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8/14/2019 Lecture 7 Design for Sustainability
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Design for Sustainability
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Design for
Sustainability
Designing to improve the quality of life
today, without compromising the quality of
life of tomorrow
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Importance of Design
for SustainabilityDesign for Sustainability aims:
to take all global and regional socio-economic
concerns into account in products and services,
meeting the needs of society now and in the future,moving from a product to a service oriented
system.
In order to design sustainable products and
services, innovation, creativity and new ideas are
required by designers.
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Repair -> Rethink
Adapted from:
[Thompson and
Sherwin, 2001]
Sustainability
Benefits
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Using Recycled Materials
Using recycled materials instead of virgin materialssignificantly reduces the environmental impact of aproduct.
Guidelines for designing with recycled plastics:
Specify thicker walls or features that enhancerigidity in a design where increased strength mustcompensate for reduced strength in material.
Select applications where color is not critical whenrecycled plastics come with a variety of colorants.Additional colorants may mask the original color ofthe material.
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Design for Recyclability
Product design can make a significant contribution
to recyclability. Use materials which can be easilyrecycled.
Reduce the quantity of different types of materials. Select materials that are in mutually compatible
groups, e.g. for plastics ABS, PET or PVC To aid recycling, avoid materials which are difficult
to separate such as laminates, fire-retardants andfiberglass reinforcements.
Avoid polluting elements such as stickers thatinterfere with recycling, or glues.
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Design for DisassemblyTo ensure easy accessibility for inspection, cleaning,
repair and replacement of vulnerable/sensitive sub-assemblies or parts.
Use fasteners such as snap, screws/smart screws
or bayonet, instead of welded, glued or soldered
connections.
Position joints so that the product does not need to
be turned or moved for dismantling.
Indicate on the product how it should be opened non-
destructively, e.g., where and how to apply leveragewith a screwdriver to o en sna connections.
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Design for Light-weight This strategy focuses on optimising the volume
and weight of materials so less energy is usedduring production, transport and storage.
Products are often deliberately designed to beheavy or large in order to project a quality image.
For Example:
Use reinforcing ribs instead of using thick-walledcomponents.
Reduce the volume in transportation: Considerfoldable or stackable designs and final productassembly at the retail location or by the end-user.
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Re-manufacture &
Re-furbishing Considerations Design a modular product structure so that each
module can be detached and re-manufactured inthe most suitable way.
Design parts/components to facilitate ease ofcleaning/repair and retrofitting prior to re-use.
Indicate parts/components that must be lubricatedor maintained in a specific way through color
coding or integral labels. Consider the tooling requirements for re-manufacturing in the physical design ofparts/components.
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Life Cycle Assessment
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What is LCA It is a technique used for the evaluation of the
environmental/ecological impact during all thestages of a products life.
It involves:
Design and functionality of the Product
The extraction and processing of materials
The processes used in manufacturing
Packaging and distribution
How the product is used Recycling, reuse and disposal
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Where & Why is LCA used?
Designers use LCA in the development stages Used by manufacturers at production stage
Used to re-design/ re-engineer existing products
Used in the comparative analysis of products
Reduce costs throughout a life-cycle
Improve efficiency
Reduce environmental impact
Compliance with environmental legislation
Product Marketing (eco-labelling)
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Energy/Eco Labels
examples
The Flower is the symbol of
the European Eco-label, and is
a guide to greener products
and services.
Washing
Machine
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Relationship of Activities
Activities
Activities(Product design,
manufacture
and use)
Energy
(total LC)
Raw materials
Wastes
(material,
emissions
etc.)
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Stages in PLC
Block diagram of PLC activities
Energy Raw
materials
Chain
Supply
Materials
production
Product
manufacture
Product
in use
Product
end of life
ReuseRecycleDisposal
Product
Design
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Scope of a LCA
From www.envirowise.co.uk
http://www.envirowise.co.uk/8/14/2019 Lecture 7 Design for Sustainability
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Stages of a LCA
Identify and Quantify the environmental loads(energy and raw materials used, and emissions
and wastes consequently released).
