of Ahlan , Razaparyun , and Nowbugh at village vailu to swell as Brengi .

Arpath (Kol)

It rises from the Panchaltan and drains the Kuthar area.

The Arpath joins Brengi at Mir Danter and the combined stream unites with the sandren at Hainz Danter near khanabal .

The lidder.

Formed by the confluence of two streams , East Lidder(Sheshnag) and West Lidder(Kolohoi glacier).

It enters Anantnag tehsil at seer kanelgund , and joins Veth at village Gur.

Arpal (kol)

Passes through the Arpal Village of Tral.Meets Jhelum at Chraligund Village

Awantipora.

The Harwan.

Also known as Marsar Nallah.The stream drains the famous dachhigam

national Park .Two off shoot stream separate from each

other at the mouth of dachigam valley.One empties itself in the Harwan reservior.Other merges into the Dal Lake near telbal

village.

• The Marsar Stream leaves the Dal and assumes the name of “Tsunt-kol” (apple cannal) , and joins jehlum at Gowkadal.

The Sindh

• Rises near the Amarnath cave.• Merges with Jehlum at Shadipora , Srinagar.

The Erin

• Source : Tarn of Sarbal .• Enters Wular lake at Nadihal.

The madhumati

• Rises from the high altitude lakes (The Shalinisar and the Lolgulsar) , on the North – Western slopes of the Harmukh.

• Debouches into Wular , near bandipore.

The Pohru

• The streams of lolab and kahmil join together at kupwara to give rise to pohru stream.

• Major tribuatry of veth in outfall channel.• North western tributary of Jhelum.

The Pirpanjal Tributaries

The Vishau : Rises from the Kousernag .It forms the waterfall of Aharbal.Feeds irrigation many canals in kulgam .

The Rembiar

• The widest tributary of Jhelum.• Kalhana named it Ramayana Tawi.• Rises in the snowfields of Pir Panjal range.• Joins Visahav at Nyaiyun village .• The combined deep stream (ancient

ghambira) joined veth as Sangam.

The Romshi

• Rises from the peak of Romshi Thong.• Joins Veth at kakapore.

Dhoodh ganga

• Rises in the snow field of central pir panjal range near Tata Kuti .

• Enters Srinagar at Rawalpora .• Joined veth at Chattabal.

The Ferozepore

• Between the peaks of Shin Mahinyuv and Nilakant ki gali , the piranjal is drained by this stream.

• Part of the water or Ferozpore and sukhnag enters the wetlands of Hokarsar and Mirgund.

• The combined stream empties into wular.

The Ningle

• Originates from western slope of Apharwat ridge.

• Joins Veth near near Village ningle.

Lakes :

• The Dal Lake : • Right bank of Veth.• Located in the Eastern part of Kashmir.• Boulevard was built by last Dogra Ruler Hari

Singh.• Hazratbal basin , The Bod Dal Basin , The Lakut

Dal Basin.

• The Anchar Lake :• Near Soura ,in Srinagar.• Sindh debouches into it.• Wicker Willow grows on it mud flats.

• The Wular Lake(Bandipora)• Largest fresh water lake of India.• Zaina Lank Island, lies close to the eastern silted

shore.• It was built by King Zain-Ul- Abideen in 14th

Century.• Ancient Name : Mahapadmasaras.• Present name, derrived from its another Sansrit

name : Ullolasaras.(lake with high waves)

• Characteristic product of the lake is Singhara or the trapa.

• Large willow plantations on its mudflat.

• Mansbal Lake (Ganderbal).• Deepest Lake on the Valley floor.

TransHimalayan Ladakh

• The word ladakh is derrived from a Tibetian Term “La-tags”(a country from passes).

• Bounded by two mighty mountain systems : Greater Himalayas (South) and Karakoram (North).

• One of the highest inhabited regions in the world.

• Indus furrow is walled in the south by the Zanskar range and North by the Ladakh range.

Valleys in this region :• Dras : Himalayan Valley.• Suru : b/w Great Himalaya and Zanskar Range.• Zanskar Valley : confined to Zanskar Range. • Shyok-Nubra Valley :  North of Ladakh ranges.

• Indus enters India at Demchok , Ladakh.• The Indus Furrow can be divided into three

parts : a)South Eastern section. b)Middle Section. c)North Western Section.

South Eastern

• Demchok to Upshi.• Rupshu Plateau along its eastern edge.• Changpa tribe is found here.• Kyang (wild ass) , Tibetian Hare , Marmots.

• Upshi to Khaltse.• Leh.• Called as Central Ladakh.• Yak , dzo (cross b/w yak and cow).• Cross breed jersey cows and Merino sheep.• Russian Merino sheep farms at Matho, Upshi

and Loma.• Angora goat farm at Stakna.

• The common fodder is ole, alfa alfa or Lucerne.

North western Section

• Dards(Indo Aryan people , who migrated from gilgit).

• This small group with indo-Aryan features are called Drogpas or Brogpas (Brog – Yul).

• They abhor cow and it milk.