Lecture 7AAPUSH – Chapters 20, 21, 22

“I could see dimly through the dense sulphurous battle smoke and the line from Shakespeare’s Tempest flitted across my brain: ‘Hell is empty and all the devils are here.’”- Pvt. Frederick C. Foard, 20th North Carolina

InfantryBattle of South Mountain

September, 1862

President James BuchananDemocrat, 1857-1861

South Carolina Makes Its MoveIn December, 1860, members at a state convention vote to leave the United States

The Crittenden CompromiseIn a last-ditch effort, Senator James Crittenden of Kentucky proposes Constitutional amendments to save the union

The Confederate States of America (CSA)

PresidentAbraham LincolnRepublican, 1861-1865

“… We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land will yet sell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.”-First Inaugural Address, 1861

Fort SumterApril 1861

Major Robert Anderson

To ensure the security of Washington, D. C., Lincoln suspends the right to habeas corpus in MarylandChief

Justice Taney rules against the president in ex parte Merryman (1861)

Copperheads and dissent in the Union

North & South compared

“A poor woman yesterday applied to a merchant in Carey Street to purchase a barrel of flour. The price he demanded

was $70.00. “My God!” exclaimed she, ‘how can I pay

such prices?’ I have 7 children; whall shall I do?” “I don’t know, madam,’ said he cooly, ‘unless you eat your

children.

A contemporary Richmond diary, (Oct. 22, 1863) portrays the

ruinous effects of the blockade and inflation.

North & South compared

General J.E.B. Stuart

General Robert E. Lee

General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

General P.G.T. Beauregard

Military Leaders of

the Confederacy

General McDowell

General Pope

General McClellan

General Sherman

General Grant

Generals of the Union

President Lincoln v. President Davis

First Bull Run (Manassas)

July 21, 1861

Draft Riots of 1863

The Peninsula CampaignMarch, 1862McClellan fails to take the initiative …

AntietamSeptember 17, 1862

Victories for the Union NavyThe ironclad face-off in March, 1862

CSA diplomats Slidell and Mason

The Trent Affair

The Emancipation ProclamationDrafted in 1862; to take effect in 1863

Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863

Lincoln’sGettysburg

Address

Transcript of Gettysburg Address (1863)Executive Mansion,Washington, , 186 .

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that "all men are created equal"

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow, this ground-- The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here.

It is rather for us, the living, to stand here, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that, from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here, gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

VicksburgJuly 4, 1863

Grant takes commandLincoln’s general commits to a policy of attrition.

Sherman in Georgia and the March to the Sea, 1864

Total War 1

Total War 3

Total War 2

Picture: Richmond

Picture: Richmond

Picture: Richmond

Appomattox CourthouseApril 9, 1865

5 PM, April 7, 1865…..To: General R. E. Lee, Commanding CSAThe results of the last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any further effusion (spilling) of blood by asking of you the surrender of that portion of the Confederate States army known as the Army of Northern Virginia……Very respectfully, your obedient servant, U.S. Grant

April 7, 1865To: General U.S. Grant:General: I have received your note of this date. Though not entertaining the opinion you express of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you will offer on condition of its surrender.Commanding General of CSA, R. E. Lee

April 8, 1865….To: General R. E. Lee, Commanding CSAYour note of last evening just received. In reply would say that there is but one condition I would insist upon---namely, that the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up arms against the Government of the United States……..I will meet you at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia will be received.General U.S. Grant, Commanding Officer, USA

American women in the Civil War

Clara BartonDr. Mary E. Walker

Mary TippeeRose Greenlow

Bell Boyd

Elizabeth Van Lew

Technological innovations

AndersonvilleThe notorious POW camp

Under the surgeon’s knife – or saw

U.S. Congressional Legislation PassedDuring the Civil War

Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 – raised tariff rates to increase revenue for the federal government and to protect U.S. manufacturers. Helped industrialists.

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 - established federal government funding of a transcontinental rail line from Omaha to San Francisco; also included significant federal land grants to railroads.

Legal Tender Act of 1862 – made greenbacks official tender; paper money assumed a more secure place in the U.S. economy.

Homestead Act of 1862 - promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm the land for at least five years.

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 – encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. Spurred the growth of large state universities in the Midwest and West (e.g., Purdue, Michigan State, Iowa State, etc.)

Overall Impact of the Civil War on the U.S.

First “modern” war for the U.S. New technology, military tactics, problems.

Changed the nation’s conception of itself. People became citizens of the U.S. first, of states second. Note change of meaning of “United States” – from plural to singular.

Centralization of the national government. With southerners out of Congress, Congress was able to pass national legislation concerning internal improvements, centralization of finances, government support of industry, etc. Once the move was made, there was no going back, even after southern states rejoined the union.

Embittered South. Would be a problem for more than a century. Though slavery ended, racism and segregation would persist.