Assess and evaluate their potential impacts.
Assess the opportunities available to bringabout improvements.
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Elements in a LCA
Goal & Scope
Definition
Inventory
Analysis
Impact
Assessment
Interpretation
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LCA Elements Explained
Purpose & System Boundaries
What Product is the LCA going to deal with?
Single Product or Product Comparison?
Any impinging criteria e.g. Quality Concerns?
Goal & Scope
Definition
Energy & Materials (inputs)
Waste & Emissions (outputs)
A listing of the quantities of all the above
areas over the entire life-cycle, from cradle to
grave.
InventoryAnalysis
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LCA Elements Explained
Classification, Characterisation & Valuation
What is the significance of potential
environmental impacts?
An iterative process of reviewing goals andscope determining if objectives are been met.
Impact
Assessment
Interpretation
Conclusions & Recommendations
What is the significance of potential
environmental impacts?
Must be consistent with the goal of the study.
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Use less material
Use materials with less environmental impact
Use fewer resources
Produce less pollution and waste
Reduce the impacts of distribution
Optimise functionality and service life
Make re-use and recycling easier
Reduce the environmental impact of disposal
Key environmental considerations
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Create a list of all the materials used
Look at the environmental impacts
of these materials
Identify alternatives
- use fewer materials
-only use materials that can berecycled
- use materials containing recyclates
- obtain from more sustainable sources
- talk to suppliers/customers
Examine the materials used in the
product
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Is the process energy
intensive?
Does it produce a lot of waste?
Are natural resources (eg water
and fossil fuels) used?
Can resource use be reduced?
How is the product manufactured?
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Talk to consumers to find out if they
have developed product habits
Do customers feel that anycomponents or functions are
unnecessary?
How is the product used?
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Does the product typically go to landfill?
Could the recycling potential be increased?
- material selection- stamping and labelling
Can modules or parts be re-used?
Service potential
What happens at the end of the
products life?
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Life Cycle of a Light Bulb
Available
World
Resources
Extraction
Exploration
Production
Processing
Glass
Plastic
Electronics
Aluminimum
Copper/ Brass
Steel
Mercury
Phospors
Energy
Other
Packaging
Energy
Emissions &
Waste
Pre-Production
Lamp
Manufacture
Energy
Emissions &
Waste
LAMP
Packaging
&
Transport
Energy
Emissions &
Waste
Production Distribution
Lighting Bulb
Incandescent
Tungsten Halogen
Compact fluorescent
Fluorescent Strip
Emissions &
Waste
Energy
Use
Disposal
Process
Disposal
Emissions &
Waste
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Life Cycle of a Light Bulb
Pre-Production: Obtaining the raw materials from which the
various components that make up a light bulbare manufactured.
The Manufacture of Components. The transport to the manufacturing site.
Production:
Further processing of materials and theassembly of components to produce the finishedlight bulb.
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Life Cycle of a Light Bulb
Distribution: The packaging of the light bulb and theirtransport from the place of manufacture toretail outlets.
Utilization: The use of the light bulb in domestic or
commercial settings to provide light.
Disposal: The throwing away of the light bulb at the endof its life.
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Life Cycle of a Light Bulb
From carrying out the LCA of a Light Bulb it hasbeen identified that the greatest environmental
impact comes from the Utilization phase.
The Disposal phase of a Light Bulb is restricted
as it cannot easily be reused or recycled.
Could it be possible to repair/ reuse Light Bulbs?
The major environmental impact arises from theIn Use stage of a Light Bulb.
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LCA ConclusionsProduct Life Cycle Analysis:
Evaluates the environmental + ecological impact
during all the stages of a products life cycle
It becomes obvious that the greatest influence
on the life cycle energy usage is at the designstage of a product
Forward planning at the design stage will
reduce the environmental impact of the product.At this stage 70/80% of costs are determined.